潮关西沟流域森林近自然经营模式
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摘要
潮关西沟流域的森林经营过程中出现了许多问题,例如树种过于单一、林分结构不合理、木材产出量低以及林木生长不良等,这些问题在很大程度上是因为经营措施不合理造成的,该文在分析研究区具体情况的基础上,提出了研究区森林近自然经营措施,以便于指导森林经营,进而促进森林的可持续发展利用。潮关西沟流域地处北京市密云县古北口镇,地理坐标为N40°40′,E117°06′,该流域是密云水库的集水区。该文在野外调查的基础上分析了潮关西沟流域植被的物种组成、植被类型及其特征,通过各群落生境调查样地的Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数(H')、Evenness均匀度指数[E(%)]、Margalef物种丰富度指数(R)及顶极适应值(CI)进行了植被的近自然分析,并根据具体情况将研究区划分为14个群落生境类型。该文在分析研究区域的植被特征及群落生境的基础上,按照一定的树种选择原则和树种混交形式设计了10种具有导向性的近自然森林培育模式,即森林发展类型,研究区各群落生境类型均有其适合的森林发展类型。该文通过分析设计潮关西沟目标树单株木经营体系、目标树林分作业模式、目标树培育的基本问题及森林作业林道建设,提出了研究区目标树单株木林分作业体系。最后,依据潮关西沟流域各群落生境下林分的不同演替阶段提出了5种植被近自然经营模式,即幼林抚育经营模式、补造丰富经营模式、抚育采伐经营模式、蓄积抚育经营模式及目标直径利用经营模式。该文指出森林经营是一个循序渐进的过程,经营模式应具有阶段性和适应性,经营模式执行过程中应该是与时俱进的,需要进一步根据实际情况进行调整和改进,不断的优化和创新。该文进行的潮关西沟近自然经营模式的研究主要是为北京密云水库集水区水源保护林的经营提供一种思路和借鉴,但在借鉴过程中要注意选择性借鉴。
It appears many problems in the management of the forests in Chaoguanxigou watershed, for example, there are few tree species, stand structure is unreasonable, wood output is low, standing forest is failure to thrive and so on, these problems appear mostly because of the managing measures are unreasonable. Through analyzing the situation of Chaoguanxigou watershed, this article brings out close-to-nature management measures, it is useful to guide the forest management in Chaoguanxigou watershed, so can promote sustainable development and utilization of the forest. Chaoguanxigou watershed is in Gubeikou town of Beijing Miyun county, N40°40' and E117°06'is its geographic coordinates. This watershed is in the water gathering ground of Miyun Reservoir. Based on the field survey, the article has analyzed species component, vegetation type and its character of the forest in Chaoguanxigou watershed. Through Shannon-Wiener index (H'), Evenness index [E(%)], Margalef index (R) and top-level adaptive value of quadrats in different biotopes, the article has analyzed vegetation's close-to-nature property. Divide 14 biotopes types depends on material situation. Based on vegetation characteristic and biotope types, to combine with choice of tree species and species mixing, the article has designed ten Forest Development Types(FDT), they are directing close-to-nature forest pattern. And all biotope types have their Forest Development Types. Through analyzing and designing single tree management system, forest management pattern of target tree system, main problems of cultivating target tree and roads building for forest management, the article has designed single tree system for forest management of target tree system. At last, based on the different stages of succession of all biotope types, the article has designed five forest management patterns, including tending after young plantation pattern, enriching pattern, tending and cutting pattern, cumulation tending pattern and target diameter pattern. Forest management must follow in proper sequence, the management patterns should have some stages and be suitable. Management patterns should be adjusted and improved depend on practical situation, to achieve optimizing and innovate. This study could supply thoughts for forest management in the water gathering ground in Beijing of Miyun reservior, but it is wrong to copy directly.
It appears many problems in the management of the forests in Chaoguanxigou watershed, for example, there are few tree species, stand structure is unreasonable, wood output is low, standing forest is failure to thrive and so on, these problems appear mostly because of the managing measures are unreasonable. Through analyzing the situation of Chaoguanxigou watershed, this article brings out close-to-nature management measures, it is useful to guide the forest management in Chaoguanxigou watershed, so can promote sustainable development and utilization of the forest. Chaoguanxigou watershed is in Gubeikou town of Beijing Miyun county, N40°40' and E117°06'is its geographic coordinates. This watershed is in the water gathering ground of Miyun Reservoir. Based on the field survey, the article has analyzed species component, vegetation type and its character of the forest in Chaoguanxigou watershed. Through Shannon-Wiener index (H'), Evenness index [E(%)], Margalef index (R) and top-level adaptive value of quadrats in different biotopes, the article has analyzed vegetation's close-to-nature property. Divide 14 biotopes types depends on material situation. Based on vegetation characteristic and biotope types, to combine with choice of tree species and species mixing, the article has designed ten Forest Development Types(FDT), they are directing close-to-nature forest pattern. And all biotope types have their Forest Development Types. Through analyzing and designing single tree management system, forest management pattern of target tree system, main problems of cultivating target tree and roads building for forest management, the article has designed single tree system for forest management of target tree system. At last, based on the different stages of succession of all biotope types, the article has designed five forest management patterns, including tending after young plantation pattern, enriching pattern, tending and cutting pattern, cumulation tending pattern and target diameter pattern. Forest management must follow in proper sequence, the management patterns should have some stages and be suitable. Management patterns should be adjusted and improved depend on practical situation, to achieve optimizing and innovate. This study could supply thoughts for forest management in the water gathering ground in Beijing of Miyun reservior, but it is wrong to copy directly.
引文
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