坚硬顶煤注水软化性研究
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摘要
我国急倾斜煤层的储量丰富,分布范围广。开采急倾斜煤层的矿井产量占到全国的5%左右,但是生产矿井数量众多,占到全国矿井数的20%。主要分布我国西北部、东北以及东部沿海和西南地区的乌鲁木齐、窑街、淮南、开滦、徐州、长广、南桐、资兴、大通、华亭等矿区。其中,急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综采放顶煤开采方法,已经在国内急倾斜厚煤层开采中得到广泛应用。急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综采放顶煤开采过程中,顶煤主要依靠矿山压力、自重、上分段残留煤与矸石重量及支架反复支撑的共同作用下破坏、垮落。但遇到煤层硬度系数大于1以上的特厚煤层时,矿山压力较为缓和,仅靠上述作用不足以使硬度较大的顶煤破碎程度达到放出要求,顶煤的自然跨落困难,放顶煤回收率也将随之下降,严重影响到资源采出率的提高,生产中需要采取人工预先弱化顶煤的处理方式来解决。本文基于煤体致裂软化理论,通过分析坚硬顶煤水致裂过程煤体的软化规律,结合小红沟煤矿急倾斜特厚煤层B1、B2煤样的实验研究,以及影响顶煤软化性的主要因素模糊评价和分析,对煤层水致裂软化参数进行了系统研究。所做的主要工作及结果如下:
(1)从力学角度分析了孔隙水作用下煤的破坏强度的变化,以及压力水作用下含裂纹煤体的断裂强度,阐述了水力致裂软化煤体的作用机理。
(2)通过试验,分析了小红沟煤矿煤体的水理特性,以及煤体在不同含水率下的力学性质改变和破坏状态。
(3)分析了影响顶煤水致裂的主要因素,运用模糊评价和模糊聚类方法对急倾斜大段高分段开采条件下顶煤软化主要影响因素进行了分析和模糊评价。
(4)运用数值计算方法对采动过程围岩位移、应力状况进行了计算分析,确定了急倾斜大段高分段开采条件下顶煤软化水力致裂注水参数。
Steep coal seam of our country is rich, and a lot of mines. The production in steep coal mines is about 5% but the amount of mines is about 20% in the country. The steeps coal mines are mainly located in Wulumuqi, Yaojie, Huainan, Kailuan, Xuzhou, Changguang, Nantong, Zixing, Datong, Huating etc... The sublevel caving mining of steep coal seam as an economic, safe, efficient mining method are widely used in steep thick coal seam mining. At the caving process, the top coal is broken and collapse forming loose irregular stack under the combined effect of the stress of the mining, the coal self weight, the weight of residual coal and waste rock at upper-paragraph and repeatedly support by the supporter. But sometimes, the seam coal strength is greater than 1, and less mining stress is not sufficient to enable the above-mentioned role to fracture top coal to meet the requirements to release, moreover, with the height of sublevel increases, the recovery rate will be lower, so we need to fracture top-coal in advance. In this paper, the author analyses the mechanism of hydraulic fracturing of coal and the role of hydraulic softening of coal, analyses the hydraulic property of the B1 & B2 coal in the Xiaohonggou mine by the experimental research and theoretical analysis, analyses the main factors of hydraulic fracturing and evaluates these factors using the fuzzy clustering analysis, and analyses the infusion parameters by the method of numerical simulation. The main job done and the results are as follows:
(1) Analyses the change of coal failure strength under pore water from the mechanical point and the rupture strength of fractured coal under pressure water, revealed the mechanism of softening of hydraulic fracturing.
(2) Through testing, analyses the coal mine hydraulic property and the change in mechanical properties under the action of water, as well as the different failure state under the different moisture content of coal.
(3) Analyses the main factors of hydraulic fracturing of sublevel caving mining of steep coal seam and evaluates these factors using the fuzzy clustering analysis, and evaluates the softening character of B1 & B2 seam in the Xiaohonggou mine.
(4) Calculates the rock displacement and stress conditions use the numerical methods, on this base, analyses the infusion parameters by the method of numerical simulation.
(1)从力学角度分析了孔隙水作用下煤的破坏强度的变化,以及压力水作用下含裂纹煤体的断裂强度,阐述了水力致裂软化煤体的作用机理。
(2)通过试验,分析了小红沟煤矿煤体的水理特性,以及煤体在不同含水率下的力学性质改变和破坏状态。
(3)分析了影响顶煤水致裂的主要因素,运用模糊评价和模糊聚类方法对急倾斜大段高分段开采条件下顶煤软化主要影响因素进行了分析和模糊评价。
(4)运用数值计算方法对采动过程围岩位移、应力状况进行了计算分析,确定了急倾斜大段高分段开采条件下顶煤软化水力致裂注水参数。
Steep coal seam of our country is rich, and a lot of mines. The production in steep coal mines is about 5% but the amount of mines is about 20% in the country. The steeps coal mines are mainly located in Wulumuqi, Yaojie, Huainan, Kailuan, Xuzhou, Changguang, Nantong, Zixing, Datong, Huating etc... The sublevel caving mining of steep coal seam as an economic, safe, efficient mining method are widely used in steep thick coal seam mining. At the caving process, the top coal is broken and collapse forming loose irregular stack under the combined effect of the stress of the mining, the coal self weight, the weight of residual coal and waste rock at upper-paragraph and repeatedly support by the supporter. But sometimes, the seam coal strength is greater than 1, and less mining stress is not sufficient to enable the above-mentioned role to fracture top coal to meet the requirements to release, moreover, with the height of sublevel increases, the recovery rate will be lower, so we need to fracture top-coal in advance. In this paper, the author analyses the mechanism of hydraulic fracturing of coal and the role of hydraulic softening of coal, analyses the hydraulic property of the B1 & B2 coal in the Xiaohonggou mine by the experimental research and theoretical analysis, analyses the main factors of hydraulic fracturing and evaluates these factors using the fuzzy clustering analysis, and analyses the infusion parameters by the method of numerical simulation. The main job done and the results are as follows:
(1) Analyses the change of coal failure strength under pore water from the mechanical point and the rupture strength of fractured coal under pressure water, revealed the mechanism of softening of hydraulic fracturing.
(2) Through testing, analyses the coal mine hydraulic property and the change in mechanical properties under the action of water, as well as the different failure state under the different moisture content of coal.
(3) Analyses the main factors of hydraulic fracturing of sublevel caving mining of steep coal seam and evaluates these factors using the fuzzy clustering analysis, and evaluates the softening character of B1 & B2 seam in the Xiaohonggou mine.
(4) Calculates the rock displacement and stress conditions use the numerical methods, on this base, analyses the infusion parameters by the method of numerical simulation.
引文
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[3]邓广哲.煤体致裂软化理论与应用.陕西科学技术出版社,2004
[4]张文发,郭喜伏.煤体注水软化技术的应用.煤炭技术,2004,23(8)
[5]黄炳香,邓广哲,刘长友.煤岩体水力致裂弱化技术及其进展.中国工程科学,2007,9(4):83～88
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[7]高召宁,石平五.急倾斜水平分段放顶煤开采岩移规律.西安科技学院学报,2001,21(14):316~316
[8] Shi Pingwu. The Epitomes of Surrounding Stratum Breaking Movement in Mining Steep seam. MINING SCIENCE & THCHNOLOGY. Proceedings of the 2nd Inter- national Syposium on Mining Technology and Science, Chian University of Mining & Technology, 1991, 573~581
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[24]邓广哲.圆孔孔壁裂缝水压扩张的压力参数理论分析.西安科技学院学报,2003,4,23(4)
[25]邓广哲.煤层裂隙应力场控制渗流特性的模拟实验研究.煤炭学报,2000,12,25(6)
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[27]邓广哲,黄炳香,石增武等.节理脆性煤层水力致裂技术与应用.中国岩石力学与工程学会第七次学术大会论文集,2002,9,636～638
[28]邓广哲.煤岩水压裂缝扩展行为特性研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(20):3489～3490
[29]索永录.坚硬顶煤弱化爆破的宏观损伤破坏程度研究.岩土力学,2005(26):893～895
[30]索永录.坚硬顶煤弱化爆破的破坏区分布特征.煤炭学报,2004(29):650～653
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[34] Oda M., An equivalent continuum model for coupled stress and fluid flow analysis in jointed rock masses Water Resources Research, 1986(13)
[35] Erichsen C. Gekoppelte Spannungs-Sickerstrs mungs beurechnungon von Bauwerken in klilftigem fels unter Berucksichtigung des nichtilinea-ren Spannung- Sverschicbungsver-haltens von Trennflachen.Vero ffentlichungen des Institutes Mr Grundbau, Bodenmechanik. Felsmechanik and Verkch- swasscrbauder RWTH Aachen, 1987
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[37] M. Oda, T. Yamabe, et al, Elastic stress and strain in jointed rock masses by means of crack tensor analysis, Rock Mech. Rock Engng., (1993)26(2), 89~112
[38] Chugn Y P. Effects of moisture on strata control in coal mines, Engineering Geology, 1981 (17): 241~255
[39]朱珍德,等.裂隙水压对岩体强度的影响.岩土力学,2000,21(1):64～67
[40]闫少宏,等.用水压致裂法处理坚硬顶板的机理及实验研究.煤炭学报,2000,25(1):32～35
[41]邓广哲.封闭型煤层裂隙地应力场控制水压致裂特性.煤炭学报,2001,26(5):478～482
[43]康天合,张建平,白世伟.综放开采预注水弱化顶煤的理论研究及其工程应用.2004,23(15):2615~2621
[44]孙玉峰.应力对裂隙岩体渗流影响的研究,岩土工程学报,(1998) 20 (2),19～22
[45] Jeffrey R G, Mills K W. Hydraulic fracturing applied to including longwall coal mine goaf-falls. PacifficRock, Girard, Liebman, Breeds, Doe. Balkeman, Rotterdam. 2004, 423~430
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[2]王宁波.提高急倾斜综放工作面水平分段高度的探讨.中国煤炭工业,2007,4:41～43
[3]邓广哲.煤体致裂软化理论与应用.陕西科学技术出版社,2004
[4]张文发,郭喜伏.煤体注水软化技术的应用.煤炭技术,2004,23(8)
[5]黄炳香,邓广哲,刘长友.煤岩体水力致裂弱化技术及其进展.中国工程科学,2007,9(4):83～88
[6]康天合,张建平,白世伟.综放开采预注水弱化顶煤的理论研究及其工程应用.2004,23(15):2615～2621
[7]高召宁,石平五.急倾斜水平分段放顶煤开采岩移规律.西安科技学院学报,2001,21(14):316~316
[8] Shi Pingwu. The Epitomes of Surrounding Stratum Breaking Movement in Mining Steep seam. MINING SCIENCE & THCHNOLOGY. Proceedings of the 2nd Inter- national Syposium on Mining Technology and Science, Chian University of Mining & Technology, 1991, 573~581
[9]石平五,陈文伟.急斜长壁采场顶板破断和岩块运动规律,西安科技大学学报,1990,02
[10]邓广哲.急倾斜硬煤爆破松动放顶煤矿压显现.东北煤炭技术,1991,8(4):32～35
[11]邓广哲.放顶煤开采上覆岩层运动现场观测法.矿山压力与顶板管理,1992,03
[12]邓广哲.放顶煤采场上覆岩层运动和破坏规律研究.矿山压力与顶板管理,1994,13(2):23～26
[13]黄庆享.顶煤弹性深梁力学模型及应用.岩石力学与工程学报,1998,17(2):167～172
[14]闫少宏.急斜煤层开采上覆岩层有限变形分析.矿山压力与顶板管,1994(3):24～29
[15]赵朔柱.急斜放顶煤工作面的矿压显现和上覆层结构.矿山压力与顶板理.1992(1):38～42
[16]邵小平.急斜煤层水平分段放顶煤开采围岩结构及其控制性研究.西安科技大学硕士学位论文,2004
[17]宋元文.急斜水平分段放顶煤开采老顶来压规律探讨.1997,25(12):35～38
[18]宋选民,康天合,靳钟铭等.顶煤冒放性影响因素研究.矿山压力与顶板管理,1995,3,85~89
[19]曲民强、康天合、靳钟铭等.顶煤冒放性及其预测分类研究.焦作工学院学报,1998,17(2):100~107
[20]范世民、胡学军.放顶煤开采顶煤冒放性分类及其在潞安矿区的应用.2005,30(2):177~181
[21]杜正虎.彬长坚硬厚煤层综放开采顶煤弱化技术研究(西安科技大学硕士学位论文).2006
[22]康天合,宋选民,弓培林等.煤层条件对顶煤可放性的影响.岩土工程学报,1999
[23]吴健.我国综放开采技术15年回顾.中国煤炭,1999(1):9～16
[24]邓广哲.圆孔孔壁裂缝水压扩张的压力参数理论分析.西安科技学院学报,2003,4,23(4)
[25]邓广哲.煤层裂隙应力场控制渗流特性的模拟实验研究.煤炭学报,2000,12,25(6)
[26] Deng Guangzhe, Zhang Jianchang, He Tao. Control on mine pressure of thick and strong roof stratum movement in long wall thick coal caving face. Journal of coal science & engineering, China Coal Research Institute, 2008(14): 386~389
[27]邓广哲,黄炳香,石增武等.节理脆性煤层水力致裂技术与应用.中国岩石力学与工程学会第七次学术大会论文集,2002,9,636～638
[28]邓广哲.煤岩水压裂缝扩展行为特性研究.岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(20):3489～3490
[29]索永录.坚硬顶煤弱化爆破的宏观损伤破坏程度研究.岩土力学,2005(26):893～895
[30]索永录.坚硬顶煤弱化爆破的破坏区分布特征.煤炭学报,2004(29):650～653
[31] Louis C., Rock hydraulics in rock mechanics, edited by L. Muller, Verlay Wien, New York, 1974
[32] Chugn Y P. Effects of moisture on strata control in coal mines, Engineering Geology, 1981(17): 241~255
[33] Dey, T. Y. and Wang, C. Y. Some mechanisms of micro crack growth and interaction in compressive rock failure, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min.Sci, 198l, 18, 199~209
[34] Oda M., An equivalent continuum model for coupled stress and fluid flow analysis in jointed rock masses Water Resources Research, 1986(13)
[35] Erichsen C. Gekoppelte Spannungs-Sickerstrs mungs beurechnungon von Bauwerken in klilftigem fels unter Berucksichtigung des nichtilinea-ren Spannung- Sverschicbungsver-haltens von Trennflachen.Vero ffentlichungen des Institutes Mr Grundbau, Bodenmechanik. Felsmechanik and Verkch- swasscrbauder RWTH Aachen, 1987
[36] Killsall P. C. et al, Evaluation of excavation induced changes in rock permeability, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 1984(3)
[37] M. Oda, T. Yamabe, et al, Elastic stress and strain in jointed rock masses by means of crack tensor analysis, Rock Mech. Rock Engng., (1993)26(2), 89~112
[38] Chugn Y P. Effects of moisture on strata control in coal mines, Engineering Geology, 1981 (17): 241~255
[39]朱珍德,等.裂隙水压对岩体强度的影响.岩土力学,2000,21(1):64～67
[40]闫少宏,等.用水压致裂法处理坚硬顶板的机理及实验研究.煤炭学报,2000,25(1):32～35
[41]邓广哲.封闭型煤层裂隙地应力场控制水压致裂特性.煤炭学报,2001,26(5):478～482
[43]康天合,张建平,白世伟.综放开采预注水弱化顶煤的理论研究及其工程应用.2004,23(15):2615~2621
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