撒尼村落形态和民居建筑研究
|
摘要
随着石林成功申请“世界自然遗产”使石林地区在整个旅游和文化产业上了一个新的台阶。同时也更加要求其对地区内的物质和非物质文化进行保护和开发利用。撒尼民居是其保护和开发利用的重要组成部分。
本文基于人居环境科学理论、网络理论、可持续发展等理论的指导下采用文献研究与实地调研相结合,模式法、归纳与分析相结合的研究方法对石林大糯黑村的村落形态和民居建筑进行研究。在对大糯黑村测绘和研究的基础上,建立石林地区撒尼传统聚落和民居的初步研究体系;解析石林地区撒尼族传统聚落和民居的形成原因及形态特征;总结归纳出撒尼民居的基本形制、建筑要素、景观特色;分析提出对撒尼传统聚落和建筑的保护和利用模式。
任何居住形态的产生都不是单一要素作用的结果,而是在历史、文化、宗教等人文因素和地形、土地、水源、材料等自然因素共同作用的产物。聚落和建筑是人类生活世界的外在表现,是民族文化的实体呈现和表达;同时气候条件、构件方式和建筑材料促进一些表现成立,使人们找到与环境相适应的居住形态。不同于其它建筑类型,少数民族传统聚落和建筑基本上出自乡民之手并自然形成。它是人类与自然长期和谐共存,在特定意识形态指导下对本民族文化的一种外在表现和诉求。聚落的形态及其景观正是这种朴素的与“自然共生”的意识形态的外在反映。聚落和建筑所呈现的丰富多彩的形式和风格是诸多因素共同作用的结果。
在石林地区,聚落中传统民族文化模式、宗教信仰产生了独特的民族意识和民族价值观,加上聚落所处的地域、地形、材料、水源等因素共同作用形成了撒尼族民居独特的气质。大糯黑聚落依山而建,历经百年,不仅在选址、择基、土地利用,对地形的适应和改造上有其独特的手法,在对从建筑单体造型到群体适应环境也具有其无可比拟的优点。本文以大糯黑撒尼民居为例,注重聚落和建筑与自然环境和人文环境相结合,保护与利用相结合,对撒尼族村落布局和建筑形态进行了一次较深入的探索。旨在以点带面,希望能对石林地区撒尼族乡土建筑研究有所启示。
近年来具有历史文化价值的小城镇、村落的保护成为了国际遗产保护领域关注的热点,而石林风景区已成为世界自然遗产,这使得周边具有民族文化和带有民族符号的撒尼民居也成了开发和保护的重点。探索和提出一种良好的保护和利用模式将对保护和传承这里优秀的民族文化和地域文化产生积极的意义。
撒尼族传统聚落和民居建筑是直接反映人与地域环境及社会环境相互作用的重要物质载体。研究撒尼民居可以深入挖掘撒尼文化,为撒尼聚落和建筑的保护利用和更新提供调查测绘资料和生态旅游发展模式。
The successful application for“World Natural Heritage”has made Stone Forest into a new stage in tourism culture industry. The conservation as well as exploitation and utilization of both tangible and intangible culture within Stone Forest area is further required. Sani’s vernaeular architecture constitutes main part among the contents of the conservation, exploitation and utilization.
Directed by the theories of Sciences of Human Settlement, Net Theory, Sustainability and other applicable theories, the settlement patterns and civilian houses architecture in Danuohei village are studied by the methods of combining literature material and on-site investigation, combining analysis and induction, and model method. Based on the survey and study done in Danuohei village, initial studying system of Sani’s traditional settlement and civilian houses is established in Stone Forest area; the reasons forming the traditional settlement and the civilian houses in Stone Forest area are parsed; basic types,architectural factors and landscape features of Sani houses are concluded; the conservation and utilization models for Sani traditional settlement and architecture are analyzed.
The forming of any residential patterns is not the result of a single factor, but the product of co-functioning between human factors (such as history, culture, religion etc.) and natural elements (such as topography, land, water, material, etc.). Settlement and architecture are the external reflection of human’s lives, the tangible presentation and expression of nationality culture. Meanwhile, the climate conditions, structure forms and architectural materials promote form the reflection, making human find a habitation pattern appropriate to the environment. Different from other architectures, the traditional settlement and architectures of minority people are basically out of the local villagers and develop naturally. It’s the external reflection of the natives’culture under a certain ideology as a result of the long-term harmonious co-existence between human and environment. The settlement patterns and its landscape are just the external reflection under the ideology of the simple“natural co-existence”. The rich and colorful patterns and styles of the settlement and architecture are the result of multiple factors functioning together.
In the area of Stone Forest, the special ethnic consciousness and nationality values producing from the traditional ethnic culture patterns and religious beliefs together with the region, topography, materials and water factors formed the special temperature of Sani. Danuohei village is located on the mountains and has a history of a hundred years. The ways of its location, grounding-choice, land use and adaptation to and modification of the topography are very splendid, and the advantages of its change from single building modeling to environment-adapting settlement are also unprecedented. Following the example of Danuohei civilian houses in this article, emphasis is put on the combination of the settlement, architecture and natural environment, human environment, the combination of conservation and utilization; a deep exploration to the Sani village layout and architectural patterns is accomplished. It’s hoped that it will help with the study of the Sani traditional architecture.
In recent years, the conservation of the historic-valued small towns and villages have become the focus of the international relics conservation. The Stone Forest scenic spot is now the world natural heritage and it makes the surrounding Sani civilian houses which have strong ethnic culture also become the object of the conservation and utilization. Explore and put forward an applicable and splendid conservation and utilization pattern will bring positive values to conserve and pass on the wonderful ethnic and region culture.
Sani settlement and civilian houses directly reflect the inter-function among human, regional environment and social environments. Sani culture can be further explored through studying its civilian houses, and this can be of help in providing survey data and ecotourism development pattern for the settlement and architecture’s conservation, utilization and renovation in Sani.
本文基于人居环境科学理论、网络理论、可持续发展等理论的指导下采用文献研究与实地调研相结合,模式法、归纳与分析相结合的研究方法对石林大糯黑村的村落形态和民居建筑进行研究。在对大糯黑村测绘和研究的基础上,建立石林地区撒尼传统聚落和民居的初步研究体系;解析石林地区撒尼族传统聚落和民居的形成原因及形态特征;总结归纳出撒尼民居的基本形制、建筑要素、景观特色;分析提出对撒尼传统聚落和建筑的保护和利用模式。
任何居住形态的产生都不是单一要素作用的结果,而是在历史、文化、宗教等人文因素和地形、土地、水源、材料等自然因素共同作用的产物。聚落和建筑是人类生活世界的外在表现,是民族文化的实体呈现和表达;同时气候条件、构件方式和建筑材料促进一些表现成立,使人们找到与环境相适应的居住形态。不同于其它建筑类型,少数民族传统聚落和建筑基本上出自乡民之手并自然形成。它是人类与自然长期和谐共存,在特定意识形态指导下对本民族文化的一种外在表现和诉求。聚落的形态及其景观正是这种朴素的与“自然共生”的意识形态的外在反映。聚落和建筑所呈现的丰富多彩的形式和风格是诸多因素共同作用的结果。
在石林地区,聚落中传统民族文化模式、宗教信仰产生了独特的民族意识和民族价值观,加上聚落所处的地域、地形、材料、水源等因素共同作用形成了撒尼族民居独特的气质。大糯黑聚落依山而建,历经百年,不仅在选址、择基、土地利用,对地形的适应和改造上有其独特的手法,在对从建筑单体造型到群体适应环境也具有其无可比拟的优点。本文以大糯黑撒尼民居为例,注重聚落和建筑与自然环境和人文环境相结合,保护与利用相结合,对撒尼族村落布局和建筑形态进行了一次较深入的探索。旨在以点带面,希望能对石林地区撒尼族乡土建筑研究有所启示。
近年来具有历史文化价值的小城镇、村落的保护成为了国际遗产保护领域关注的热点,而石林风景区已成为世界自然遗产,这使得周边具有民族文化和带有民族符号的撒尼民居也成了开发和保护的重点。探索和提出一种良好的保护和利用模式将对保护和传承这里优秀的民族文化和地域文化产生积极的意义。
撒尼族传统聚落和民居建筑是直接反映人与地域环境及社会环境相互作用的重要物质载体。研究撒尼民居可以深入挖掘撒尼文化,为撒尼聚落和建筑的保护利用和更新提供调查测绘资料和生态旅游发展模式。
The successful application for“World Natural Heritage”has made Stone Forest into a new stage in tourism culture industry. The conservation as well as exploitation and utilization of both tangible and intangible culture within Stone Forest area is further required. Sani’s vernaeular architecture constitutes main part among the contents of the conservation, exploitation and utilization.
Directed by the theories of Sciences of Human Settlement, Net Theory, Sustainability and other applicable theories, the settlement patterns and civilian houses architecture in Danuohei village are studied by the methods of combining literature material and on-site investigation, combining analysis and induction, and model method. Based on the survey and study done in Danuohei village, initial studying system of Sani’s traditional settlement and civilian houses is established in Stone Forest area; the reasons forming the traditional settlement and the civilian houses in Stone Forest area are parsed; basic types,architectural factors and landscape features of Sani houses are concluded; the conservation and utilization models for Sani traditional settlement and architecture are analyzed.
The forming of any residential patterns is not the result of a single factor, but the product of co-functioning between human factors (such as history, culture, religion etc.) and natural elements (such as topography, land, water, material, etc.). Settlement and architecture are the external reflection of human’s lives, the tangible presentation and expression of nationality culture. Meanwhile, the climate conditions, structure forms and architectural materials promote form the reflection, making human find a habitation pattern appropriate to the environment. Different from other architectures, the traditional settlement and architectures of minority people are basically out of the local villagers and develop naturally. It’s the external reflection of the natives’culture under a certain ideology as a result of the long-term harmonious co-existence between human and environment. The settlement patterns and its landscape are just the external reflection under the ideology of the simple“natural co-existence”. The rich and colorful patterns and styles of the settlement and architecture are the result of multiple factors functioning together.
In the area of Stone Forest, the special ethnic consciousness and nationality values producing from the traditional ethnic culture patterns and religious beliefs together with the region, topography, materials and water factors formed the special temperature of Sani. Danuohei village is located on the mountains and has a history of a hundred years. The ways of its location, grounding-choice, land use and adaptation to and modification of the topography are very splendid, and the advantages of its change from single building modeling to environment-adapting settlement are also unprecedented. Following the example of Danuohei civilian houses in this article, emphasis is put on the combination of the settlement, architecture and natural environment, human environment, the combination of conservation and utilization; a deep exploration to the Sani village layout and architectural patterns is accomplished. It’s hoped that it will help with the study of the Sani traditional architecture.
In recent years, the conservation of the historic-valued small towns and villages have become the focus of the international relics conservation. The Stone Forest scenic spot is now the world natural heritage and it makes the surrounding Sani civilian houses which have strong ethnic culture also become the object of the conservation and utilization. Explore and put forward an applicable and splendid conservation and utilization pattern will bring positive values to conserve and pass on the wonderful ethnic and region culture.
Sani settlement and civilian houses directly reflect the inter-function among human, regional environment and social environments. Sani culture can be further explored through studying its civilian houses, and this can be of help in providing survey data and ecotourism development pattern for the settlement and architecture’s conservation, utilization and renovation in Sani.
引文
[l]丁俊清.中国居住文化[M].同济大学出版社. 1997,7.
[2] (美)理查德·瑞吉斯特,王如松,胡腆译.生态城市—建设与自然平衡的人居环境.社会科学文献出版社,2002,12.
[3]刘致平.中国建筑类型及结构[M].建筑工业出版社,1956,8.
[4]刘敦祯.中国住宅概论[M].百花文艺出版社,2004.
[5]云南省设计院编写.云南民居[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001,2.
[6]侯继尧、王军等.窑洞民居[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1989,8.
[7]中国建筑技术发展中心建筑历史研究所.浙江民居[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1984,9.
[8]余英.关于民居研究方法论的思考[J].新建筑2000,12.
[9]陆元鼎主编.中国民居建筑(上卷) [M].华南理工大学出版社,2001.
[10]余英.中国东南系建筑区系类型研究[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001,2.
[11]梁雪.传统村镇实体环境设计[M].天津科学技术出版社,2001,1.
[12]邓晓红、李晓峰.生态发展.中国传统聚落未来[J].新建筑1999年3月
[13]王竹、魏秦等.黄土高原绿色住区研究的科学基础与方法论[J].建筑学报2002,4.
[14]清华大学建筑学院编.建筑设计的生态策略[M].中国计划出版社,2001年
[15]车震宇、毛志睿.干栏依然在,旧貌换新颜--谈傣族新民居试验楼建筑研究[J].华中建筑2002/04
[16]周若祁,张光主编.韩城村寨与党家村民居[M].陕西科学技术出版社,1999年10月
[17](德)英格伯格·费格格等编,李保峰译.托马斯·赫尔佐格--建筑+技术.中国建筑工业出版社,2002,8.
[18] (美)托伯特.哈姆林著,邹德侬译.建筑形式美的原则[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1982,12.
[19]汪芳.查尔斯·柯里亚.中国建筑工业出版社,2003,7.
[20]林楠.在神秘面纱之后—埃及建筑师哈桑·法赛评析.世界建筑,1992,6.
[21]盛连喜、景贵和等.生态工程学[M].长春东北师范大学出版社,2002,8
[22]陈岳南.我国农村生态贫困研究[J].中国人口资源与环境,VO l , 13. N04,2003
[23]彭一刚.传统村镇聚落景观分析[M].建筑工业出版社,1992.
[24]陈伟.徽州传统乡村聚落形成和发展研究[D].中科院博士论文,2000.
[25]陆元鼎主持系列论文.客家民居形态、村落体系与居住模式研究[D]. 1996.
[26]单德启.从传统民居到地区建筑[M].中国建材工业出版社,2004.
[27]云南石林申报世界自然遗产研究研究组.云南石林申报世界自然遗产研究[M].科学出版社,2002.
[28]张彤.整体地区建筑[M].东南大学出版社,2003.
[29]凯瑟琳.斯莱塞著彭信苍译.地域风格建筑[M].东南大学出版社,2001.
[30]蒋高宸.云南民族住屋文化[M].云南大学出版社,1997.
[31]杨大禹.云南少数民族住屋一形式与文化研究[M].天津大学出版社,1997.
[32]候宝石.凉山彝族民居建筑及其文化现象探讨[D].重庆大学
[33]罗钊.石林彝族撒尼人“祭祀词”语词程式分析[J].昆明师范高等专科学校学报,2004(2).
[34]昂自明.彝族撒尼人祭“密枝”的原始功利目的探源[J].云南民族学院学报,2001(3).
[35]赵西平,刘加平,尚建丽,赵方周.云南彝族传统民居构造技术[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2005(1).
[36]郑育春.衢州地区传统聚落和民居研究及其发展战略[D].浙江大学.2007.
[37]郑景文.桂北少数民族聚落空间探析[D].华中科技大学.2005.
[38]罗仙佳.鄂西土家族传统民居建筑美学特征研究[D].武汉大学.2005.
[39]王媛.贵州黔东南苗族传统山地村寨及住宅初探[D].天津大学.2005.
[2] (美)理查德·瑞吉斯特,王如松,胡腆译.生态城市—建设与自然平衡的人居环境.社会科学文献出版社,2002,12.
[3]刘致平.中国建筑类型及结构[M].建筑工业出版社,1956,8.
[4]刘敦祯.中国住宅概论[M].百花文艺出版社,2004.
[5]云南省设计院编写.云南民居[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001,2.
[6]侯继尧、王军等.窑洞民居[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1989,8.
[7]中国建筑技术发展中心建筑历史研究所.浙江民居[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1984,9.
[8]余英.关于民居研究方法论的思考[J].新建筑2000,12.
[9]陆元鼎主编.中国民居建筑(上卷) [M].华南理工大学出版社,2001.
[10]余英.中国东南系建筑区系类型研究[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001,2.
[11]梁雪.传统村镇实体环境设计[M].天津科学技术出版社,2001,1.
[12]邓晓红、李晓峰.生态发展.中国传统聚落未来[J].新建筑1999年3月
[13]王竹、魏秦等.黄土高原绿色住区研究的科学基础与方法论[J].建筑学报2002,4.
[14]清华大学建筑学院编.建筑设计的生态策略[M].中国计划出版社,2001年
[15]车震宇、毛志睿.干栏依然在,旧貌换新颜--谈傣族新民居试验楼建筑研究[J].华中建筑2002/04
[16]周若祁,张光主编.韩城村寨与党家村民居[M].陕西科学技术出版社,1999年10月
[17](德)英格伯格·费格格等编,李保峰译.托马斯·赫尔佐格--建筑+技术.中国建筑工业出版社,2002,8.
[18] (美)托伯特.哈姆林著,邹德侬译.建筑形式美的原则[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1982,12.
[19]汪芳.查尔斯·柯里亚.中国建筑工业出版社,2003,7.
[20]林楠.在神秘面纱之后—埃及建筑师哈桑·法赛评析.世界建筑,1992,6.
[21]盛连喜、景贵和等.生态工程学[M].长春东北师范大学出版社,2002,8
[22]陈岳南.我国农村生态贫困研究[J].中国人口资源与环境,VO l , 13. N04,2003
[23]彭一刚.传统村镇聚落景观分析[M].建筑工业出版社,1992.
[24]陈伟.徽州传统乡村聚落形成和发展研究[D].中科院博士论文,2000.
[25]陆元鼎主持系列论文.客家民居形态、村落体系与居住模式研究[D]. 1996.
[26]单德启.从传统民居到地区建筑[M].中国建材工业出版社,2004.
[27]云南石林申报世界自然遗产研究研究组.云南石林申报世界自然遗产研究[M].科学出版社,2002.
[28]张彤.整体地区建筑[M].东南大学出版社,2003.
[29]凯瑟琳.斯莱塞著彭信苍译.地域风格建筑[M].东南大学出版社,2001.
[30]蒋高宸.云南民族住屋文化[M].云南大学出版社,1997.
[31]杨大禹.云南少数民族住屋一形式与文化研究[M].天津大学出版社,1997.
[32]候宝石.凉山彝族民居建筑及其文化现象探讨[D].重庆大学
[33]罗钊.石林彝族撒尼人“祭祀词”语词程式分析[J].昆明师范高等专科学校学报,2004(2).
[34]昂自明.彝族撒尼人祭“密枝”的原始功利目的探源[J].云南民族学院学报,2001(3).
[35]赵西平,刘加平,尚建丽,赵方周.云南彝族传统民居构造技术[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2005(1).
[36]郑育春.衢州地区传统聚落和民居研究及其发展战略[D].浙江大学.2007.
[37]郑景文.桂北少数民族聚落空间探析[D].华中科技大学.2005.
[38]罗仙佳.鄂西土家族传统民居建筑美学特征研究[D].武汉大学.2005.
[39]王媛.贵州黔东南苗族传统山地村寨及住宅初探[D].天津大学.2005.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |