宽带移动通信系统中的关键技术研究
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摘要
随着无线多媒体业务和Internet业务的迅速增长,过去几年里,无线通信经历了从窄带到宽带、从低速到高速的演变。包括正交频分复用(OFDM)和单载波循环前缀(SCCP)在内的块传输技术是宽带无线通信中的重要传输技术之一。然而,在移动应用环境中,此类传输技术对信道的时变非常敏感,信道的时变会破坏系统中子信道之间的正交性,严重恶化系统的性能。论文对宽带无线传输技术中的时变信道估计与均衡做了深入研究,主要工作和创新如下:
1.分别研究了时变OFDM系统中的频域导频和时域导频信道估计。针对近期提出的基于符号平均的频域导频信道估计算法,我们首先通过分析指出了其在参数选取和估计性能上的局限性;其次,在时变信道的通用基扩展模型基础之上,对其进行了改进,改进后的算法不仅提高了信道估计的性能,而且更具一般性。针对时域导频信道估计,借助于导频符号辅助调制的思想并基于时变信道的Karhunen-Loeve扩展,首先给出了一种适用于OFDM的信道估计方案,然后从理论上证明了该方案具有与低秩Wiener内插信道估计等同的性能。
2.针对移动MIMO-OFDM系统中的信道时变,提出了一种改进的EM迭代信道跟踪方案。改进方案中,利用判决输出重构ICI并进行线性抵消,有效降低了ICI对EM信道估计的影响;此外,基于时变信道的复指数过采样基扩展模型,设计一种改进的时变信道预测器,从而提高了迭代估计器的初始信道估计精度。
3.针对子带OFDMA系统中的时频双选择性信道估计问题,通过定义频域等效BEM模型并从该模型出发,分别针对单天线系统和多天线系统推导了符合期望最大化(EM)算法框架的信号模型,进而提出了两种基于EM算法的迭代信道跟踪方案。同传统线性插值算法相比,本文算法对信道的时频双选择性衰落更具稳健性,而且,本文算法能根据不同用户的通过率要求,灵活调整子带的大小。
4.针对SCCP系统中的时变信道估计与均衡问题,提出了一种双迭代接收机结构,该接收机包含一个迭代软干扰抵消最小均方误差均衡器和一个EM辅助的迭代信道估计器。时域联合检测方式是本文迭代均衡算法区别于现有迭代均衡算法的显著特点,鉴于这个特点,本文算法可利用时域信道响应的有限支撑来降低实现复杂度,同时,联合检测方式能避免单符号均衡算法受制于信道矩阵条件数的局限。此外,为了得到可靠的信道估值,本文联合利用多传输块上的判决符号和EM算法进行迭代信道估计,同时巧妙地采用了CP符号初始化迭代算法,从而在提高信道估计性能的前提下有效降低了导频开销。
5.针对OFDM系统中信道时变引起的ICI,提出了一种双迭代ICI均衡方案,该方案包括两个串行工作的迭代均衡器,通过对信道频域响应(CFR)矩阵进行带状近似与分割,串行均衡器的第一级迭代算法负责带外ICI的线性抵消,第二级迭代算法负责带内ICI的抑制,这种工作方式不仅有效抑制了ICI,而且降低了算法复杂度;此外,算法中带状CFR矩阵的带内外带宽均可灵活调整,因此可实现复杂度与性能之间的良好折中;分析显示,本文ICI均衡算法具有一般性,现有很多算法均可视为本文算法的特例。
With the rapid growth of wireless multimedia services and Internet services, the past few years have seen the transition of wireless communications from narrow band and low data rate to wide band and high data rate. Block transmission including orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and single carrier with cyclic prefix (SCCP) is one of the key transmission techniques in wideband wireless communications. In mobile applications, however, such transmission technique is very sensitive to channel time variation, as the channel time variation will destroy the orthogonality among sub-channels and therefore degrade the system performance. In order to cope with the channel time variation, this paper makes tries of finding solutions to this problem and the following are the results:
1. In pilot-aided time-varying channel estimation for OFDM systems, pilot can be multiplexed either in the time domain or in the frequency domain, and both the cases have been considered in this paper. In view of a pilot-aided channel estimation scheme proposed recently, which is based on the estimation of symbol-averaged channel impulse response (CIR), we first analyze its defects in parameter selection and system performance, and then, relying on a general basis expansion model of time-varying channels, we make improvements to it. The improved scheme features enhanced performance and a more general form. For the latter case, relying on the idea of the pilot symbol aided modulation in conventional single carrier system and the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion of time-varying channels, we first present a channel estimation scheme for OFDM and then show theoretically that it has the same performance as the Wiener interpolation based channel estimation.
2. An enhanced EM-based iterative channel estimator for coping with channel time variation is proposed for mobile multiple-input multi-output orthogonal OFDM (MIMO-OFDM) systems. In this scheme, by using data decisions obtained in iterations, the ICI are constructed and then cancelled from the received signals in order to reduce their impactions on channel estimation. In addition, an improved predictor is proposed to refine the channel initial estimates.
3. Channel estimation for subband orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) operating over time-frequency selective channels has been considered. By defining a so called BEM in the frequency domain, two signal models that are fitted into the framework of the EM algorithm are derived for subband OFDMA systems operating respectively in the signal and the multiple transmit antennas cases, and as a result, two EM-type channel tracking schemes are proposed for the two applications, respectively. As compared with the conventional linear interpolation scheme, the proposed schemes are more robust to the channel time-frequency selectivity. Moreover, the subband size of our proposed schemes can be flexibly adjusted according to the throughput requirement of a specified user.
4. The channel estimation and equalization for SCCP over doubly selective channels have been studied. The main contributions are to propose a doubly iterative receiver that consists of a minimum-mean-squared-error turbo equalizer with soft interference cancellation and an EM-based iterative channel estimator. The joint detection in the time domain makes the proposed equalizer different from existing turbo equalizers for SCCP. For this reason, the finite support of channel length can be used to reduce the computational complexity, and similarly, the joint detection can avoid the limitation of separate detection caused by ill-conditioned matrix. In order to obtain reliable CSI that is indispensable in the channel equalization, we use the data decisions over multiple blocks to estimate the CSI iteratively relying on the EM algorithm. The proposed estimation scheme makes a clever use of CP symbols to initialize the EM algorithm, which therefore results in improved estimation performance and reduced complexity as well.
5. For the purpose of mitigating ICI caused by channel time variation in OFDM systems, a doubly iterative equalization scheme that consists of two serial equalizers is proposed. By exploiting the approximately banded structure of channel frequency response (CFR) matrix, a turbo equalizer in the first stage is used to cancel the ICI in the out of the band, and the other turbo equalizer in the second stage aims to suppress the ICI inside the band. By these two steps, the ICI can be effectively mitigated and the complexity can also be reduced. Moreover, the scalability of band size of both the inside and the out of the band enables a good tradeoff between performance and complexity. Theoretic analysis indicates that the proposed technique takes a general form, and many equalization algorithms can be seen as a special case of our algorithm.
1.分别研究了时变OFDM系统中的频域导频和时域导频信道估计。针对近期提出的基于符号平均的频域导频信道估计算法,我们首先通过分析指出了其在参数选取和估计性能上的局限性;其次,在时变信道的通用基扩展模型基础之上,对其进行了改进,改进后的算法不仅提高了信道估计的性能,而且更具一般性。针对时域导频信道估计,借助于导频符号辅助调制的思想并基于时变信道的Karhunen-Loeve扩展,首先给出了一种适用于OFDM的信道估计方案,然后从理论上证明了该方案具有与低秩Wiener内插信道估计等同的性能。
2.针对移动MIMO-OFDM系统中的信道时变,提出了一种改进的EM迭代信道跟踪方案。改进方案中,利用判决输出重构ICI并进行线性抵消,有效降低了ICI对EM信道估计的影响;此外,基于时变信道的复指数过采样基扩展模型,设计一种改进的时变信道预测器,从而提高了迭代估计器的初始信道估计精度。
3.针对子带OFDMA系统中的时频双选择性信道估计问题,通过定义频域等效BEM模型并从该模型出发,分别针对单天线系统和多天线系统推导了符合期望最大化(EM)算法框架的信号模型,进而提出了两种基于EM算法的迭代信道跟踪方案。同传统线性插值算法相比,本文算法对信道的时频双选择性衰落更具稳健性,而且,本文算法能根据不同用户的通过率要求,灵活调整子带的大小。
4.针对SCCP系统中的时变信道估计与均衡问题,提出了一种双迭代接收机结构,该接收机包含一个迭代软干扰抵消最小均方误差均衡器和一个EM辅助的迭代信道估计器。时域联合检测方式是本文迭代均衡算法区别于现有迭代均衡算法的显著特点,鉴于这个特点,本文算法可利用时域信道响应的有限支撑来降低实现复杂度,同时,联合检测方式能避免单符号均衡算法受制于信道矩阵条件数的局限。此外,为了得到可靠的信道估值,本文联合利用多传输块上的判决符号和EM算法进行迭代信道估计,同时巧妙地采用了CP符号初始化迭代算法,从而在提高信道估计性能的前提下有效降低了导频开销。
5.针对OFDM系统中信道时变引起的ICI,提出了一种双迭代ICI均衡方案,该方案包括两个串行工作的迭代均衡器,通过对信道频域响应(CFR)矩阵进行带状近似与分割,串行均衡器的第一级迭代算法负责带外ICI的线性抵消,第二级迭代算法负责带内ICI的抑制,这种工作方式不仅有效抑制了ICI,而且降低了算法复杂度;此外,算法中带状CFR矩阵的带内外带宽均可灵活调整,因此可实现复杂度与性能之间的良好折中;分析显示,本文ICI均衡算法具有一般性,现有很多算法均可视为本文算法的特例。
With the rapid growth of wireless multimedia services and Internet services, the past few years have seen the transition of wireless communications from narrow band and low data rate to wide band and high data rate. Block transmission including orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and single carrier with cyclic prefix (SCCP) is one of the key transmission techniques in wideband wireless communications. In mobile applications, however, such transmission technique is very sensitive to channel time variation, as the channel time variation will destroy the orthogonality among sub-channels and therefore degrade the system performance. In order to cope with the channel time variation, this paper makes tries of finding solutions to this problem and the following are the results:
1. In pilot-aided time-varying channel estimation for OFDM systems, pilot can be multiplexed either in the time domain or in the frequency domain, and both the cases have been considered in this paper. In view of a pilot-aided channel estimation scheme proposed recently, which is based on the estimation of symbol-averaged channel impulse response (CIR), we first analyze its defects in parameter selection and system performance, and then, relying on a general basis expansion model of time-varying channels, we make improvements to it. The improved scheme features enhanced performance and a more general form. For the latter case, relying on the idea of the pilot symbol aided modulation in conventional single carrier system and the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion of time-varying channels, we first present a channel estimation scheme for OFDM and then show theoretically that it has the same performance as the Wiener interpolation based channel estimation.
2. An enhanced EM-based iterative channel estimator for coping with channel time variation is proposed for mobile multiple-input multi-output orthogonal OFDM (MIMO-OFDM) systems. In this scheme, by using data decisions obtained in iterations, the ICI are constructed and then cancelled from the received signals in order to reduce their impactions on channel estimation. In addition, an improved predictor is proposed to refine the channel initial estimates.
3. Channel estimation for subband orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) operating over time-frequency selective channels has been considered. By defining a so called BEM in the frequency domain, two signal models that are fitted into the framework of the EM algorithm are derived for subband OFDMA systems operating respectively in the signal and the multiple transmit antennas cases, and as a result, two EM-type channel tracking schemes are proposed for the two applications, respectively. As compared with the conventional linear interpolation scheme, the proposed schemes are more robust to the channel time-frequency selectivity. Moreover, the subband size of our proposed schemes can be flexibly adjusted according to the throughput requirement of a specified user.
4. The channel estimation and equalization for SCCP over doubly selective channels have been studied. The main contributions are to propose a doubly iterative receiver that consists of a minimum-mean-squared-error turbo equalizer with soft interference cancellation and an EM-based iterative channel estimator. The joint detection in the time domain makes the proposed equalizer different from existing turbo equalizers for SCCP. For this reason, the finite support of channel length can be used to reduce the computational complexity, and similarly, the joint detection can avoid the limitation of separate detection caused by ill-conditioned matrix. In order to obtain reliable CSI that is indispensable in the channel equalization, we use the data decisions over multiple blocks to estimate the CSI iteratively relying on the EM algorithm. The proposed estimation scheme makes a clever use of CP symbols to initialize the EM algorithm, which therefore results in improved estimation performance and reduced complexity as well.
5. For the purpose of mitigating ICI caused by channel time variation in OFDM systems, a doubly iterative equalization scheme that consists of two serial equalizers is proposed. By exploiting the approximately banded structure of channel frequency response (CFR) matrix, a turbo equalizer in the first stage is used to cancel the ICI in the out of the band, and the other turbo equalizer in the second stage aims to suppress the ICI inside the band. By these two steps, the ICI can be effectively mitigated and the complexity can also be reduced. Moreover, the scalability of band size of both the inside and the out of the band enables a good tradeoff between performance and complexity. Theoretic analysis indicates that the proposed technique takes a general form, and many equalization algorithms can be seen as a special case of our algorithm.
引文
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