基于3S技术的艾比湖流域农业非点源污染对水环境的影响研究
|
摘要
农业非点源污染具有随机性大、分布范围广、形成机理复杂、潜伏性强、发生滞后和管理控制难度大的特点,常常与气温、气候等气候因素有关。随着经济的发展艾比湖流域水环境质量有恶化趋势,而农业非点源污染已成为影响水环境质量的重要污染源,直接制约着各地区社会和经济的发展。随着经济的快速发展,艾比湖流域水环境质量有恶化趋势,而农业非点源污染已成为影响艾比湖流域水环境质量的重要污染方式,直接制约着各地区社会和经济的发展。
本论文以艾比湖流域为研究对象,通过现场数据采集、GIS与地图、统计资料相结合的方法,对全流域尺度下的农业非点源污染的来源、贡献进行定量研究,识别了污染的关键区域;利用综合污染指数法和主成分分析法对艾比湖流域水环境质量进行评价,并运用TM影像和实测数据将艾比湖流域主要水质污染物浓度分级,绘制专题地图,并论证了流域内景观格局与河流水质关键指标之间的相关关系,以及河流水质受景观类型和人类活动的影响程度。在此基础上,提出了流域景观格局优化措施。
论文的主要结论包括以下四个方面:
(1)艾比湖流域主要污染源——畜禽粪尿污染、城镇生活污染、农田中农药和化肥污染源,各非点源污染源流失到水环境中的污染物CODcr、BOD5、TN和TP中,TN的等标污染负荷比最高,其次是TP和BOD5;从地区看,全年等标排放量最高的是乌苏市,其次是博乐市,独山子区最低。
(2)运用综合污染指数法和主成分分析法对艾比湖流域2008年和2009年水环境质量进行现状评价,结果表明:2009年艾比湖流域水环境质量整体好于2008年,平水期水质好于枯水期;主要污染物因子有TN、TP、As、Cd、Pb、CODcr和BOD5。
(3)利用3S技术,对2008年艾比湖流域水体主要污染物的空间分布进行了探讨。水体中主要污染物空间分布特点为:中游水质受污染最严重,上游水质好于下游;通过对河道两侧8km缓冲区内景观特征分析,可以得出景观类型与河流污染指标之间有一定的相关性。
(4)利用GIS和遥感技术提取景观信息、进行景观分类、分析景观格局特征,绘制景观类型图,最终将艾比湖流域非点源污染控制的景观格局优化控制区域分为四类:河流源头生态保护区、流域生态保护带、自然保护区生态保护带和水库生态保护区。
本论文的研究思路和方法可为干旱区水环境农业非点源污染研究提供理论依据和技术方法支持,研究结果可作为今后农垦规划与流域综合治理的重要参考依据。
Agricultural non-point source pollution has characteristics of wide randomness, wide range, complex forming mechanism, strong latency, hysteretic occurency and difficult management control. It offen relates to temperature, climate and other weather factors. With the development of the economy, Ebinur Lake Basin water quality has deteriorated, and the agricultural non-point source pollution has become the important pollution source to influence water quality, which directly restricts the social and economic development. With the development of the economy, Ebinur Lake Basin water quality has deteriorated, and the agricultural non-point source pollution has become the important pollution source to influence water quality, which directly restricts the social and economic development.
This paper chose Ebinur Lake Basin as the research object. Through the way of on-site location for monitoring, and combining GIS, maps as well as statistics, the author produces a quantitative study of the source and contribution of agricultural non-point source pollution on the whole basin-scale, and identifies the key area of the pollution; It analyses the water quality of Ebinur Lake Basin by using the integrated pollution index method and principal component analysis, classifies the major water pollutant concentrations by TM images and the measured data, draws the thematic maps, and demonstrates the relationship between the basin landscape pattern and the key indicators of river water quality, as well as the degree of influence of river water quality affected by landscape type and human activities. On this basis, it proposes the optimization measures of watershed landscape pattern. The main conclusions of this paper are:
(1) For the major pollution sources of Ebinur Lake Basin-animal manure pollution, urban domestic pollution, pesticide and fertilizer pollution of farmland,the standard pollution load ratio of lapsed pollutants is nearly the same; On the other hand, among the lasped pollutants of non-point source pollution-CODcr, BOD5, TN and TP, TN has the highest standard pollution load ratio, followed by TP and BOD5; From a regional perspective, Wusu City has the highest annual emissions of such standard, followed by Bole City, and Dushanzi District is the minimum.
(2) Evaluating the present situation of Ebinur Lake Basin’s water quality in 2008 and 2009 by the integrated pollution index method and principal component analysis method, the result shows that: the overall quality of water environment in 2009 is better than that in 2008, and the flat-water phase is better than the dry season. The main pollutant factors are TN, TP, As, Cd, Pb, CODcr and BOD5.
(3) Discussing the space distribution of major water pollutants of Ebinur Lake Basin in 2008 by the remote sensing and geographic information systems technology, the result shows the characteristics of the whole space distribution are: the middle reach has the most serious pollution, and the upstream water quality was better than the lower. Through the analysis on both sides of 8km buffer, we can see that a strong relationship between river water pollution and landscape pattern.
(4) Using the GIS and remote sensing to conduct extraction of landscapes information, classification, landscape pattern analysis and to draw the landscape type map, the paper ultimately divides the landscape pattern optimization control areas of Ebinur Lake Basin, which is controled by non-point source pollution control, into four categories: river sources of ecological protection areas, watershed ecological protection zone, nature reserve ecological protection zones and reservoir ecological conservation zone.
The research ideas and methods of this paper for water environment of agricultural non-point source pollution in arid areas to provide a theoretical basis and technological support, the results can be used for future planning and watershed management in land reclamation important reference.
本论文以艾比湖流域为研究对象,通过现场数据采集、GIS与地图、统计资料相结合的方法,对全流域尺度下的农业非点源污染的来源、贡献进行定量研究,识别了污染的关键区域;利用综合污染指数法和主成分分析法对艾比湖流域水环境质量进行评价,并运用TM影像和实测数据将艾比湖流域主要水质污染物浓度分级,绘制专题地图,并论证了流域内景观格局与河流水质关键指标之间的相关关系,以及河流水质受景观类型和人类活动的影响程度。在此基础上,提出了流域景观格局优化措施。
论文的主要结论包括以下四个方面:
(1)艾比湖流域主要污染源——畜禽粪尿污染、城镇生活污染、农田中农药和化肥污染源,各非点源污染源流失到水环境中的污染物CODcr、BOD5、TN和TP中,TN的等标污染负荷比最高,其次是TP和BOD5;从地区看,全年等标排放量最高的是乌苏市,其次是博乐市,独山子区最低。
(2)运用综合污染指数法和主成分分析法对艾比湖流域2008年和2009年水环境质量进行现状评价,结果表明:2009年艾比湖流域水环境质量整体好于2008年,平水期水质好于枯水期;主要污染物因子有TN、TP、As、Cd、Pb、CODcr和BOD5。
(3)利用3S技术,对2008年艾比湖流域水体主要污染物的空间分布进行了探讨。水体中主要污染物空间分布特点为:中游水质受污染最严重,上游水质好于下游;通过对河道两侧8km缓冲区内景观特征分析,可以得出景观类型与河流污染指标之间有一定的相关性。
(4)利用GIS和遥感技术提取景观信息、进行景观分类、分析景观格局特征,绘制景观类型图,最终将艾比湖流域非点源污染控制的景观格局优化控制区域分为四类:河流源头生态保护区、流域生态保护带、自然保护区生态保护带和水库生态保护区。
本论文的研究思路和方法可为干旱区水环境农业非点源污染研究提供理论依据和技术方法支持,研究结果可作为今后农垦规划与流域综合治理的重要参考依据。
Agricultural non-point source pollution has characteristics of wide randomness, wide range, complex forming mechanism, strong latency, hysteretic occurency and difficult management control. It offen relates to temperature, climate and other weather factors. With the development of the economy, Ebinur Lake Basin water quality has deteriorated, and the agricultural non-point source pollution has become the important pollution source to influence water quality, which directly restricts the social and economic development. With the development of the economy, Ebinur Lake Basin water quality has deteriorated, and the agricultural non-point source pollution has become the important pollution source to influence water quality, which directly restricts the social and economic development.
This paper chose Ebinur Lake Basin as the research object. Through the way of on-site location for monitoring, and combining GIS, maps as well as statistics, the author produces a quantitative study of the source and contribution of agricultural non-point source pollution on the whole basin-scale, and identifies the key area of the pollution; It analyses the water quality of Ebinur Lake Basin by using the integrated pollution index method and principal component analysis, classifies the major water pollutant concentrations by TM images and the measured data, draws the thematic maps, and demonstrates the relationship between the basin landscape pattern and the key indicators of river water quality, as well as the degree of influence of river water quality affected by landscape type and human activities. On this basis, it proposes the optimization measures of watershed landscape pattern. The main conclusions of this paper are:
(1) For the major pollution sources of Ebinur Lake Basin-animal manure pollution, urban domestic pollution, pesticide and fertilizer pollution of farmland,the standard pollution load ratio of lapsed pollutants is nearly the same; On the other hand, among the lasped pollutants of non-point source pollution-CODcr, BOD5, TN and TP, TN has the highest standard pollution load ratio, followed by TP and BOD5; From a regional perspective, Wusu City has the highest annual emissions of such standard, followed by Bole City, and Dushanzi District is the minimum.
(2) Evaluating the present situation of Ebinur Lake Basin’s water quality in 2008 and 2009 by the integrated pollution index method and principal component analysis method, the result shows that: the overall quality of water environment in 2009 is better than that in 2008, and the flat-water phase is better than the dry season. The main pollutant factors are TN, TP, As, Cd, Pb, CODcr and BOD5.
(3) Discussing the space distribution of major water pollutants of Ebinur Lake Basin in 2008 by the remote sensing and geographic information systems technology, the result shows the characteristics of the whole space distribution are: the middle reach has the most serious pollution, and the upstream water quality was better than the lower. Through the analysis on both sides of 8km buffer, we can see that a strong relationship between river water pollution and landscape pattern.
(4) Using the GIS and remote sensing to conduct extraction of landscapes information, classification, landscape pattern analysis and to draw the landscape type map, the paper ultimately divides the landscape pattern optimization control areas of Ebinur Lake Basin, which is controled by non-point source pollution control, into four categories: river sources of ecological protection areas, watershed ecological protection zone, nature reserve ecological protection zones and reservoir ecological conservation zone.
The research ideas and methods of this paper for water environment of agricultural non-point source pollution in arid areas to provide a theoretical basis and technological support, the results can be used for future planning and watershed management in land reclamation important reference.
引文
[1] Dennis L.C.,Peter J.V.,Keith L. Modeling non-point source pollution in vadose zone with GIS[J]. Environmental Science and Technology.1997,8:2157-2175.
[2] USEAP.National water quality inventory[J].Report to Congress Executive Summary. Washington DC:USEPA,1995:497.
[3]金相灿.中国湖泊富营养化[M].中国湖泊环境(第二册).北京:海洋出版社,1995.
[4]陈吉宁,李广贺,王洪涛.滇池流域面源污染控制技术研究[J].中国水利.2004,9:47-50.
[5]张宏华.重庆渝北区御临河流域农业面源污染研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士论文.2003.
[6] Bicknell B R, Imhoff J C, Kittle J L et al. Hydrological simulation program-fortran user’s manual for release . http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/basins/bsnsdocs.html.1996.
[7]胡汝骥,姜逢清,王亚俊等.论中国干旱区湖泊研究的重要意义[J].干旱区研究.2007,24(2):137-140.
[8] Novotny.V.,Chester,G. Hand of Nonpoint Pollution: Source and Management[J].Van Nostrand Reinhold compand.1981.
[9]叶飞.江苏省水环境农业非点源污染综合评价与控制对策研究[D].南京:南京农业大学硕士论文.2005.
[10] SouthwickL. Metal. Runoff losses of norflurazon: effect to faun off timing[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem.1993,41:1503-1511.
[11] Line D F, O smand D Letal. NonPoint sources[J]. Water Environment Research. 1994,66(4):585-601.
[12] LaiR Editor 2nd edition. Soil erosion research methods, Soil and Water Conservation Society. Lowa. Ankeny,1994:344.
[13]万正成,李明武,王磊.城市污水灌溉对地下水水质的影响分析[J].江苏环境科技.2004,l:29-31.
[14]阎春生.甘肃中部干旱地区污水灌溉对农作物污染的现况调查[J].卫生职业教育.2004,17:76-77.
[15] Griffin Jr. Introducing NPS water Pollution[J]. EAP Jour-nal Nov./Dec.1991:6-9.
[16]吕耀.农业生态系统中氮素造成的非点源污染[J].农业环境保护.1998,17(I):35-39.
[17] Kronvang B.,et al.Diffuse Nutrient Losses in Denmark[J].Water Sci. Technol.(G.B.).1996,33:81.
[18] Boets, P .C. M.. Nutrient Emissions from Agriculture in the Netherlands: Causes and Remedies[J]. Water Sci. Technol(G .8.),1996,33:183.
[19]朱丹丹.大庆地区农业非点源污染负荷研究与综合评价[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学工学硕士学位论文.2007.
[20] Metcalf, Eddy. Storm Water Management Model[R]. EPA Water Pollution Control Research Series.1971,352.
[21] Knise W G. CREAMS:A Field Scale Model for Chemical, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management[R].Conservation ResRepront USDA-SEA. 1982.
[22] Leonard R A, Knisel W G. Still D A. GLEAMS:ground-water loading effects of agricultural management systems[J]. Trans of the ASAE.1987,30(5):1403-1418.
[23] Yong R A, Onstad C A, Bosch D D, et al. AGNPS:A non-point source pollution model for evaluating agriculture watersheds[J]. Soli Water.Conserv.1989,44(2):168-173.
[24] Beasley D B. Applying Distributed Parameter Moeling Techniques to Watershed Hydrology and Nonpoint Source Pollution[C].Proc.13th Conf. Modeling and Simulation.1982,4.
[25] Jackson T J. Rawla W J. SCS Curve Numbers from a Landset Data Base[J].Water Resour. Bul.1981,17:857.
[26] Thomas A W, et al. Quantifying Concentrated-Flow Erosion on Cropland with Arial Photogrammetry[J]. Soli Water Conserv.1986,41:248.
[27] Spooner J,et al. Determining the Statistical Sensitivity of the Water Quality Monitoring Program in the Taylor Creek-Nubbin Slough. Florida Project[J].Lake Reservoir Manage.1988,4:113.
[28] Logan T J, et al. Erosion Control Potential with Conservation Tillage in the Lake Erie Basin: Estimate Using the Universal Soil Loss Equation and the Resource information System(LIRS)[J].Soil Water Con.1982,37:50.
[29] Daniel E. et al. Nonpoint Sources[J]. Water Environment Research.65(4):1.
[30] Lowance R, et al. A Conceptual Model for Assessing Ecological Risk to Water Quality[J].Environ. Manage.1995,19:239.
[31] Whittermore R C. The BASINS mode[J]. Water Environ Technol.1998,10(2):57-61.
[32]董亮.GIS支持下西湖流域水环境非点源污染研究[D].浙江大学博士论文,2001.
[33]史志华,蔡崇法,丁树文等.基于GIS的汉江中下游农业面源氮磷负荷研究[J].环境科学报.2002,22(4):437-477.
[34]黄金良,洪华生,张珞平等.基于GIS的九龙江流域农业非点源氮磷负荷估算研究[J].农业环境科学学报.2004,23(5):866-871.
[35]龙天渝,李继承,刘腊美.嘉陵江流域吸附态非点源污染负荷研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(7):181l-1817.
[36]丁晓雯,李薇,陈庆伟.农业非点源污染模型研究现状与发展趋势[J].现代农业科技.2008,(14):261-265.
[37]刘枫,王华东.流域非点源污染的量化识别方法及其在于桥水库流域的应用[J].地理学报.1988,43(3):329-339.
[38]黄锦辉,李群,田凯.鸭河口水库入库面源污染负荷预测研究[J].水资源保护.2003, (2):28-3l.
[39]张健.CREAMS模型在计算黄土坡地径流流量计侵蚀量中的应用[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报.1995, (11):54-57.
[40]陈一兵.Trouwborst,K.O.土壤侵蚀建模中ANSWERS及地理信息系统ARC/INFO的应用研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报.1997,3(2):l-13.
[41] LIU Jianchang,ZHANG Luoping,ZHANG Yuzhen et aL.Validation of an agricultural non-point source(AONPS)pollution model for a catchment in the Jiulong River watershed China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences.2008,20(5):599-600.
[42]吕唤春.千岛湖流域农业非点源污染及其生态效应的研究[D].浙江大学博士论文.2002.
[43]张思聪,刘铭环.竹竿河流域面源污染模拟计算和分析[J].水力发电学报.2006,25(5):51-57.
[44]陈西平.计算降雨及农田径流污染负荷的三峡库区模型[J].中国环境科学.1992,l.
[45]李怀恩.流域非点源污染模型研究进展与发展趋势[J].水资源保护.1996, (2):14-18.
[46]李怀恩,沈晋.流域非点源污染模型的建立与应用实例[J].环境科学学报.1997,17(2):141-147.
[47]王昕皓.非点源污染负荷计算的单元破面模型法[J].中国环境科学.1985, (4).
[48]徐向阳,刘俊.农业区氨氮流失模型[J].环境污染与防治.1999,21(4):34-37.
[49]张水龙,庄季屏.辽西易旱区典型小流域农业非点源污染形成的规律[J].水土保持学报.2001,15(3):81-84.
[50]李本纲,陶澎.地理信息系统在环境研究中的应用[J].环境科学.1998,19(3):87-90.
[51]刘勇,井文涌.地理信息系统技术及其在环境科学中的应用[J].环境科学.1997,18(2):62-65.
[52]王宏伟,程声通.多媒体3S综合集成技术及在环境科学中的应用[J].环境科学.1998,19(2):83-86.
[53] Corwin D L, Wagenet R J. Applications of GIS to the Modeling of NonPoint Source Pollutants in the Vadose Zone: A Conference Overview[J].Journal of Environment Quality.1996,25(3):403-411.
[54] Merehant J W. GIS-based ground water Pollution hazard assessment: a critical review of the DRASTIC model[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.1994,60(9):1117-1127.
[55] Cocbrance T A, Flanagan F C. Assessing water erosion in small watersheds using WEPP with GIS and digital elevation models[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.1999,54(4):678-685.
[56] Carrubba L. Hydrologic modeling at the watershed scale using NPSM[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Assoeiation.2000,36(6):1237-1246.
[57]周慧平,许有鹏,葛小平.GIS支持下非点源污染模型应用分析[J].水土保持通报.2003,23(3):60-63.
[58]卜兆宏,唐万龙,潘贤掌.土壤流失量遥感监测中GIS像元地形因子算法的研究[J].土壤学报.1994,31(3):322-329.
[59]董亮,朱荫媚,王坷.应用地理信息系统建立西湖流域非点源污染信息数据库[J].浙江农业大学学报.1999,25(2):117-120.
[60] Martha W G, Wanada B P. A geographic information system to Predict nonPoint source Pollution Potential[J]. Water Resource Bulletin.1987,(2):281-291.
[61]马修军,谢昆青.GIS环境下流域降雨侵蚀动态模拟研究一一以PC Raster系统和LISEM模型为例[J].环境科学进展.1998,7(5):137-144.
[62] Josef G, Arthur J. Incorporating spatial variability into GIS to estimate nitrate leachin at the aquifer scale[J]. Journal of Environment Quality.1996,25:491-498.
[63]刘枫,王华东,刘培桐.流域非点源污染的量化识别方法及其在于桥水库流域的应用.地理学报1988,43(4):329-339.
[64]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀研究[J].水土保持学报.2000,14(2:)19-24.
[65]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.GIS支持下的三峡库区典型小流域土壤养分流失量预测[J].水土保持学报.2001,15(1):9-12.
[66]郭志民,陈志伟,陈永宝.应用GIS方法对土壤侵蚀潜在危险性进行评价及其时空分布特征研究[J].福建水土保持.1999,11(4):40-43.
[67]赵晓丽,张增祥,王长有,等.基于RS和GIS的西藏中部地区土壤侵蚀动态监测[J].水土保持学报.1999,5(2):44-50.
[68] Elisabet N B.Use of soil survey information to assess regional Stalinization risk using geographical information systems[J]. Environment Qualtiy.1996,25(3):433-439.
[69] Corwin D L, et al. Evaluation of GIS一Linked model of salt loading to groundwater[J]. Environment Quality.1999,28:471-480.
[70] Robert H F. Predicting stream pathogen loading from livestock using a geographical information system一based delivery model[J]. Environment Quality.1998,27:935-945.
[71]游松财,李文清.GSI支持下的土壤侵蚀量估算[J].自然资源学报.1999.14(1):62-67.
[72] He C, Riggs J F, Kang Y T. Integration of geographic information systems and a computer model to evaluate impacts of agricultural runoff on water quality[J]. Water Resource Bulletin.1993,29(6):891-900.
[73] Udoyara S T, Robbert J. Evaluating agricultural nonpoint source pollution using integrated geographic information systems and hydrologic/water quality model[J]. Environment Quality.1994,23:23-25.
[74] Engel B A. Non-point source pollution modeling using models integrated with geographic information systems[J]. Water Science and Technology.1993,28:685-693.
[75] John C P. Terrain analysis: integration into the agricultural nonpoint source (AGNPS) pollution model[J]. Soil Water Conservation.1991,l:59-64.
[76]金海龙等.新疆艾比湖流域社会经济与生态系统可持续发展模式研究项目报告[M].2006.
[77]李艳红,楚新正,金海龙.新疆艾比湖流域水文特征分析[J].水文.2006,26(5):68-71.
[78]于恩涛.艾比湖流域大气水汽输送及植被变化气候响应研究[D].新疆:新疆大学.2008.
[79]贾宝全,闫顺.绿洲──荒漠生态系统交错带环境演变过程初步研究─—以新疆吐鲁番盆地为例[J].干旱区资源与环境.995,9(3):59-63.
[80]阎顺,杨云良.艾比湖及周边地区环境演变与对策,人类活动对亚洲中部水资源和环境的影响及天山积雪资源评价[R].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社.1997.
[81]白祥.艾比湖流域近50a生态环境演化与植被资源现状研究[D].新疆:新疆师范大学硕士论文.2007.
[82]贾春光.艾比湖湖面变化对沿湖铁路线的影响趋势研究[D].新疆:新疆师范大学硕士学位论文.2006.
[83]黄宗亮.新疆艾比湖流域社会经济与生态环境耦合关系研究[D].新疆:新疆师范大学硕士论文.2006.
[84]刘鹏飞,于文海.对污染源等标污染负荷及其计算的几点看法[J].东北水利水电.1995,5:37-39.
[85]刘文立,李宇斌.关于“等标污染负荷”概念的思考[J].辽宁城乡环境科技.2000(03):23-26.
[86]王洪海,李玉信,陆素娟.浅析“等标污染负荷法”在评价重要环境因素中的应用[J].中国冶金.2003(09):33-36.
[87]张人第,张晓红,陈佩青.淀山湖区(上海部分)水质污染源调查评价[J].上海农学院学报.1998,16(2):92-97.
[88]徐成汉.等标污染负荷法在污染源评价中的应用[J].长江工程职业技术学院学报.2004,21(3):23-24.
[89]彭奎,朱波.试论农业养分的非点源污染与管理[J].环境保护.2001,(01):15-17.
[90]王兆军,张怀成,刘键等.规模化畜禽养殖污染有效防治途径探讨[J].中国人口资源与环境.2001,11:72-74.
[91] The Health State, Guidelines for livestock waste management[R]. Prepared by Hawail State Department of Health Wastewater branch.1996.
[92]张大第,张晓红,章家琪,等.上海市郊区非点源污染综合调查评价[J].上海农业学报.1997,13(1):31-36.
[93]刘培芳,陈振楼,许世远等.长江三角洲城郊畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其防治对策[J].长江流域资源与环境.2002,11(5):456-460.
[94]黄沈发,陈长虹,贺军峰.黄浦江上游汇水区禽畜业污染及其防治对策[J].上海环境科学.1994,13(5):40-45.
[95]李荣刚,夏源陵,吴安之.江苏太湖地区水污染物及其向水体的排放量[J].湖泊科学.2000,12(2):147-153.
[96] Maeiej Dzikiewiez. Aetivities in nonpoint pollution control in rural areas of Poland[J]. Eeologieal Engineering.2000,14:429-434.
[97]张玉霞,白岚,白宝璋.氮肥流失的危害与应采取的对策[J].农业与技术.2002,(06):81-83.
[98]黄秀山,方荣美,万里平.磷肥对芒溪河的污染初探[J].重庆三峡学院学报.2003,(01):95-98.
[99]李可芳,黄霞.磷肥的使用与农业面源污染[J].环境科学与技术.2004,(01):189-190.
[100]周根娣,章家骇,卢善玲.上海市郊氮肥流失及去向研究[J].上海环境科学.1996,15(4):37-39.
[101]张焕朝,张红爱,曹志洪.太湖地区水稻土磷素径流流失及其olsen磷的“突变点”[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版).2004,5:6-10.
[102]贺仲雄.模糊数学及其应用[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社.1983.
[103]高新波.模糊聚类分析及其应用[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社.2004.
[104]扶名福,谢明祥.聚类分析法在抽风机故障诊断中应用[J].工程力学.2007,24(增刊1) :36-40.
[105]庄恒扬,沈新平,陆建飞等.模糊聚类计算方法的理论分析[J].江苏农学院学报,1998,19(3) :37-41.
[106]王光,王利华.从营养角度探讨减少环境污染的途径[J].家畜生态.1998,19(2):37-39.
[107]张鑫,史奕,赵天宏等.我国农业非点源污染研究现状及控制措施[J].安徽农业科学.2006,34(20):5303-5305.
[108]李振,陈玉林.水产养殖中水体污染的控制措施[J].饲料研究.2004(6):27-28.
[109]蔡达明,高月林,王大义.海宁市农业农村面源污染调查及治理对策[J].上海农业科技.2003,(3):5-6.
[110]曹安辉,刘涟淮,殷志明.淮安市农业污染现状与减控对策[J].农业环境与发展.2006,(3):73-75.
[111]张趋坤.加强农膜污染治理促进农业可持续发展[J].广西农业科学,2001(5):277-279.
[112]金平,王雁,王金辉.农膜污染与防治对策[J].安徽技术师范学院学报.2003,17(1):66-67.
[113]董学礼,杨素梅,陈福.宁夏农膜污染防治实用技术研究[J].农业环境与发展.2000, 17(1):25-28.
[114]胡汝骥,姜逢清,王亚俊,等.亚洲中部干旱区的湖泊[J].干旱区研究. 2005,22(4):424-430.
[115]胡汝骥.中国天山自然地理[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.2004.
[116]谭芫,王亚俊,宁建忠.新疆博斯腾湖水生态环境变化分析[J].干旱区研究.2004,21(1):7-12.
[117]王亚俊,李字安,王彦国,等.20世纪50年代以来博斯腾湖水盐变化及趋势[J].干旱区研究.2005,22(3):355-360.
[118]王亚俊,孙占东.中国干旱区湖泊[J].干旱区研究.2007.
[119]胡汝骥,姜逢清,王亚俊等.论中国干旱区湖泊研究的重要意义[J].干旱区研究.2007,24(2):137-140.
[120]高康宁.兰州段黄河流域农业面源污染分析研究[D].兰州:兰州大学硕士论文,2009.
[121]李玉文,李智娟湿地水环境质量评价方法研究与治理措施[J].环境科学与管理.2009,34(1):188-191.
[122]李勇.灰色聚类法在地表水水质评价中的问题探讨[J].科技信息.2009(11):21-23.
[123]彭文启,张祥伟,等.现代水环境质量评价理论和方法[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005.
[124]陆卫军,张涛.几种河流水质评价方法的比较分析[J].环境科学与管理.2009,34(6):174-176.
[125]刘春龙.改进的主成分分析法及其在水质评价中的应用[J].安徽农业科学.2009,37(22):10642-10644.
[126]余进祥,刘娅菲,钟晓兰,等.鄱阳湖水体富营养化评价方法及主导因子研究[J].江西农业学报.2009,21(4):125-128.
[127]杨斌,印旭蓓.濠河底泥环境质量现状及变化趋势研究[J].江苏环境科技2007,20(2):61-63.
[128]毛剑英,肖建军,朱建平.地表水环境质量定性评价[J].中国环境监测.2005,21(6):57-58.
[129]雷钦礼.经济管理多元统计分析[M].北京:中国统计出版社.2002.153-154.
[130]王亚俊,孙占东.中国干旱区的湖泊[J].干旱区研究,2007,24(4):423-427.
[131]张立,袁旭音,邓旭.南京玄武湖底泥重金属形态与环境意义[J].湖泊科学.2007,19(1):63-69.
[132]官宝红,李君,曾爱斌,邓劲松,张军.杭州市城市土地利用对河流水质的影响[J].资源科学.2008,30(6):858-862.
[133]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社.2001.1-14.
[134]肖笃宁,李秀珍.当代景观生态学的进展与展望[J].地理科学.1997,17(5) :453-461.
[135] Farina A. Principal Sand Methods in Landscape Ecology[M]. London:Chapman & Hall. 1998:3-10.
[136]刘世梁,傅伯杰.景观生态学原理在土壤学中的应用[J].水土保持学报, 2001,15(3):102-106.
[137]龚绍琦,黄家柱,李云梅等.基于GIS下的太湖水质富营养化模糊综合评价[J].环境科学.2005,26(5):34-37.
[138] Calder I R. Hydrologic effects of land-use change[C]. New York: McGraw-Hill.1993.50.
[139] Wu J G. Landscape ecology pattern, process, scale and grade[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press.2000.99-110.
[140]杨三红.基于GIS的刘家流域景观格局及其生态环境效应的研究[D].太谷:山西农业大学硕士论文,2005.
[141] Rice R W, Izuno F T, Garcia R M. Phosphorus load reductions under best management Practices for sugarcane cropping systems in the Everglades agricultural area[J]. Agricultural Water Management.2002,56:17-39.
[142] Ryszkowski L, Bartoszewicz A, Kedziora A. Management of matter fluxes by biogeochemical barriers at the agricultural landscape level [J]. Landscape Ecology.1999,14:479-492.
[143]师庆东.景观生态与生态系统服务功能价值评估在干旱区的应用研究[D].新疆:新疆大学,2006.
[144]邬建国.景观生态学——概念与理论[J].生态学杂志.2000.19(1):42-52.
[145]陈利顶,付伯杰.景观连接度的生态学意义及其应用[J].生态学杂志.1996,15(4):37-42.
[146]傅伯杰.黄土区农业景观空间格局分析[J].生态学报.1995,15(2):ll3-120.
[147]赵英时.遥感应用分析原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社.2003:309.
[148]黄俊芳,王让会,师庆东.基于RS与GIS的三工河流域生态景观格局分析[J].干早区研究.2004,21(l):33-37.
[149]刘世梁,傅伯杰.景观生态学原理在土壤学中的应用[J].水土保持学报.2001,15(3):102-106.
[150]赵翼,郭旭东.景观农业研究的兴起及其实际意义[J].生态学杂志.2000,19(4):67-71.
[151]朱华.基于遥感和GSI的水环境非点源污染研究[D].湖南:湖南大学硕士论文,2005.
[152] Krishnappan B G, Marsalek J, Watt W E. Seasonal size distribution of suspended solids in a storm water management pond [J]. Water Science and Technology.1999,39(2):127-134.
[153] David J W. Modeling residence time in stormwater ponds[J]. Ecology of England.1998,10:247-26.
[154]尹澄清,毛战坡.用生态工程技术控制农村非点源水污染[J].应用生态学报.2002,13(2):229-232.
[155]尹澄清,兰智文,晏维金.白洋淀水陆交错带对陆源营养物质的截留作用初步研究[J].应用生态学报.1995,6(1):76-80.
[156]秦明周.美国土地利用的生物环境保护环境工程措施——缓冲带[J].水土保持学报.2001,15(l):119-121.
[157] Muscutt A D, Harris G L, Bailey S W, et al. Buffer zones to improve water quality: areview of their potential use in U K agriculture[J]. Agricultural Ecosystem and Environment.1993,45:59-77.
[158] Narumalani S, Zhou Y, Jensen J R. Application of remote sensing and geographic information systems to the delineation and analysis of riparian buffer zones[J]. Aquatic Botany.1997,58:393-409.
[159]尹澄清.内陆水一陆地交错带的生态功能及其保护与开发前景[J].生态学报.1995,15(3):331-335.
[160] Gopal B. Natural and constructed wetlands for waste water treatment: potentials and problems [J]. Water Science and Technology.1999,40(3):27-35.
[161] Charles A C, Robert P B. A comparison of the hydrologic characteristics of natural and created main stream floodplain wetlands in Pennsylvanian[J]. Ecology of England.2000,14:221-231.
[162]马立珊,汪祖强,张水铭,等.苏南太湖水系农业面源污染及其控制对策研究[J].环境科学学报.1997,17(l):39-47.
[163]晏维金,尹澄清,孙淮,等.磷氮在水田湿地中的迁移转化及径流流失过程[J].应用生态学报.1999,10(3):312-316.
[164]邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版,2000.
[2] USEAP.National water quality inventory[J].Report to Congress Executive Summary. Washington DC:USEPA,1995:497.
[3]金相灿.中国湖泊富营养化[M].中国湖泊环境(第二册).北京:海洋出版社,1995.
[4]陈吉宁,李广贺,王洪涛.滇池流域面源污染控制技术研究[J].中国水利.2004,9:47-50.
[5]张宏华.重庆渝北区御临河流域农业面源污染研究[D].重庆:重庆大学硕士论文.2003.
[6] Bicknell B R, Imhoff J C, Kittle J L et al. Hydrological simulation program-fortran user’s manual for release . http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/basins/bsnsdocs.html.1996.
[7]胡汝骥,姜逢清,王亚俊等.论中国干旱区湖泊研究的重要意义[J].干旱区研究.2007,24(2):137-140.
[8] Novotny.V.,Chester,G. Hand of Nonpoint Pollution: Source and Management[J].Van Nostrand Reinhold compand.1981.
[9]叶飞.江苏省水环境农业非点源污染综合评价与控制对策研究[D].南京:南京农业大学硕士论文.2005.
[10] SouthwickL. Metal. Runoff losses of norflurazon: effect to faun off timing[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem.1993,41:1503-1511.
[11] Line D F, O smand D Letal. NonPoint sources[J]. Water Environment Research. 1994,66(4):585-601.
[12] LaiR Editor 2nd edition. Soil erosion research methods, Soil and Water Conservation Society. Lowa. Ankeny,1994:344.
[13]万正成,李明武,王磊.城市污水灌溉对地下水水质的影响分析[J].江苏环境科技.2004,l:29-31.
[14]阎春生.甘肃中部干旱地区污水灌溉对农作物污染的现况调查[J].卫生职业教育.2004,17:76-77.
[15] Griffin Jr. Introducing NPS water Pollution[J]. EAP Jour-nal Nov./Dec.1991:6-9.
[16]吕耀.农业生态系统中氮素造成的非点源污染[J].农业环境保护.1998,17(I):35-39.
[17] Kronvang B.,et al.Diffuse Nutrient Losses in Denmark[J].Water Sci. Technol.(G.B.).1996,33:81.
[18] Boets, P .C. M.. Nutrient Emissions from Agriculture in the Netherlands: Causes and Remedies[J]. Water Sci. Technol(G .8.),1996,33:183.
[19]朱丹丹.大庆地区农业非点源污染负荷研究与综合评价[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学工学硕士学位论文.2007.
[20] Metcalf, Eddy. Storm Water Management Model[R]. EPA Water Pollution Control Research Series.1971,352.
[21] Knise W G. CREAMS:A Field Scale Model for Chemical, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management[R].Conservation ResRepront USDA-SEA. 1982.
[22] Leonard R A, Knisel W G. Still D A. GLEAMS:ground-water loading effects of agricultural management systems[J]. Trans of the ASAE.1987,30(5):1403-1418.
[23] Yong R A, Onstad C A, Bosch D D, et al. AGNPS:A non-point source pollution model for evaluating agriculture watersheds[J]. Soli Water.Conserv.1989,44(2):168-173.
[24] Beasley D B. Applying Distributed Parameter Moeling Techniques to Watershed Hydrology and Nonpoint Source Pollution[C].Proc.13th Conf. Modeling and Simulation.1982,4.
[25] Jackson T J. Rawla W J. SCS Curve Numbers from a Landset Data Base[J].Water Resour. Bul.1981,17:857.
[26] Thomas A W, et al. Quantifying Concentrated-Flow Erosion on Cropland with Arial Photogrammetry[J]. Soli Water Conserv.1986,41:248.
[27] Spooner J,et al. Determining the Statistical Sensitivity of the Water Quality Monitoring Program in the Taylor Creek-Nubbin Slough. Florida Project[J].Lake Reservoir Manage.1988,4:113.
[28] Logan T J, et al. Erosion Control Potential with Conservation Tillage in the Lake Erie Basin: Estimate Using the Universal Soil Loss Equation and the Resource information System(LIRS)[J].Soil Water Con.1982,37:50.
[29] Daniel E. et al. Nonpoint Sources[J]. Water Environment Research.65(4):1.
[30] Lowance R, et al. A Conceptual Model for Assessing Ecological Risk to Water Quality[J].Environ. Manage.1995,19:239.
[31] Whittermore R C. The BASINS mode[J]. Water Environ Technol.1998,10(2):57-61.
[32]董亮.GIS支持下西湖流域水环境非点源污染研究[D].浙江大学博士论文,2001.
[33]史志华,蔡崇法,丁树文等.基于GIS的汉江中下游农业面源氮磷负荷研究[J].环境科学报.2002,22(4):437-477.
[34]黄金良,洪华生,张珞平等.基于GIS的九龙江流域农业非点源氮磷负荷估算研究[J].农业环境科学学报.2004,23(5):866-871.
[35]龙天渝,李继承,刘腊美.嘉陵江流域吸附态非点源污染负荷研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(7):181l-1817.
[36]丁晓雯,李薇,陈庆伟.农业非点源污染模型研究现状与发展趋势[J].现代农业科技.2008,(14):261-265.
[37]刘枫,王华东.流域非点源污染的量化识别方法及其在于桥水库流域的应用[J].地理学报.1988,43(3):329-339.
[38]黄锦辉,李群,田凯.鸭河口水库入库面源污染负荷预测研究[J].水资源保护.2003, (2):28-3l.
[39]张健.CREAMS模型在计算黄土坡地径流流量计侵蚀量中的应用[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报.1995, (11):54-57.
[40]陈一兵.Trouwborst,K.O.土壤侵蚀建模中ANSWERS及地理信息系统ARC/INFO的应用研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报.1997,3(2):l-13.
[41] LIU Jianchang,ZHANG Luoping,ZHANG Yuzhen et aL.Validation of an agricultural non-point source(AONPS)pollution model for a catchment in the Jiulong River watershed China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences.2008,20(5):599-600.
[42]吕唤春.千岛湖流域农业非点源污染及其生态效应的研究[D].浙江大学博士论文.2002.
[43]张思聪,刘铭环.竹竿河流域面源污染模拟计算和分析[J].水力发电学报.2006,25(5):51-57.
[44]陈西平.计算降雨及农田径流污染负荷的三峡库区模型[J].中国环境科学.1992,l.
[45]李怀恩.流域非点源污染模型研究进展与发展趋势[J].水资源保护.1996, (2):14-18.
[46]李怀恩,沈晋.流域非点源污染模型的建立与应用实例[J].环境科学学报.1997,17(2):141-147.
[47]王昕皓.非点源污染负荷计算的单元破面模型法[J].中国环境科学.1985, (4).
[48]徐向阳,刘俊.农业区氨氮流失模型[J].环境污染与防治.1999,21(4):34-37.
[49]张水龙,庄季屏.辽西易旱区典型小流域农业非点源污染形成的规律[J].水土保持学报.2001,15(3):81-84.
[50]李本纲,陶澎.地理信息系统在环境研究中的应用[J].环境科学.1998,19(3):87-90.
[51]刘勇,井文涌.地理信息系统技术及其在环境科学中的应用[J].环境科学.1997,18(2):62-65.
[52]王宏伟,程声通.多媒体3S综合集成技术及在环境科学中的应用[J].环境科学.1998,19(2):83-86.
[53] Corwin D L, Wagenet R J. Applications of GIS to the Modeling of NonPoint Source Pollutants in the Vadose Zone: A Conference Overview[J].Journal of Environment Quality.1996,25(3):403-411.
[54] Merehant J W. GIS-based ground water Pollution hazard assessment: a critical review of the DRASTIC model[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.1994,60(9):1117-1127.
[55] Cocbrance T A, Flanagan F C. Assessing water erosion in small watersheds using WEPP with GIS and digital elevation models[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.1999,54(4):678-685.
[56] Carrubba L. Hydrologic modeling at the watershed scale using NPSM[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Assoeiation.2000,36(6):1237-1246.
[57]周慧平,许有鹏,葛小平.GIS支持下非点源污染模型应用分析[J].水土保持通报.2003,23(3):60-63.
[58]卜兆宏,唐万龙,潘贤掌.土壤流失量遥感监测中GIS像元地形因子算法的研究[J].土壤学报.1994,31(3):322-329.
[59]董亮,朱荫媚,王坷.应用地理信息系统建立西湖流域非点源污染信息数据库[J].浙江农业大学学报.1999,25(2):117-120.
[60] Martha W G, Wanada B P. A geographic information system to Predict nonPoint source Pollution Potential[J]. Water Resource Bulletin.1987,(2):281-291.
[61]马修军,谢昆青.GIS环境下流域降雨侵蚀动态模拟研究一一以PC Raster系统和LISEM模型为例[J].环境科学进展.1998,7(5):137-144.
[62] Josef G, Arthur J. Incorporating spatial variability into GIS to estimate nitrate leachin at the aquifer scale[J]. Journal of Environment Quality.1996,25:491-498.
[63]刘枫,王华东,刘培桐.流域非点源污染的量化识别方法及其在于桥水库流域的应用.地理学报1988,43(4):329-339.
[64]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀研究[J].水土保持学报.2000,14(2:)19-24.
[65]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.GIS支持下的三峡库区典型小流域土壤养分流失量预测[J].水土保持学报.2001,15(1):9-12.
[66]郭志民,陈志伟,陈永宝.应用GIS方法对土壤侵蚀潜在危险性进行评价及其时空分布特征研究[J].福建水土保持.1999,11(4):40-43.
[67]赵晓丽,张增祥,王长有,等.基于RS和GIS的西藏中部地区土壤侵蚀动态监测[J].水土保持学报.1999,5(2):44-50.
[68] Elisabet N B.Use of soil survey information to assess regional Stalinization risk using geographical information systems[J]. Environment Qualtiy.1996,25(3):433-439.
[69] Corwin D L, et al. Evaluation of GIS一Linked model of salt loading to groundwater[J]. Environment Quality.1999,28:471-480.
[70] Robert H F. Predicting stream pathogen loading from livestock using a geographical information system一based delivery model[J]. Environment Quality.1998,27:935-945.
[71]游松财,李文清.GSI支持下的土壤侵蚀量估算[J].自然资源学报.1999.14(1):62-67.
[72] He C, Riggs J F, Kang Y T. Integration of geographic information systems and a computer model to evaluate impacts of agricultural runoff on water quality[J]. Water Resource Bulletin.1993,29(6):891-900.
[73] Udoyara S T, Robbert J. Evaluating agricultural nonpoint source pollution using integrated geographic information systems and hydrologic/water quality model[J]. Environment Quality.1994,23:23-25.
[74] Engel B A. Non-point source pollution modeling using models integrated with geographic information systems[J]. Water Science and Technology.1993,28:685-693.
[75] John C P. Terrain analysis: integration into the agricultural nonpoint source (AGNPS) pollution model[J]. Soil Water Conservation.1991,l:59-64.
[76]金海龙等.新疆艾比湖流域社会经济与生态系统可持续发展模式研究项目报告[M].2006.
[77]李艳红,楚新正,金海龙.新疆艾比湖流域水文特征分析[J].水文.2006,26(5):68-71.
[78]于恩涛.艾比湖流域大气水汽输送及植被变化气候响应研究[D].新疆:新疆大学.2008.
[79]贾宝全,闫顺.绿洲──荒漠生态系统交错带环境演变过程初步研究─—以新疆吐鲁番盆地为例[J].干旱区资源与环境.995,9(3):59-63.
[80]阎顺,杨云良.艾比湖及周边地区环境演变与对策,人类活动对亚洲中部水资源和环境的影响及天山积雪资源评价[R].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社.1997.
[81]白祥.艾比湖流域近50a生态环境演化与植被资源现状研究[D].新疆:新疆师范大学硕士论文.2007.
[82]贾春光.艾比湖湖面变化对沿湖铁路线的影响趋势研究[D].新疆:新疆师范大学硕士学位论文.2006.
[83]黄宗亮.新疆艾比湖流域社会经济与生态环境耦合关系研究[D].新疆:新疆师范大学硕士论文.2006.
[84]刘鹏飞,于文海.对污染源等标污染负荷及其计算的几点看法[J].东北水利水电.1995,5:37-39.
[85]刘文立,李宇斌.关于“等标污染负荷”概念的思考[J].辽宁城乡环境科技.2000(03):23-26.
[86]王洪海,李玉信,陆素娟.浅析“等标污染负荷法”在评价重要环境因素中的应用[J].中国冶金.2003(09):33-36.
[87]张人第,张晓红,陈佩青.淀山湖区(上海部分)水质污染源调查评价[J].上海农学院学报.1998,16(2):92-97.
[88]徐成汉.等标污染负荷法在污染源评价中的应用[J].长江工程职业技术学院学报.2004,21(3):23-24.
[89]彭奎,朱波.试论农业养分的非点源污染与管理[J].环境保护.2001,(01):15-17.
[90]王兆军,张怀成,刘键等.规模化畜禽养殖污染有效防治途径探讨[J].中国人口资源与环境.2001,11:72-74.
[91] The Health State, Guidelines for livestock waste management[R]. Prepared by Hawail State Department of Health Wastewater branch.1996.
[92]张大第,张晓红,章家琪,等.上海市郊区非点源污染综合调查评价[J].上海农业学报.1997,13(1):31-36.
[93]刘培芳,陈振楼,许世远等.长江三角洲城郊畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其防治对策[J].长江流域资源与环境.2002,11(5):456-460.
[94]黄沈发,陈长虹,贺军峰.黄浦江上游汇水区禽畜业污染及其防治对策[J].上海环境科学.1994,13(5):40-45.
[95]李荣刚,夏源陵,吴安之.江苏太湖地区水污染物及其向水体的排放量[J].湖泊科学.2000,12(2):147-153.
[96] Maeiej Dzikiewiez. Aetivities in nonpoint pollution control in rural areas of Poland[J]. Eeologieal Engineering.2000,14:429-434.
[97]张玉霞,白岚,白宝璋.氮肥流失的危害与应采取的对策[J].农业与技术.2002,(06):81-83.
[98]黄秀山,方荣美,万里平.磷肥对芒溪河的污染初探[J].重庆三峡学院学报.2003,(01):95-98.
[99]李可芳,黄霞.磷肥的使用与农业面源污染[J].环境科学与技术.2004,(01):189-190.
[100]周根娣,章家骇,卢善玲.上海市郊氮肥流失及去向研究[J].上海环境科学.1996,15(4):37-39.
[101]张焕朝,张红爱,曹志洪.太湖地区水稻土磷素径流流失及其olsen磷的“突变点”[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版).2004,5:6-10.
[102]贺仲雄.模糊数学及其应用[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社.1983.
[103]高新波.模糊聚类分析及其应用[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社.2004.
[104]扶名福,谢明祥.聚类分析法在抽风机故障诊断中应用[J].工程力学.2007,24(增刊1) :36-40.
[105]庄恒扬,沈新平,陆建飞等.模糊聚类计算方法的理论分析[J].江苏农学院学报,1998,19(3) :37-41.
[106]王光,王利华.从营养角度探讨减少环境污染的途径[J].家畜生态.1998,19(2):37-39.
[107]张鑫,史奕,赵天宏等.我国农业非点源污染研究现状及控制措施[J].安徽农业科学.2006,34(20):5303-5305.
[108]李振,陈玉林.水产养殖中水体污染的控制措施[J].饲料研究.2004(6):27-28.
[109]蔡达明,高月林,王大义.海宁市农业农村面源污染调查及治理对策[J].上海农业科技.2003,(3):5-6.
[110]曹安辉,刘涟淮,殷志明.淮安市农业污染现状与减控对策[J].农业环境与发展.2006,(3):73-75.
[111]张趋坤.加强农膜污染治理促进农业可持续发展[J].广西农业科学,2001(5):277-279.
[112]金平,王雁,王金辉.农膜污染与防治对策[J].安徽技术师范学院学报.2003,17(1):66-67.
[113]董学礼,杨素梅,陈福.宁夏农膜污染防治实用技术研究[J].农业环境与发展.2000, 17(1):25-28.
[114]胡汝骥,姜逢清,王亚俊,等.亚洲中部干旱区的湖泊[J].干旱区研究. 2005,22(4):424-430.
[115]胡汝骥.中国天山自然地理[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.2004.
[116]谭芫,王亚俊,宁建忠.新疆博斯腾湖水生态环境变化分析[J].干旱区研究.2004,21(1):7-12.
[117]王亚俊,李字安,王彦国,等.20世纪50年代以来博斯腾湖水盐变化及趋势[J].干旱区研究.2005,22(3):355-360.
[118]王亚俊,孙占东.中国干旱区湖泊[J].干旱区研究.2007.
[119]胡汝骥,姜逢清,王亚俊等.论中国干旱区湖泊研究的重要意义[J].干旱区研究.2007,24(2):137-140.
[120]高康宁.兰州段黄河流域农业面源污染分析研究[D].兰州:兰州大学硕士论文,2009.
[121]李玉文,李智娟湿地水环境质量评价方法研究与治理措施[J].环境科学与管理.2009,34(1):188-191.
[122]李勇.灰色聚类法在地表水水质评价中的问题探讨[J].科技信息.2009(11):21-23.
[123]彭文启,张祥伟,等.现代水环境质量评价理论和方法[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005.
[124]陆卫军,张涛.几种河流水质评价方法的比较分析[J].环境科学与管理.2009,34(6):174-176.
[125]刘春龙.改进的主成分分析法及其在水质评价中的应用[J].安徽农业科学.2009,37(22):10642-10644.
[126]余进祥,刘娅菲,钟晓兰,等.鄱阳湖水体富营养化评价方法及主导因子研究[J].江西农业学报.2009,21(4):125-128.
[127]杨斌,印旭蓓.濠河底泥环境质量现状及变化趋势研究[J].江苏环境科技2007,20(2):61-63.
[128]毛剑英,肖建军,朱建平.地表水环境质量定性评价[J].中国环境监测.2005,21(6):57-58.
[129]雷钦礼.经济管理多元统计分析[M].北京:中国统计出版社.2002.153-154.
[130]王亚俊,孙占东.中国干旱区的湖泊[J].干旱区研究,2007,24(4):423-427.
[131]张立,袁旭音,邓旭.南京玄武湖底泥重金属形态与环境意义[J].湖泊科学.2007,19(1):63-69.
[132]官宝红,李君,曾爱斌,邓劲松,张军.杭州市城市土地利用对河流水质的影响[J].资源科学.2008,30(6):858-862.
[133]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社.2001.1-14.
[134]肖笃宁,李秀珍.当代景观生态学的进展与展望[J].地理科学.1997,17(5) :453-461.
[135] Farina A. Principal Sand Methods in Landscape Ecology[M]. London:Chapman & Hall. 1998:3-10.
[136]刘世梁,傅伯杰.景观生态学原理在土壤学中的应用[J].水土保持学报, 2001,15(3):102-106.
[137]龚绍琦,黄家柱,李云梅等.基于GIS下的太湖水质富营养化模糊综合评价[J].环境科学.2005,26(5):34-37.
[138] Calder I R. Hydrologic effects of land-use change[C]. New York: McGraw-Hill.1993.50.
[139] Wu J G. Landscape ecology pattern, process, scale and grade[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press.2000.99-110.
[140]杨三红.基于GIS的刘家流域景观格局及其生态环境效应的研究[D].太谷:山西农业大学硕士论文,2005.
[141] Rice R W, Izuno F T, Garcia R M. Phosphorus load reductions under best management Practices for sugarcane cropping systems in the Everglades agricultural area[J]. Agricultural Water Management.2002,56:17-39.
[142] Ryszkowski L, Bartoszewicz A, Kedziora A. Management of matter fluxes by biogeochemical barriers at the agricultural landscape level [J]. Landscape Ecology.1999,14:479-492.
[143]师庆东.景观生态与生态系统服务功能价值评估在干旱区的应用研究[D].新疆:新疆大学,2006.
[144]邬建国.景观生态学——概念与理论[J].生态学杂志.2000.19(1):42-52.
[145]陈利顶,付伯杰.景观连接度的生态学意义及其应用[J].生态学杂志.1996,15(4):37-42.
[146]傅伯杰.黄土区农业景观空间格局分析[J].生态学报.1995,15(2):ll3-120.
[147]赵英时.遥感应用分析原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社.2003:309.
[148]黄俊芳,王让会,师庆东.基于RS与GIS的三工河流域生态景观格局分析[J].干早区研究.2004,21(l):33-37.
[149]刘世梁,傅伯杰.景观生态学原理在土壤学中的应用[J].水土保持学报.2001,15(3):102-106.
[150]赵翼,郭旭东.景观农业研究的兴起及其实际意义[J].生态学杂志.2000,19(4):67-71.
[151]朱华.基于遥感和GSI的水环境非点源污染研究[D].湖南:湖南大学硕士论文,2005.
[152] Krishnappan B G, Marsalek J, Watt W E. Seasonal size distribution of suspended solids in a storm water management pond [J]. Water Science and Technology.1999,39(2):127-134.
[153] David J W. Modeling residence time in stormwater ponds[J]. Ecology of England.1998,10:247-26.
[154]尹澄清,毛战坡.用生态工程技术控制农村非点源水污染[J].应用生态学报.2002,13(2):229-232.
[155]尹澄清,兰智文,晏维金.白洋淀水陆交错带对陆源营养物质的截留作用初步研究[J].应用生态学报.1995,6(1):76-80.
[156]秦明周.美国土地利用的生物环境保护环境工程措施——缓冲带[J].水土保持学报.2001,15(l):119-121.
[157] Muscutt A D, Harris G L, Bailey S W, et al. Buffer zones to improve water quality: areview of their potential use in U K agriculture[J]. Agricultural Ecosystem and Environment.1993,45:59-77.
[158] Narumalani S, Zhou Y, Jensen J R. Application of remote sensing and geographic information systems to the delineation and analysis of riparian buffer zones[J]. Aquatic Botany.1997,58:393-409.
[159]尹澄清.内陆水一陆地交错带的生态功能及其保护与开发前景[J].生态学报.1995,15(3):331-335.
[160] Gopal B. Natural and constructed wetlands for waste water treatment: potentials and problems [J]. Water Science and Technology.1999,40(3):27-35.
[161] Charles A C, Robert P B. A comparison of the hydrologic characteristics of natural and created main stream floodplain wetlands in Pennsylvanian[J]. Ecology of England.2000,14:221-231.
[162]马立珊,汪祖强,张水铭,等.苏南太湖水系农业面源污染及其控制对策研究[J].环境科学学报.1997,17(l):39-47.
[163]晏维金,尹澄清,孙淮,等.磷氮在水田湿地中的迁移转化及径流流失过程[J].应用生态学报.1999,10(3):312-316.
[164]邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版,2000.