污秽物吸湿性对电力设备外绝缘放电的影响
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摘要
外绝缘起电气隔离与机械支撑作用,外绝缘影响电网运行状态。外绝缘暴露在户外,由于落灰、污染等条件影响,其表面会积聚污秽物,在湿度较大的气象条件下,污秽物吸湿受潮使得外绝缘电气性能下降,严重时会导致污闪事故。污闪事故大多发生在运行电压下,重合闸成功率低,易造成大范围停电事故。
九十年代末期,我国电力系统经受了多次大范围污闪事故,损失巨大。此后在“绝缘到位,留有裕度”的原则下,电力系统采用增加绝缘子串爬距或涂RTV涂料、使用合成绝缘子以及定期清扫等措施,有效抑制了污闪事故,污闪相关研究也取得长足进步。但随着电网规模不断扩大,大气环境恶化,外绝缘运行环境以及其表面污秽物成分的复杂,出现了一些特殊污秽放电现象,以往理论与经验很难解释,使得运行存在安全隐患。新的、特殊的外绝缘放电现象也促使研究人员不断更新前人工作,探索更为完善的理论,从而指导生产运行。
500kV港城变电站投运后出现了在较低湿度、低盐密下大面积外绝缘爬电现象,本文结合地理、气候、农耕等,研究放电特点与相关因素。采集了变电站土壤和外绝缘表面污秽样品,进行离子、盐灰密、糖分以及物相分析,得到结果为：污秽物中盐密值低,可溶盐成分正常,含有大量磷酸铝与葡萄糖。葡萄糖来自变电站周边大面积甘蔗地,磷酸铝来自当地土壤中大量的铝盐与磷肥的结合。量子化学与分子动力学以及相关试验表明,两类物质不会影响污层电导率,但具备良好的吸湿性和保水性(特别是磷酸铝),会增加污层在低湿度下的含水量。
较低湿度放电试验(55%到85%)与饱和湿度污闪试验表明：低湿度下,磷酸铝显著降低污秽绝缘子起始放电电压,增强放电强度,大气湿度大于70%,现象尤为显著；污秽中葡萄糖含量大于0.10mg/cm2才影响绝缘子放电；随着大气湿度以及NaCl葡萄糖与磷酸铝含量增加,绝缘子起始放电电压降低,放电强度增强；在NaCl含量一定的情况下,污层饱和受潮时,磷酸铝和葡萄糖不会降低绝缘子串(28片)的污闪电压。试验重现了港城站放电现象,表明不同污秽的吸湿性存在明显差异,污层吸湿性会影响外绝缘在非饱和湿度下的放电现象。
本文结合双模理论与多孔结构吸湿原理,建立外绝缘污秽物吸湿模型,模型以不溶物多孔结构作为骨架,骨架内、外表面、孔隙表面等分布有可溶物颗粒,污层吸湿主要体现在可溶物的潮解以及不可溶物吸湿(表面、孔隙)。根据研究结果,本文制定非饱和湿度下特殊放电抑制方法,经现场实际运行,可以有效抑制特殊放电,保障电力系统安全稳定运行。
Power industry is the leading sector for the development of national economy, and providing the power for industrial, agricultural and other industries. With the development of industry and growth of living standard, the electric power demand is ever increasing. The scale and transmission capacity of the power grid is expanding. Security and stability of the power system is becoming more and more important. Insulator is an important part of the power system, and plays the role of electrical isolation and mechanical support. Insulation level is one of the important factors that affect the development and operation of power grid. During normal operation, external insulation is exposure to air. There will be grime accumulated at its surface, because of the natural ash and industrial pollution. In high humidity environments (such as fog, dew, rain, snow and so on), the filthy would be wet to weaken the electric property of insulation. It will lead to a flashover accident. Pollution flashover occurs mostly in the operating voltage, short-circuit path is difficult to eliminate; reclosing has low possibility of success, often resulting in large-scale, prolonged power outages.
The late nineties, China's electric power system is subjected to a number of large-scale pollution flashover resulting in great loss. Then under the under principle of "insulation in place, left margin", the power grid used some measures to prevent the flashover such as increasing creepage distance, using composite insulator, cleanning periodically and so on. Pollution flashover was effectively suppressed, while flashover research also made of great progress. With the operation scale constantly expanding and growing worsened ecotope, operating environment and surface grime of the insulation are increasingly complex. There has been an increasing number of special pollution insulator discharges making a security risk, which theory and past experience is difficult to explain. The research of pollution insulator is constantly being improved, and new, special external insulation discharge phenomenon also prompted researchers to continually update previous work, explore more sophisticated theory to guide the actual operation.
500kV Gangcheng substation appeared low humidity, low salt density, and large area insulation creepage after putting in operation. This paper studied discharge characteristics and related factors, with the Consideration of geography, climate, farming, etc, and collected soil samples and the outer insulation surface contamination. The ion composition, ESDD/NSDD, sugar composition and phase analysis were analyzed. The result shows that salt density is low, component of soluble salts was normal, and the filth contains large amounts of aluminum phosphate and glucose. Glucose comes from a large area of sugar cane fields surrounding the substation, and aluminum phosphate comes from the combination of aluminum and phosphate fertilizer.Quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics simulation and the test show that this two substances will not affect the smear layer conductivity, but have good absorbency and retention (especially aluminum phosphate), and will increase the moisture content in the low humidity.
Low humidity discharge test (55%to85%) and saturated humidity pollution flashover test show:under low humidity, aluminum phosphate will significantly reduce the initial discharge voltage of polluted insulator, enhanced discharge intensity, when atmospheric humidity is greater than70%, the effect is particularly significant; glucose levels in contamination greater than0.10mg/cm2will affect discharge of the insulator; with the increase of the content of atmospheric humidity, NaCl, aluminum phosphate and glucose, initial discharge voltage of the insulator is reduced, enhanced discharge intensity; during the same content of NaCl, while the saturated dirt layer damped, aluminum phosphate and glucose does not reduce the flashover voltage of the insulator string(28). The test to reappear the discharge phenomenon of Gangcheng substation, indicating the presence of significant differences in the different moisture contamination, pollution layer hygroscopic affects discharge phenomenon of external insulation in non-saturated humidity.
This paper built a smear layer moisture model, according to the two-film theory and the porous material. Insoluble porous structure is the skeleton of medol, and the soluble substances are distributed at skeleton, outer surface and other place. Smear layer moisture is mainly reflected in the soluble and insoluble hygroscopic deliquescence. Based on the research result, this paper proposed some methods to suppress the discharge at the low humidity. Actual operation shows that these methods can effectively suppress the special discharge to protect the power system safe and stable operation.
九十年代末期,我国电力系统经受了多次大范围污闪事故,损失巨大。此后在“绝缘到位,留有裕度”的原则下,电力系统采用增加绝缘子串爬距或涂RTV涂料、使用合成绝缘子以及定期清扫等措施,有效抑制了污闪事故,污闪相关研究也取得长足进步。但随着电网规模不断扩大,大气环境恶化,外绝缘运行环境以及其表面污秽物成分的复杂,出现了一些特殊污秽放电现象,以往理论与经验很难解释,使得运行存在安全隐患。新的、特殊的外绝缘放电现象也促使研究人员不断更新前人工作,探索更为完善的理论,从而指导生产运行。
500kV港城变电站投运后出现了在较低湿度、低盐密下大面积外绝缘爬电现象,本文结合地理、气候、农耕等,研究放电特点与相关因素。采集了变电站土壤和外绝缘表面污秽样品,进行离子、盐灰密、糖分以及物相分析,得到结果为：污秽物中盐密值低,可溶盐成分正常,含有大量磷酸铝与葡萄糖。葡萄糖来自变电站周边大面积甘蔗地,磷酸铝来自当地土壤中大量的铝盐与磷肥的结合。量子化学与分子动力学以及相关试验表明,两类物质不会影响污层电导率,但具备良好的吸湿性和保水性(特别是磷酸铝),会增加污层在低湿度下的含水量。
较低湿度放电试验(55%到85%)与饱和湿度污闪试验表明：低湿度下,磷酸铝显著降低污秽绝缘子起始放电电压,增强放电强度,大气湿度大于70%,现象尤为显著；污秽中葡萄糖含量大于0.10mg/cm2才影响绝缘子放电；随着大气湿度以及NaCl葡萄糖与磷酸铝含量增加,绝缘子起始放电电压降低,放电强度增强；在NaCl含量一定的情况下,污层饱和受潮时,磷酸铝和葡萄糖不会降低绝缘子串(28片)的污闪电压。试验重现了港城站放电现象,表明不同污秽的吸湿性存在明显差异,污层吸湿性会影响外绝缘在非饱和湿度下的放电现象。
本文结合双模理论与多孔结构吸湿原理,建立外绝缘污秽物吸湿模型,模型以不溶物多孔结构作为骨架,骨架内、外表面、孔隙表面等分布有可溶物颗粒,污层吸湿主要体现在可溶物的潮解以及不可溶物吸湿(表面、孔隙)。根据研究结果,本文制定非饱和湿度下特殊放电抑制方法,经现场实际运行,可以有效抑制特殊放电,保障电力系统安全稳定运行。
Power industry is the leading sector for the development of national economy, and providing the power for industrial, agricultural and other industries. With the development of industry and growth of living standard, the electric power demand is ever increasing. The scale and transmission capacity of the power grid is expanding. Security and stability of the power system is becoming more and more important. Insulator is an important part of the power system, and plays the role of electrical isolation and mechanical support. Insulation level is one of the important factors that affect the development and operation of power grid. During normal operation, external insulation is exposure to air. There will be grime accumulated at its surface, because of the natural ash and industrial pollution. In high humidity environments (such as fog, dew, rain, snow and so on), the filthy would be wet to weaken the electric property of insulation. It will lead to a flashover accident. Pollution flashover occurs mostly in the operating voltage, short-circuit path is difficult to eliminate; reclosing has low possibility of success, often resulting in large-scale, prolonged power outages.
The late nineties, China's electric power system is subjected to a number of large-scale pollution flashover resulting in great loss. Then under the under principle of "insulation in place, left margin", the power grid used some measures to prevent the flashover such as increasing creepage distance, using composite insulator, cleanning periodically and so on. Pollution flashover was effectively suppressed, while flashover research also made of great progress. With the operation scale constantly expanding and growing worsened ecotope, operating environment and surface grime of the insulation are increasingly complex. There has been an increasing number of special pollution insulator discharges making a security risk, which theory and past experience is difficult to explain. The research of pollution insulator is constantly being improved, and new, special external insulation discharge phenomenon also prompted researchers to continually update previous work, explore more sophisticated theory to guide the actual operation.
500kV Gangcheng substation appeared low humidity, low salt density, and large area insulation creepage after putting in operation. This paper studied discharge characteristics and related factors, with the Consideration of geography, climate, farming, etc, and collected soil samples and the outer insulation surface contamination. The ion composition, ESDD/NSDD, sugar composition and phase analysis were analyzed. The result shows that salt density is low, component of soluble salts was normal, and the filth contains large amounts of aluminum phosphate and glucose. Glucose comes from a large area of sugar cane fields surrounding the substation, and aluminum phosphate comes from the combination of aluminum and phosphate fertilizer.Quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics simulation and the test show that this two substances will not affect the smear layer conductivity, but have good absorbency and retention (especially aluminum phosphate), and will increase the moisture content in the low humidity.
Low humidity discharge test (55%to85%) and saturated humidity pollution flashover test show:under low humidity, aluminum phosphate will significantly reduce the initial discharge voltage of polluted insulator, enhanced discharge intensity, when atmospheric humidity is greater than70%, the effect is particularly significant; glucose levels in contamination greater than0.10mg/cm2will affect discharge of the insulator; with the increase of the content of atmospheric humidity, NaCl, aluminum phosphate and glucose, initial discharge voltage of the insulator is reduced, enhanced discharge intensity; during the same content of NaCl, while the saturated dirt layer damped, aluminum phosphate and glucose does not reduce the flashover voltage of the insulator string(28). The test to reappear the discharge phenomenon of Gangcheng substation, indicating the presence of significant differences in the different moisture contamination, pollution layer hygroscopic affects discharge phenomenon of external insulation in non-saturated humidity.
This paper built a smear layer moisture model, according to the two-film theory and the porous material. Insoluble porous structure is the skeleton of medol, and the soluble substances are distributed at skeleton, outer surface and other place. Smear layer moisture is mainly reflected in the soluble and insoluble hygroscopic deliquescence. Based on the research result, this paper proposed some methods to suppress the discharge at the low humidity. Actual operation shows that these methods can effectively suppress the special discharge to protect the power system safe and stable operation.
引文
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