农村土地使用权流转现状及对策研究
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摘要
改革开放以来，农村发生了巨大的改变。农村经济由以粮为主、解决温饱，逐步向多元经济、城镇化发展。广大农民经济收入、生活理念、精神面貌也有很大改观。然而，在我国经济与世界经济接轨之时，在人们不断总结改革成果时，在富人们憧憬美好的未来时，农村与农民问题又摆在全社会面前，必须清醒认识到，抛开中国的农村、农民谈论中国经济的发展是毫无意义的。广大农民在改革中除了温饱还得到什么，近几年农村经济停滞不前甚至有的地方倒退，农村法制建设严重滞后，农民法律意识淡薄，农村社会化服务缺乏，等等，这些都体现了农村与城市在改革中不同的去向。而农民唯一的生活保障“土地”，在经济发展中成了“唐僧肉”，农民土地使用权肆意剥夺、无序流转非常严重。
的确，随着经济发展，城市扩张与农村土地减少的矛盾、农民生存与发展的矛盾、农业现代化与农户小生产的矛盾突显，农村土地使用权不断的发生变化：国家通过征地使农民永远失去土地使用权，集体返租倒包集中土地使农民失去土地使用权，农户之间由于劳动力转移自愿流转使土地小规模集中，等等，土地使用权流转是我国经济发展的必然趋向。如何使土地流转依法有序，最大保护农民利益，最有利于国家利益，一直是许多学者、农村工作者关心的课题。
本论文在总结我国土地征用制度、农村集体土地使用权转让现状与问题的基础上，分析了我国土地流转的作用，土地流转的法律问题，土地对农民的社会保障功能。提出了土地使用权物权化，完善农村社会保障体系，建立农村土地流转市场，是农村土地使用权流转必不可少的前提条件。只有这样，才能合理配置土地资源，最佳发挥土地效益，真正促进城乡一体化进程。
Great changes have happened in the countryside since reforms and openings. Rural economy which focused on the foodstuff to solve food and clothing ago is gradually stepping into multieconomy now. Economy incomes, life conception and spirit character of most rural populace have great changes.However,the countryside and the rural populace problems take on the whole society when our national economy and international economy are joining, when people are summarizing reform's achivements,when the riches are dreaming of beautiful future. We mujst recognize that it is unmeaning to abandon Chinese country sides and rural populace to discuss the Chinese economics development. What rural people got but food and clothing during reforms, recently the rural economy has been standing, and moreover some regions' economy regressive, the rural law system construction seriously laggard ,the rural populace absent of law awareness, and no rural socialization service and so on. All these embodied the countryside's and the city's different developing wpys during reform, yet "land" the unique life guarantee of rural populace turned "TANGSHENG ;MEAL" during the economic development, using right of rural land were deprived presumptuously and disorderly circulation were very serious.
With economy development, the contradiction of expansion qf cities and reduction of rural land .existence and development of peasant, and modernization and peasant small production are apparent obvious, countryside land using rights have gradually changed: peasant are deprived of land using rights by the nation levying land and by the collective collecting land, and the voluntary circulation among peasants because of manpower shifting make land collected with small scale etc.The circulation of land using rights is the necessary tendency, but how to ifiake the circulation in the order, protect peasants interests and national profits mostly are always concerning the subject about which many scholars and country worker are concerned.
On the base of summarizing the present situation and problem of land expropriation system of our country and of the circulation of collective land using right in the countryside, the thesis analyses that the role of our country land circulation, and the law problem of land circulation, and social indemnification function of land for peasants, and points that land using rights materialization, the perfect of the establishment of social indemnification system of the countryside and establishing land circulation market, are indispensable premise for the circulation of land using rights. We have nothing but do these to rationalize the disposition of land resource amplify land mileage greatly and promote the integrate proceeding of cities and villages.
的确，随着经济发展，城市扩张与农村土地减少的矛盾、农民生存与发展的矛盾、农业现代化与农户小生产的矛盾突显，农村土地使用权不断的发生变化：国家通过征地使农民永远失去土地使用权，集体返租倒包集中土地使农民失去土地使用权，农户之间由于劳动力转移自愿流转使土地小规模集中，等等，土地使用权流转是我国经济发展的必然趋向。如何使土地流转依法有序，最大保护农民利益，最有利于国家利益，一直是许多学者、农村工作者关心的课题。
本论文在总结我国土地征用制度、农村集体土地使用权转让现状与问题的基础上，分析了我国土地流转的作用，土地流转的法律问题，土地对农民的社会保障功能。提出了土地使用权物权化，完善农村社会保障体系，建立农村土地流转市场，是农村土地使用权流转必不可少的前提条件。只有这样，才能合理配置土地资源，最佳发挥土地效益，真正促进城乡一体化进程。
Great changes have happened in the countryside since reforms and openings. Rural economy which focused on the foodstuff to solve food and clothing ago is gradually stepping into multieconomy now. Economy incomes, life conception and spirit character of most rural populace have great changes.However,the countryside and the rural populace problems take on the whole society when our national economy and international economy are joining, when people are summarizing reform's achivements,when the riches are dreaming of beautiful future. We mujst recognize that it is unmeaning to abandon Chinese country sides and rural populace to discuss the Chinese economics development. What rural people got but food and clothing during reforms, recently the rural economy has been standing, and moreover some regions' economy regressive, the rural law system construction seriously laggard ,the rural populace absent of law awareness, and no rural socialization service and so on. All these embodied the countryside's and the city's different developing wpys during reform, yet "land" the unique life guarantee of rural populace turned "TANGSHENG ;MEAL" during the economic development, using right of rural land were deprived presumptuously and disorderly circulation were very serious.
With economy development, the contradiction of expansion qf cities and reduction of rural land .existence and development of peasant, and modernization and peasant small production are apparent obvious, countryside land using rights have gradually changed: peasant are deprived of land using rights by the nation levying land and by the collective collecting land, and the voluntary circulation among peasants because of manpower shifting make land collected with small scale etc.The circulation of land using rights is the necessary tendency, but how to ifiake the circulation in the order, protect peasants interests and national profits mostly are always concerning the subject about which many scholars and country worker are concerned.
On the base of summarizing the present situation and problem of land expropriation system of our country and of the circulation of collective land using right in the countryside, the thesis analyses that the role of our country land circulation, and the law problem of land circulation, and social indemnification function of land for peasants, and points that land using rights materialization, the perfect of the establishment of social indemnification system of the countryside and establishing land circulation market, are indispensable premise for the circulation of land using rights. We have nothing but do these to rationalize the disposition of land resource amplify land mileage greatly and promote the integrate proceeding of cities and villages.
引文
[1] 2003·土地整顿风暴．南风周末，2004-O1-08
[2] 王海明．广东土改权威报告：农民能否分享级差地租．21世纪经济报道，2003-2-15
[3] 楼培敏．农村土地征用制度的几点思考．苏州农网()，2003-10-12
[4] 谢湘．侵害农民土地权益已成突出问题 农业部派员检查．中国青年报，2003-08-21
[5] 不能侵害农民的土地流转权．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)，2003-06-10
[6] 湖南剩余劳动力转移情况分析．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)．2003-8-4
[7] 宗开宝．苏溪镇土地使用权流转的启示．今日浙江，2003，(1)
[8] 中华人民共和国土地管理法．1998-08-29
[9] 中国农民失地问题严重．专家称症结是产权模糊．中国青年报，2003-11-19
[10] 农村土地承包法．2002-08-29
[11] 承包地承包者的发言权．中央电视台焦点访谈，2003-12-31
[12] 土地流转让东红农民“各奔前程”．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)，2003-07-31
[13] 钱文艳．建国后土地与农民社会保障问题的历史演变．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com), 2003-08-15
[14] 中国社会科学院法学研究所物权法研究课题组．制定中国物权法的基本思路．法学研究，1995，(3)
[15] 江平主编．中国土地立法研究．中国政法大学出版社，1999-03-09
[16] 梁慧星．中国物权法草案建议稿．社会科学文献出版社，2000-05-14
[17] 崔建远．四荒拍卖与土地使用权制度—兼论我国农用权的目标模式．法学研究，1995，(6)
[18] 崔建远．土地上的权利群论纲—我国物权立法应重视土地上权利群的配置与协调中．国法学，1998，(4)
[19] 张红霞．罗马法上的永仙权制度与我国农地承包经营制度的改革．法学，1999，(9)
[20] 钱明星．我国物权法的调整范围、内容特点及物权体系．中外法学．1997，(2)
[21] 郁芬．土地：中国劳动力转移的障碍．新华日报，2003-10-29
[22] 黄庆杰，占绍文．农村医疗保障政策执行困难政策分析．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)，2003-11-27
[23] 盐都失地农民可获补社保．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)，2003-18-15
[24] 太仓治理构建农村社会保障体系．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)，2003-12-22
[25] 徐宪忠．浙江兰溪孟湖乡土地流转规范有序．浙江日报，2003-01-30
[26] 俄罗斯的“农地流通”值得借鉴．中国经济时报，2003-01-22
[2] 王海明．广东土改权威报告：农民能否分享级差地租．21世纪经济报道，2003-2-15
[3] 楼培敏．农村土地征用制度的几点思考．苏州农网()，2003-10-12
[4] 谢湘．侵害农民土地权益已成突出问题 农业部派员检查．中国青年报，2003-08-21
[5] 不能侵害农民的土地流转权．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)，2003-06-10
[6] 湖南剩余劳动力转移情况分析．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)．2003-8-4
[7] 宗开宝．苏溪镇土地使用权流转的启示．今日浙江，2003，(1)
[8] 中华人民共和国土地管理法．1998-08-29
[9] 中国农民失地问题严重．专家称症结是产权模糊．中国青年报，2003-11-19
[10] 农村土地承包法．2002-08-29
[11] 承包地承包者的发言权．中央电视台焦点访谈，2003-12-31
[12] 土地流转让东红农民“各奔前程”．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)，2003-07-31
[13] 钱文艳．建国后土地与农民社会保障问题的历史演变．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com), 2003-08-15
[14] 中国社会科学院法学研究所物权法研究课题组．制定中国物权法的基本思路．法学研究，1995，(3)
[15] 江平主编．中国土地立法研究．中国政法大学出版社，1999-03-09
[16] 梁慧星．中国物权法草案建议稿．社会科学文献出版社，2000-05-14
[17] 崔建远．四荒拍卖与土地使用权制度—兼论我国农用权的目标模式．法学研究，1995，(6)
[18] 崔建远．土地上的权利群论纲—我国物权立法应重视土地上权利群的配置与协调中．国法学，1998，(4)
[19] 张红霞．罗马法上的永仙权制度与我国农地承包经营制度的改革．法学，1999，(9)
[20] 钱明星．我国物权法的调整范围、内容特点及物权体系．中外法学．1997，(2)
[21] 郁芬．土地：中国劳动力转移的障碍．新华日报，2003-10-29
[22] 黄庆杰，占绍文．农村医疗保障政策执行困难政策分析．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)，2003-11-27
[23] 盐都失地农民可获补社保．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)，2003-18-15
[24] 太仓治理构建农村社会保障体系．苏州农网(http://www.21nong.com)，2003-12-22
[25] 徐宪忠．浙江兰溪孟湖乡土地流转规范有序．浙江日报，2003-01-30
[26] 俄罗斯的“农地流通”值得借鉴．中国经济时报，2003-01-22