天线雷达散射截面分析与控制方法研究
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摘要
在当前复杂电磁环境下的战争中,飞行器等载体目标的隐身性能直接决定了其战场生存概率及突防能力。随着隐身技术的快速发展,载体目标的雷达散射截面(RCS)已能得到较好的控制。而对于这些低可见平台,天线的散射特性往往成为制约整个系统电磁隐身性能的瓶颈。因此,合理地缓解天线的辐射指标与散射要求之间的矛盾,有效地控制天线的RCS对于目标的隐身设计具有重要的指导意义。本论文密切结合“十一五”国防科技预研重点项目研究了天线RCS的分析及控制方法,所取得的成果可概括为:
1.研究了天线的散射机理,给出了几种不同形式天线的结构模式项散射与天线模式项散射的计算结果。为了便于进一步探索天线RCS的控制方法,文中讨论了矩量法(MoM),并通过矩量法完成了天线辐射参数和散射参数,尤其是天线模式项散射的计算。同时,为克服矩量法计算时存储量过大的问题,又研究了自适应积分(AIM)方法,并给出了电大目标的RCS计算结果及相关分析。
2.由于对天线RCS的控制实际上是对各种相互矛盾的要求之间的一个折衷,因此,本文将优化算法引入到天线的散射控制与低RCS天线设计中,并通过加权求和等形式的目标函数的构造来平衡天线的高辐射性能与低散射效果这一组矛盾,从而在实现天线RCS减缩的同时有效地保证了天线的基本工作性能。
3.在优化过程中,研究了差分进化(DE)算法和粒子群优化(PSO)算法,并将其用于天线RCS的优化控制。为提高阵列天线的优化设计效率,本文又研究了空间映射(SM)方法,将隐式空间映射(ISM)策略与差分进化算法相结合,建立起能够快速计算的粗糙模型与能够精确计算的精细模型。之后,通过参数抽取过程找出两模型的映射关系,并采用DE优化这一关系,使粗糙模型不断逼近精细模型,最终实现优化速度与计算精度的共同提升。
4.通过分析入射波照射下微带天线的表面电流,找出了微带天线RCS峰值的形成原因。发现微带天线的RCS峰值谐振频率与天线表面电流的谐振模式密切相关,这为微带天线的RCS减缩提供了依据。因此,本文通过优化思想找出能够抑制散射谐振模式而不影响天线工作模式的最佳开槽位置,通过开槽的手段截断或削弱非辐射模式下的谐振电流,从而获得了较好的RCS减缩效果。
5.对于频率选择表面(FSS)进行了研究,并根据分形结构独特的空间填充特性,设计出一款小尺寸的六边环形带阻频率选择表面结构。该FSS采用等边三角形排列,具有良好的角度稳定性。将这一频率选择表面结构用于天线的反射板,在天线工作频带内,该结构表现出带阻特性,作用类似于金属板;而在天线工作频带外,该结构表现出带通特性,使大部分入射能量透过天线,被天线背后的吸波材料吸收,从而保证了天线的辐射要求,实现了天线的RCS减缩。
6.将阵列综合思想引入到阵列天线的RCS控制中,通过对阵列各单元空间位置的优化,实现了对阵列天线结构模式项RCS的控制;通过在天线端口与馈电端口接入一组不等长的延时传输线,人为地增大阵列辐射与天线模式项散射两种状态下的相位差异,并优化这组相差,从而实现对阵列天线的天线模式项散射的控制。
7.对于HFSS软件进行了二次开发,通过Matlab软件编写了天线辐射、散射的VB脚本程序。之后,使用优化算法启动这些VB脚本模块,并通过调用HFSS来计算待优化的天线候选模型。最终,通过该方法设计了一副具有双阻带特性的UWB天线以及一副具有低RCS效果的4×2微带共形阵列天线。
In the modern war with complicated electromagnetic environment, the stealth performance of the weapon target (such as aircraft) directly determines its battlefield survival probability and penetration ability. With the rapid development of stealth technology, the radar cross section (RCS) of a target has been better controlled. For these low observable platforms, the RCS from an antenna often becomes a bottleneck, which restricts the stealth effect of the whole system. Therefore, effectively control the antenna RCS and reasonably relieve the contradictions between the radiation demands and the scattering requirements have great guiding significance for the stealth design of a target. Being associated with the research project, this dissertation is mainly concerned with the antenna RCS analysis and control methods, the author’s major contributions are outlined as follows:
1. The antenna scattering mechanism is analyzed, and the results of the structural mode and the antenna mode scattering from different antennas are given. To achieve the antenna RCS control, the method of moments (MoM) has been studied. The antenna radiation and scattering parameters, especially the result of the antenna mode scattering are calculated by MoM. Meanwhile, in order to overcome the problem of MoM excessive storage, the adaptive integration method (AIM) is discussed, and the RCS calculation results and relevant analyses of the electrically large objects are presented.
2. The antenna RCS reduction is virtually a compromise process among various conflicting requirements. Therefore, this dissertation adopts optimization algorithms to control the antenna scattering and achieve the antenna design of low RCS. The contradiction between the high radiation performance and low scattering effect is better balance through the design of the objective function.
3. In the optimization process, the differential evolution (DE) algorithm and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm are investigated and used to control the antenna RCS. To improve the design efficiency of the antenna array, this dissertation discusses the space mapping (SM) method, and combines the implicit space mapping (ISM) strategy with differential evolution algorithm. In this process, the coarse model with high speed and fine model with high accuracy are established. The parameter extraction course is designed to find the mapping relationship between these two models. This mapping relationship is optimized by DE, so that the coarse model can continuously approach the fine model. At last, the optimization speed and calculation accuracy are improved together.
4. The forming reason of RCS peak from the microstrip antenna is analyzed through the discussion of the surface current excitated by incident wave. It shows that the RCS resonance peak of a microstrip antenna is closely related to the resonance mode of antenna surface current, which provides a basis for RCS reduction of a microstrip antenna. Therefore, through the optimization method, this dissertation finds the best slot locations, in which the scattering resonance modes are restrained but the antenna operation mode is almost unchanged. The method of slotting can cut off or weaken the resonance current of non-radiation mode, thus a batter RCS reduction effect is obtained.
5. The frequency selective surface (FSS) has been studied, and a small size bandstop FSS with regular hexagon structure is proposed. This FSS is designed according to the space-filling characteristics of fractal structure. The FSS array adopts the equilateral triangle arrangement and has good angle stability. Using this FSS as antenna reflector, in the antenna operating band, this structure performs the bandstop characteristic and works as a metal plate. While outside the operating band, this design shows the bandpass characteristic, so that most of the incident energy passes through the antenna and is absorbed by the absorbing material behind the antenna. Therefore, the antenna radiation is ensured and the RCS is reduced.
6. The application of array synthesis method in antenna RCS control is proposed. By optimizing the spatial location of array element, the structure mode scattering from array antenna is restrained. By loading a group of delay lines with different length between the array elements and the feed network ports, the phase difference between the array radiation and the antenna mode scattering can be amplified artificially. Optimizing this phase difference, the antenna mode RCS from array antenna can be controlled.
7. The secondary development of HFSS software is proposed. The VB scripts for antenna radiation and scattering problems are compiled by Matlab software. And then, these VB modules are operated by optimization algorithm. The candidate antenna models to be optimized are calculated by calling HFSS software. By this method, finally, a UWB antenna with dual band-rejected characteristic and a 4×2 microstrip conformal array antenna with low RCS effect are successfully designed.
1.研究了天线的散射机理,给出了几种不同形式天线的结构模式项散射与天线模式项散射的计算结果。为了便于进一步探索天线RCS的控制方法,文中讨论了矩量法(MoM),并通过矩量法完成了天线辐射参数和散射参数,尤其是天线模式项散射的计算。同时,为克服矩量法计算时存储量过大的问题,又研究了自适应积分(AIM)方法,并给出了电大目标的RCS计算结果及相关分析。
2.由于对天线RCS的控制实际上是对各种相互矛盾的要求之间的一个折衷,因此,本文将优化算法引入到天线的散射控制与低RCS天线设计中,并通过加权求和等形式的目标函数的构造来平衡天线的高辐射性能与低散射效果这一组矛盾,从而在实现天线RCS减缩的同时有效地保证了天线的基本工作性能。
3.在优化过程中,研究了差分进化(DE)算法和粒子群优化(PSO)算法,并将其用于天线RCS的优化控制。为提高阵列天线的优化设计效率,本文又研究了空间映射(SM)方法,将隐式空间映射(ISM)策略与差分进化算法相结合,建立起能够快速计算的粗糙模型与能够精确计算的精细模型。之后,通过参数抽取过程找出两模型的映射关系,并采用DE优化这一关系,使粗糙模型不断逼近精细模型,最终实现优化速度与计算精度的共同提升。
4.通过分析入射波照射下微带天线的表面电流,找出了微带天线RCS峰值的形成原因。发现微带天线的RCS峰值谐振频率与天线表面电流的谐振模式密切相关,这为微带天线的RCS减缩提供了依据。因此,本文通过优化思想找出能够抑制散射谐振模式而不影响天线工作模式的最佳开槽位置,通过开槽的手段截断或削弱非辐射模式下的谐振电流,从而获得了较好的RCS减缩效果。
5.对于频率选择表面(FSS)进行了研究,并根据分形结构独特的空间填充特性,设计出一款小尺寸的六边环形带阻频率选择表面结构。该FSS采用等边三角形排列,具有良好的角度稳定性。将这一频率选择表面结构用于天线的反射板,在天线工作频带内,该结构表现出带阻特性,作用类似于金属板;而在天线工作频带外,该结构表现出带通特性,使大部分入射能量透过天线,被天线背后的吸波材料吸收,从而保证了天线的辐射要求,实现了天线的RCS减缩。
6.将阵列综合思想引入到阵列天线的RCS控制中,通过对阵列各单元空间位置的优化,实现了对阵列天线结构模式项RCS的控制;通过在天线端口与馈电端口接入一组不等长的延时传输线,人为地增大阵列辐射与天线模式项散射两种状态下的相位差异,并优化这组相差,从而实现对阵列天线的天线模式项散射的控制。
7.对于HFSS软件进行了二次开发,通过Matlab软件编写了天线辐射、散射的VB脚本程序。之后,使用优化算法启动这些VB脚本模块,并通过调用HFSS来计算待优化的天线候选模型。最终,通过该方法设计了一副具有双阻带特性的UWB天线以及一副具有低RCS效果的4×2微带共形阵列天线。
In the modern war with complicated electromagnetic environment, the stealth performance of the weapon target (such as aircraft) directly determines its battlefield survival probability and penetration ability. With the rapid development of stealth technology, the radar cross section (RCS) of a target has been better controlled. For these low observable platforms, the RCS from an antenna often becomes a bottleneck, which restricts the stealth effect of the whole system. Therefore, effectively control the antenna RCS and reasonably relieve the contradictions between the radiation demands and the scattering requirements have great guiding significance for the stealth design of a target. Being associated with the research project, this dissertation is mainly concerned with the antenna RCS analysis and control methods, the author’s major contributions are outlined as follows:
1. The antenna scattering mechanism is analyzed, and the results of the structural mode and the antenna mode scattering from different antennas are given. To achieve the antenna RCS control, the method of moments (MoM) has been studied. The antenna radiation and scattering parameters, especially the result of the antenna mode scattering are calculated by MoM. Meanwhile, in order to overcome the problem of MoM excessive storage, the adaptive integration method (AIM) is discussed, and the RCS calculation results and relevant analyses of the electrically large objects are presented.
2. The antenna RCS reduction is virtually a compromise process among various conflicting requirements. Therefore, this dissertation adopts optimization algorithms to control the antenna scattering and achieve the antenna design of low RCS. The contradiction between the high radiation performance and low scattering effect is better balance through the design of the objective function.
3. In the optimization process, the differential evolution (DE) algorithm and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm are investigated and used to control the antenna RCS. To improve the design efficiency of the antenna array, this dissertation discusses the space mapping (SM) method, and combines the implicit space mapping (ISM) strategy with differential evolution algorithm. In this process, the coarse model with high speed and fine model with high accuracy are established. The parameter extraction course is designed to find the mapping relationship between these two models. This mapping relationship is optimized by DE, so that the coarse model can continuously approach the fine model. At last, the optimization speed and calculation accuracy are improved together.
4. The forming reason of RCS peak from the microstrip antenna is analyzed through the discussion of the surface current excitated by incident wave. It shows that the RCS resonance peak of a microstrip antenna is closely related to the resonance mode of antenna surface current, which provides a basis for RCS reduction of a microstrip antenna. Therefore, through the optimization method, this dissertation finds the best slot locations, in which the scattering resonance modes are restrained but the antenna operation mode is almost unchanged. The method of slotting can cut off or weaken the resonance current of non-radiation mode, thus a batter RCS reduction effect is obtained.
5. The frequency selective surface (FSS) has been studied, and a small size bandstop FSS with regular hexagon structure is proposed. This FSS is designed according to the space-filling characteristics of fractal structure. The FSS array adopts the equilateral triangle arrangement and has good angle stability. Using this FSS as antenna reflector, in the antenna operating band, this structure performs the bandstop characteristic and works as a metal plate. While outside the operating band, this design shows the bandpass characteristic, so that most of the incident energy passes through the antenna and is absorbed by the absorbing material behind the antenna. Therefore, the antenna radiation is ensured and the RCS is reduced.
6. The application of array synthesis method in antenna RCS control is proposed. By optimizing the spatial location of array element, the structure mode scattering from array antenna is restrained. By loading a group of delay lines with different length between the array elements and the feed network ports, the phase difference between the array radiation and the antenna mode scattering can be amplified artificially. Optimizing this phase difference, the antenna mode RCS from array antenna can be controlled.
7. The secondary development of HFSS software is proposed. The VB scripts for antenna radiation and scattering problems are compiled by Matlab software. And then, these VB modules are operated by optimization algorithm. The candidate antenna models to be optimized are calculated by calling HFSS software. By this method, finally, a UWB antenna with dual band-rejected characteristic and a 4×2 microstrip conformal array antenna with low RCS effect are successfully designed.
引文
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