钢筋混凝土承重柱在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的动力分析
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摘要
在当前社会,和平和发展是世界两大主流,但恐怖主义活动依然猖獗,针对各种工业、民用建筑的恐怖爆炸袭击时有发生,危害了公民的生命和财产安全,造成了极坏的社会影响,因此怎样提高钢筋混凝土结构的抗爆性能渐渐成为国内外学者研究的热点。
对于一般的钢筋混凝土结构,从力学分析和安全性的角度来看,承重柱是最为重要的构件,它承受了楼层与楼层之间力的传递,连接了整体结构与基础,对钢筋混凝土结构的稳定性和安全性至关重要。一旦承重柱受到爆炸冲击荷载作用发生损伤破坏,必然会导致整体框架结构发生局部破坏,甚者,会出现连续性倒塌。文章采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,以某国驻华领事馆签证事务大楼的框架结构为依托,对钢筋混凝土承重柱在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的损伤破坏进行分析。
文章介绍了爆炸和炸药的基本知识,在质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒三大爆炸力学基本定律的基础上,对爆炸的作用原理进行了详细叙述,包括爆炸波理论,爆炸相似定律,冲击波阵面的参数计算,爆炸冲击波对钢筋混凝土结构的破坏作用等；考虑到爆炸冲击荷载的强度大、时间短的特点,介绍了应变率对钢筋和混凝土材料性能的影响；利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA大型有限元分析软件,选择典型的钢筋混凝土承重柱进行数值模拟,其中包括模型的简化分析,单元的选择,材料模型的选择,网格划分尺寸控制,边界条件的确定,爆炸冲击荷载的计算和加载等,并对其数值模拟的结果进行分析,得出不同位置节点和单元的应力曲线、应变曲线,位移曲线,并用中截面的横向位移与国内学者实验数据进行对比分析,保证数值模拟结果的准确性；文章的最后一部分,分析了折合距离,纵筋配筋率,箍筋间距,端部约束等因素对钢筋混凝土承重柱抗爆性能的影响,并得出相应的结论。
文章对爆炸冲击荷载作用下的钢筋混凝土承重柱的动力响应进行了理论分析和数值模拟,并初步得到了一些结论和成果,希望能为以后钢筋混凝土结构抗爆性能的设计和研究提供一定的帮助。
Although peace and development are the mainstream of modern society, nowadays terrorist activities continue to occur. Since the targets of terrorism tend to be industrial factories and civilian buildings, it not only is harmful to citizens and the property security, but also results in a great impact on social culture. Therefore, how to improve the resistance of explosion for reinforced concrete structure has become one of the most important fields for academic research both in China and abroad.
Column is an essential member of reinforced concrete construction with regards to mechanical analysis and security. It connects stories, transfers all kinds of forces, combines the whole structure with the foundation and maintains the stability and security of the structure. If the columns are damaged by blast and impact loads, the structure cannot function properly or, even worse, collapses continuously. This paper, based on the frame structure of VISA Office Building of a consulate compound, adopts theoretical analysis and numerical simulation for the damages caused by blast and impact loads on reinforced concrete columns.
Firstly, this paper introduces the basic theories of explosion and explosives. Based on the three laws in explosion mechanics (conservation of mass, conservation of momentum and conservation of energy), recount the principle of action of explosion, including the theory of explosive wave, similitude law of explosion, parameter calculation of explosion shock wave, the damage theory of explosion and so on.
Secondly, this paper introduces strain rate's impacts on the property of steel bars and concrete with the compression strength and tension strength of blast and impact loads and a very limited amount of time.
Thirdly, the finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA is used to simulate the typical reinforced concrete column. The process is composed of entitative model simplification, elements and material model, meshing size controlling, boundary condition controlling, load calculation and adding, etc. Meanwhile, the results, including stress types, strain and displacement of time-history curve for node and element in different places, are analyzed. To ensure the accuracy of the results, transverse displacement in the middle section is contrasted with the test data from a researcher.
Fourthly, conclusions are reached by contrasting parameters (scale distance, reinforcement ratio, stirrup spacing, constraint on the top of reinforced concrete columns) and their influence on resistance of explosion for reinforced concrete columns.
Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation for resistance of explosion of reinforced concrete columns are applied in this paper. Hopefully the preliminary conclusions can be informative for future designs and researches in the field of resistance of explosion for reinforced concrete structure.
对于一般的钢筋混凝土结构,从力学分析和安全性的角度来看,承重柱是最为重要的构件,它承受了楼层与楼层之间力的传递,连接了整体结构与基础,对钢筋混凝土结构的稳定性和安全性至关重要。一旦承重柱受到爆炸冲击荷载作用发生损伤破坏,必然会导致整体框架结构发生局部破坏,甚者,会出现连续性倒塌。文章采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,以某国驻华领事馆签证事务大楼的框架结构为依托,对钢筋混凝土承重柱在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的损伤破坏进行分析。
文章介绍了爆炸和炸药的基本知识,在质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒三大爆炸力学基本定律的基础上,对爆炸的作用原理进行了详细叙述,包括爆炸波理论,爆炸相似定律,冲击波阵面的参数计算,爆炸冲击波对钢筋混凝土结构的破坏作用等；考虑到爆炸冲击荷载的强度大、时间短的特点,介绍了应变率对钢筋和混凝土材料性能的影响；利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA大型有限元分析软件,选择典型的钢筋混凝土承重柱进行数值模拟,其中包括模型的简化分析,单元的选择,材料模型的选择,网格划分尺寸控制,边界条件的确定,爆炸冲击荷载的计算和加载等,并对其数值模拟的结果进行分析,得出不同位置节点和单元的应力曲线、应变曲线,位移曲线,并用中截面的横向位移与国内学者实验数据进行对比分析,保证数值模拟结果的准确性；文章的最后一部分,分析了折合距离,纵筋配筋率,箍筋间距,端部约束等因素对钢筋混凝土承重柱抗爆性能的影响,并得出相应的结论。
文章对爆炸冲击荷载作用下的钢筋混凝土承重柱的动力响应进行了理论分析和数值模拟,并初步得到了一些结论和成果,希望能为以后钢筋混凝土结构抗爆性能的设计和研究提供一定的帮助。
Although peace and development are the mainstream of modern society, nowadays terrorist activities continue to occur. Since the targets of terrorism tend to be industrial factories and civilian buildings, it not only is harmful to citizens and the property security, but also results in a great impact on social culture. Therefore, how to improve the resistance of explosion for reinforced concrete structure has become one of the most important fields for academic research both in China and abroad.
Column is an essential member of reinforced concrete construction with regards to mechanical analysis and security. It connects stories, transfers all kinds of forces, combines the whole structure with the foundation and maintains the stability and security of the structure. If the columns are damaged by blast and impact loads, the structure cannot function properly or, even worse, collapses continuously. This paper, based on the frame structure of VISA Office Building of a consulate compound, adopts theoretical analysis and numerical simulation for the damages caused by blast and impact loads on reinforced concrete columns.
Firstly, this paper introduces the basic theories of explosion and explosives. Based on the three laws in explosion mechanics (conservation of mass, conservation of momentum and conservation of energy), recount the principle of action of explosion, including the theory of explosive wave, similitude law of explosion, parameter calculation of explosion shock wave, the damage theory of explosion and so on.
Secondly, this paper introduces strain rate's impacts on the property of steel bars and concrete with the compression strength and tension strength of blast and impact loads and a very limited amount of time.
Thirdly, the finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA is used to simulate the typical reinforced concrete column. The process is composed of entitative model simplification, elements and material model, meshing size controlling, boundary condition controlling, load calculation and adding, etc. Meanwhile, the results, including stress types, strain and displacement of time-history curve for node and element in different places, are analyzed. To ensure the accuracy of the results, transverse displacement in the middle section is contrasted with the test data from a researcher.
Fourthly, conclusions are reached by contrasting parameters (scale distance, reinforcement ratio, stirrup spacing, constraint on the top of reinforced concrete columns) and their influence on resistance of explosion for reinforced concrete columns.
Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation for resistance of explosion of reinforced concrete columns are applied in this paper. Hopefully the preliminary conclusions can be informative for future designs and researches in the field of resistance of explosion for reinforced concrete structure.
引文
[1]NCTC. Achronology of Significant International Terrorism for 2004[M]. US, national Counter terrorism Cenier,2005,8
[2]Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center.US, User's Guide on Protection against Terrorist Vehicle Bombs[M], Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, 1998
[3]时党勇、刘永存、徐建华,爆炸力学中的数值模拟技术。工程爆破,2005年11月
[4]恽寿榕、赵衡阳编著,爆炸力学,北京：国防工业出版社,2005年5月
[5]TM5-855-1, Fundamental of protective design for conventional weaponsfM]. Waterway Experimental Station, Department of the Army,1986
[6]李瑞芝等,核物理学家王淦昌,北京：原子能出版社,1996年
[7]中国大百科全书-力学,北京：中国大百科全书出版社,1985年
[8]#12
[9]J.Henrych, Denmark. The Dynamics of Explosion and Its Use, ELSVIE,1979
[10]W.E.Baker, P.A.Cox, P.S.Westine Amsterdam, Explosion hazards and evaluation[M], Elsevier,1983
[11]丁做,Hugoniots and reaction rates from EMV gage measurement and Lagrange analysis,美国第八届国际爆轰会议,1985年7月
[12]TMS-1300, Design of structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions[M]. Department of the Army Technical Manual,1990
[13]孙锦山、朱建士,理论爆轰物理,北京：国防工业出版社,1995年
[14]蒲家顺,FAE研究进展-一次起爆原理及其相关技术：[博士学位论文],北京理工大学,1997年
[15]熊祖钊,FAE战斗部爆炸效应及威力评价方法研究：[博士学位论文],北京理工大学,2002
[16]国胜兵、潘越峰、王明洋等,爆炸地震波模拟研究,爆炸与冲击,2005年04期
[17]Krauthammer T. Shallow-buried RC box-type structures[J], Journal of Structural Engineering,1984
[18]Mata.C, Saralva J.G. Lumped model for aerial blast wave propagation and structure interaction[J], Computational Mechanics,1991
[19]方秦,吴平安,爆炸荷载作用下影响RC梁的破坏形态的主要因素分析[[J],计算力学学报,2001年18期
[20]方秦,陈力,张亚栋等,爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土结构的动态响应与破坏模式的数值分析[J],工程力学,2007年241期(增刊)
[21]黄真伟,爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构连续倒塌的数值模拟：[硕士学位论文],天津大学,2007年
[22]于洋,结构抗爆设计方法研究：[硕士学位论文],西安建筑科技大学,2008年
[23]胡坚尉,基于ANSYS软件模拟分析爆炸对建筑结构的影响：[硕士学位论文],同济大学,2007年。
[24]Krauthammer T.,N.Bazeos, and T.J.Holmquist. Modified SDOF Analysis of RC Box-Type Structures [J], Journal of Strucrural Engineering,1986
[25]Krauthammer T., Assadi-Lamouki, Analysis of Impulsively Loaded Reinforced Concrete Elements-Ⅰ Theory[J], Computers and Structures,1993,
[26]Krauthammer T., Assadi-Lamouki, Analysis of Impulsively Loaded Reinforced Concrete Elements-Ⅱ Implementation [J], Computers and Structures,1993
[27]Jesse E. Karns, David L. Houghton et. Blast Testing of Steel Frame Assemblies to Assess the Implications of Connection Behavior on Progressive Collapse[J], Structures,2006
[28]汪维、卢芳云、张舵,钢筋混凝土楼板在爆炸荷载作用下破坏模式和抗爆性能分析,第九届全国冲击动力学学术会议论文集(上册),2009年
[29]孙建运、李国强、陆勇,爆炸荷载作用下SRC柱中混凝土的断裂破坏原理,震动,测试与诊断,2008年28期
[30]Salamakhin T.M. Effect of Exposion on Structure Elements, МОСКБА 1967.
[31]李翼祺、马素贞,爆炸力学,科学出版社,1992
[32]H.L.Brode. Numerical Solution of Spherical Blast Waves, JAP, No.6 June 1955
[33]Blast Wave from a Sphericai Charge; The Physics of Fluids, No.2 1959
[34]#12
[35]SADOVSK й.M.A. Mechanical Effects of Air Shock Waves from Explosion According to Experiments, No.1, AH CCCP. MockBa 1952.
[36]AFWL-TR-74-102, The Air Force Manual for Design and Analysis of Hardened Structures,1980.
[37]#12
[38]#12
[39]Lindholm, Reciew of Dybamic testing techniques and Material Behaviour, U.S.1972
[40]袁锦根、余志武,混凝土结构设计基本原理,中国铁道出版社,2002年。
[41]GB50010-2002混凝土结构设计规范,中国人民共和国国家标准,2002年
[42]李国豪,工程结构抗爆动力学,上海科学技术出版社,1985年。
[43]W.Jphnson, Impact Strength of Materials, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.,25 Hill St., London W1X 8LL.1978.
[44]John Williey and Sonns. Impact Dynamics, Inc.1982
[45]John J. Burke and Volker Weiss. Shock Wave and The Mechanical Properties of Solides, Inc,1969.
[46]H.H.波波夫等人著,特种建筑物设计与计算,1967年。
[47]尚小江,苏建宇等,ANSYS/LS-DYNA动力分析方法和工程实例,北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005年。
[48]李裕春等,ANSYS 10.0/LS-DYNA基础理论和工程实践,北京：中国水利水电出版社,2006年。
[49]黄棠主编,结构设计原理,北京：中国铁道出版社,1988年。
[50]Hallquist, J.Q, LS-DYNA Theoretical manual [M], Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore,1988
[51]LS-DYNA Keyword User's manual(970V) [M]. Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore,2003
[52]Len Schwer, L. Javier Malver, Simplifed Concrete Model with Mat_Concrete_Damage, LS-DYNA USER WEEK 2006, JAPAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, LIMITED.
[53]孙建运,爆炸冲击荷载作用下钢骨混凝土柱性能研究：[博士学位论文],同济大学,2008年。
[54]Malvar L. J., Ross C. A. Review of strain rate effects for concrete in tension ACI Materials Journal,96:614-16,1999.
[55]Bischoff P. H., Perry S.H.. Compressive Behavior of Concrete at High Strain Rate, Materials and Structures,24:425—50,1991.
[56]混凝土结构设计规范,中华人民共和国国家标准GB50010-2002。
[57]建筑抗震设计规范,中华人民共和国国家标准GB50011-2010。
[58]董义领,爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土柱的动力响应分析：[硕士学位论文],同济大学,2008年。
[59]过镇海、时旭东,钢筋混凝土原理和分析,北京：清华大学出版社,2003年。
[2]Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center.US, User's Guide on Protection against Terrorist Vehicle Bombs[M], Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, 1998
[3]时党勇、刘永存、徐建华,爆炸力学中的数值模拟技术。工程爆破,2005年11月
[4]恽寿榕、赵衡阳编著,爆炸力学,北京：国防工业出版社,2005年5月
[5]TM5-855-1, Fundamental of protective design for conventional weaponsfM]. Waterway Experimental Station, Department of the Army,1986
[6]李瑞芝等,核物理学家王淦昌,北京：原子能出版社,1996年
[7]中国大百科全书-力学,北京：中国大百科全书出版社,1985年
[8]#12
[9]J.Henrych, Denmark. The Dynamics of Explosion and Its Use, ELSVIE,1979
[10]W.E.Baker, P.A.Cox, P.S.Westine Amsterdam, Explosion hazards and evaluation[M], Elsevier,1983
[11]丁做,Hugoniots and reaction rates from EMV gage measurement and Lagrange analysis,美国第八届国际爆轰会议,1985年7月
[12]TMS-1300, Design of structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions[M]. Department of the Army Technical Manual,1990
[13]孙锦山、朱建士,理论爆轰物理,北京：国防工业出版社,1995年
[14]蒲家顺,FAE研究进展-一次起爆原理及其相关技术：[博士学位论文],北京理工大学,1997年
[15]熊祖钊,FAE战斗部爆炸效应及威力评价方法研究：[博士学位论文],北京理工大学,2002
[16]国胜兵、潘越峰、王明洋等,爆炸地震波模拟研究,爆炸与冲击,2005年04期
[17]Krauthammer T. Shallow-buried RC box-type structures[J], Journal of Structural Engineering,1984
[18]Mata.C, Saralva J.G. Lumped model for aerial blast wave propagation and structure interaction[J], Computational Mechanics,1991
[19]方秦,吴平安,爆炸荷载作用下影响RC梁的破坏形态的主要因素分析[[J],计算力学学报,2001年18期
[20]方秦,陈力,张亚栋等,爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土结构的动态响应与破坏模式的数值分析[J],工程力学,2007年241期(增刊)
[21]黄真伟,爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构连续倒塌的数值模拟：[硕士学位论文],天津大学,2007年
[22]于洋,结构抗爆设计方法研究：[硕士学位论文],西安建筑科技大学,2008年
[23]胡坚尉,基于ANSYS软件模拟分析爆炸对建筑结构的影响：[硕士学位论文],同济大学,2007年。
[24]Krauthammer T.,N.Bazeos, and T.J.Holmquist. Modified SDOF Analysis of RC Box-Type Structures [J], Journal of Strucrural Engineering,1986
[25]Krauthammer T., Assadi-Lamouki, Analysis of Impulsively Loaded Reinforced Concrete Elements-Ⅰ Theory[J], Computers and Structures,1993,
[26]Krauthammer T., Assadi-Lamouki, Analysis of Impulsively Loaded Reinforced Concrete Elements-Ⅱ Implementation [J], Computers and Structures,1993
[27]Jesse E. Karns, David L. Houghton et. Blast Testing of Steel Frame Assemblies to Assess the Implications of Connection Behavior on Progressive Collapse[J], Structures,2006
[28]汪维、卢芳云、张舵,钢筋混凝土楼板在爆炸荷载作用下破坏模式和抗爆性能分析,第九届全国冲击动力学学术会议论文集(上册),2009年
[29]孙建运、李国强、陆勇,爆炸荷载作用下SRC柱中混凝土的断裂破坏原理,震动,测试与诊断,2008年28期
[30]Salamakhin T.M. Effect of Exposion on Structure Elements, МОСКБА 1967.
[31]李翼祺、马素贞,爆炸力学,科学出版社,1992
[32]H.L.Brode. Numerical Solution of Spherical Blast Waves, JAP, No.6 June 1955
[33]Blast Wave from a Sphericai Charge; The Physics of Fluids, No.2 1959
[34]#12
[35]SADOVSK й.M.A. Mechanical Effects of Air Shock Waves from Explosion According to Experiments, No.1, AH CCCP. MockBa 1952.
[36]AFWL-TR-74-102, The Air Force Manual for Design and Analysis of Hardened Structures,1980.
[37]#12
[38]#12
[39]Lindholm, Reciew of Dybamic testing techniques and Material Behaviour, U.S.1972
[40]袁锦根、余志武,混凝土结构设计基本原理,中国铁道出版社,2002年。
[41]GB50010-2002混凝土结构设计规范,中国人民共和国国家标准,2002年
[42]李国豪,工程结构抗爆动力学,上海科学技术出版社,1985年。
[43]W.Jphnson, Impact Strength of Materials, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.,25 Hill St., London W1X 8LL.1978.
[44]John Williey and Sonns. Impact Dynamics, Inc.1982
[45]John J. Burke and Volker Weiss. Shock Wave and The Mechanical Properties of Solides, Inc,1969.
[46]H.H.波波夫等人著,特种建筑物设计与计算,1967年。
[47]尚小江,苏建宇等,ANSYS/LS-DYNA动力分析方法和工程实例,北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005年。
[48]李裕春等,ANSYS 10.0/LS-DYNA基础理论和工程实践,北京：中国水利水电出版社,2006年。
[49]黄棠主编,结构设计原理,北京：中国铁道出版社,1988年。
[50]Hallquist, J.Q, LS-DYNA Theoretical manual [M], Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore,1988
[51]LS-DYNA Keyword User's manual(970V) [M]. Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore,2003
[52]Len Schwer, L. Javier Malver, Simplifed Concrete Model with Mat_Concrete_Damage, LS-DYNA USER WEEK 2006, JAPAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, LIMITED.
[53]孙建运,爆炸冲击荷载作用下钢骨混凝土柱性能研究：[博士学位论文],同济大学,2008年。
[54]Malvar L. J., Ross C. A. Review of strain rate effects for concrete in tension ACI Materials Journal,96:614-16,1999.
[55]Bischoff P. H., Perry S.H.. Compressive Behavior of Concrete at High Strain Rate, Materials and Structures,24:425—50,1991.
[56]混凝土结构设计规范,中华人民共和国国家标准GB50010-2002。
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