桥梁结构地震易损性分析研究
摘要
桥梁是交通生命线系统中的重要枢纽工程。由于过去对桥梁抗震不重视和设防标准偏低,我国已建的不少桥梁抗震能力不足,因此开展桥梁的地震易损性研究工作是十分必要的。以易损性曲线为表达形式的地震易损性分析,作为风险评估的一条有效途径,越来越受到各国学者的关注。易损性曲线表示了不同强度地震作用下结构响应超过结构承载能力的概率。以桥梁结构地震易损性分析为目标,进行了以下几个方面的研究：
(1)综述了国内外桥梁地震易损性分析的研究现状,对主要分析方法进行了较为全面的总结和对比,同时指出了研究中存在的问题和研究前景。
(2)以地面峰值加速为地震动强度指标,结合国内外关于损伤状态和损伤指标的研究,确定以位移延性比作为墩柱的损伤指标,并明确了桥墩在不同破坏状态类型下的延性判别准则。
(3)分别用传统可靠度方法和基于数值模拟的方法建立了桥梁钢筋混凝土墩柱的理论易损性曲线,并对所得易损性曲线进行对比分析。
(4)在不改变上部结构质量、墩柱截面形式、支座形式、墩柱配筋以及基础的情况下,只改变墩高后建立桥墩的理论易损性曲线,并探讨墩高的变化对桥墩易损性曲线的影响。
(5)在其他条件不变的情况下,讨论场地类型对桥墩易损性曲线的影响。
Bridges are the most important structures in a highway system. Owing to the neglect of bridge earthquake-resistance and therefore low design criteria, the seismic capacity of many constructed bridges in our country are weak. So the study on seismic vulnerability of bridge is necessary. While performing a seismic risk analysis, fragility curves are found to be useful tools for predicting the extent of probable damage. The fragility curve shows the possibility that the response of a structure goes beyond it's capability of resistance to damage, when the structure acted by earthquake with different intensity. To analyze bridge seismic vulnerability, this thesis has done some research as follows:
(1) In this thesis, the state of the art of studies on the seismic vulnerability of bridges is reviewed. The main methods for seismic vulnerability analysis of bridges are introduced comprehensively and contrast. The construction of empirical and analytical fragility curves is presented and problems which need to be investigated further are pointed out.
(2) Using peak ground acceleration (PGA) as the ground motion intensity index, it is determined to use the displacement-ductility ratio as an indicator of pier damage, combining with the research on damage state and damage index at home and abroad. And then the criterion of bridge ductility is fixed on.
(3) Using traditional reliability method and numerical simulation method, the theoretical fragility curves of reinforced concrete bridge piers is established. Then the study on the curve rules and their differences is done.
(4) The height of pier is changed only to analysis the effect of pier height on the fragility curve, without altering the quality of the upper structure, the cross-section form of pier, the bearing type, the pier reinforcement and the soil foundation.
(5) The influence of site type on the fragility curve is carefully considered, with other conditions unchanged.
(1)综述了国内外桥梁地震易损性分析的研究现状,对主要分析方法进行了较为全面的总结和对比,同时指出了研究中存在的问题和研究前景。
(2)以地面峰值加速为地震动强度指标,结合国内外关于损伤状态和损伤指标的研究,确定以位移延性比作为墩柱的损伤指标,并明确了桥墩在不同破坏状态类型下的延性判别准则。
(3)分别用传统可靠度方法和基于数值模拟的方法建立了桥梁钢筋混凝土墩柱的理论易损性曲线,并对所得易损性曲线进行对比分析。
(4)在不改变上部结构质量、墩柱截面形式、支座形式、墩柱配筋以及基础的情况下,只改变墩高后建立桥墩的理论易损性曲线,并探讨墩高的变化对桥墩易损性曲线的影响。
(5)在其他条件不变的情况下,讨论场地类型对桥墩易损性曲线的影响。
Bridges are the most important structures in a highway system. Owing to the neglect of bridge earthquake-resistance and therefore low design criteria, the seismic capacity of many constructed bridges in our country are weak. So the study on seismic vulnerability of bridge is necessary. While performing a seismic risk analysis, fragility curves are found to be useful tools for predicting the extent of probable damage. The fragility curve shows the possibility that the response of a structure goes beyond it's capability of resistance to damage, when the structure acted by earthquake with different intensity. To analyze bridge seismic vulnerability, this thesis has done some research as follows:
(1) In this thesis, the state of the art of studies on the seismic vulnerability of bridges is reviewed. The main methods for seismic vulnerability analysis of bridges are introduced comprehensively and contrast. The construction of empirical and analytical fragility curves is presented and problems which need to be investigated further are pointed out.
(2) Using peak ground acceleration (PGA) as the ground motion intensity index, it is determined to use the displacement-ductility ratio as an indicator of pier damage, combining with the research on damage state and damage index at home and abroad. And then the criterion of bridge ductility is fixed on.
(3) Using traditional reliability method and numerical simulation method, the theoretical fragility curves of reinforced concrete bridge piers is established. Then the study on the curve rules and their differences is done.
(4) The height of pier is changed only to analysis the effect of pier height on the fragility curve, without altering the quality of the upper structure, the cross-section form of pier, the bearing type, the pier reinforcement and the soil foundation.
(5) The influence of site type on the fragility curve is carefully considered, with other conditions unchanged.
引文
[1]罗奇峰,王玉梅.结构性能设计理论及其发展趋势.见：第五届全国地震工程学术会论文文集.中国建筑学会及中国地震学会,1998.
[2]张菊辉.基于数值模拟的规则梁桥墩柱的地震易损性分析.同济大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[3]Jaen W.Y, Loh.C H.Seismic demand for SDOF system-In relationg to scismic design In:Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Structure Safety and Reliability (ICOSSAR'97). Rotterdam:Balkcma Publication,1998,1629-1636.
[4]Kowalsky,M.J.,Priestley, M.J.N. and Macrae,G.A.,Displacemennt-based design of RC Bridge column in seismic regions, Earthquake Engineering and Structrual Dynamics, Vol.24,1995,1623-1643.
[5]FEMA. NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA-273. Washington, D.C:Federal Emergency Managemennt Agency,1996.
[6]Cornell C A,Krawinkler H. Progress and challenges in seismic performance assessment. PEER Center News,2000:3(2):1-2.
[7]邹伟,段琴.桥梁地震易损性分析研究概述.浙江交通职业技术学院学报.2008,9(3)：13-16.
[8]王建民.基于概率的桥梁结构抗震性能研究.北京交通大学博士学位论文.2006.
[9]孙振凯,邹其嘉.公路桥梁地震易损性和震后恢复过程.华南地震,1999,19(2)：62-70.
[10]徐龙军,章倩.铁路桥梁地震震害预测.山东建筑工程学院学报,2003,18(1)：27-31.
[11]Shinozuka M, Feng M Q, Lee J. Statistical analysis of fragility curves. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE,2000,126(2):1224-1231.
[12]Dutta A, Mander J B.Seismic fragility analysis of highway bridge.Center-to-Center Project Workshop on Earthquake Engineering Frontiers in Transportation Systems, International Center for Disaster-Mitigation Enginering(INCEDE),Tokyo,Japan,1998
[13].Dutta A, Mander J B.Senismic vulnerability analysis of highway bridges.Tenchnical Report,Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research,Buffalo,NY, 2000.
[14]Shinozuka M, Feng M Q, Kim H and Kim S-H. Nonlinear static procedure for fragility curve development. Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2000,126(12),1287-1296.
[15]Barron R, Reinhorn A. Spectral evaluation of seismic fragility of structures. Technical Report, Multidisciplinary Center for Eerthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY, 2000.
[16]Shinozuka M. Statistical analysis of bridge fragility curves. Proceeding of the US-Italy Workshop on Protective Systems for Bridges,New York, NY,1998.
[17]Choi E,Reginald DesRoches and Bryant Nielson.Seismic fragility of typical bridge in Moderate seismic zones. Engineering Structures.2004.26:187-199.
[18]Hwang H.,Hou J.R..Generation of hazard-consistent ground motions. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,1994,13(6):377-386.
[19]Mackie K, Stojadinovic B. Fragility curves for reinforced concrete highway over pass bridges. Proceeding of 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,CD-ROM, No.1553,2004.
[20]H.Hwang,刘晶波.地震作用下钢筋混凝土桥梁结构易损性分析.土木工程学报,2004,37(6)：47-51.
[21]范立础.桥梁抗震,同济大学出版社,1996.
[22]Banon H and Veneziano D.Seismic Safety of RC Members and Structures. EESD,1982.
[23]Park,Y.J.and Ang, A.H.-S.,Mechanistic seismic damage model for reinforced concerete, Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE, No.4,1985,722-739.
[24]Chung Y S, Mayer C,and Shionzuka M. Modeling of Concrete Damage.ACI Structural Journal,No.3,1989.
[25]Seismic Rrtrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges (1995). Publication No.FHWA-RD-94-052, Office of Engineering and Highway Operation, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA.
[26]Yamazaki, F., Motomura,H., and Hamada, T.(2000). Damage assessment of expressway Networks in Japan based on seismic monitoring. Proceeding of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Upper Hutt, New Zealand, Paper No.0551.
[27]Hwang, H.H.M., Jernigan, J.B. and Lin, Y.W.(2000a). Evaluation of Seismic Damaga to Memphis Bridges and Highway Systems. Journal of Bridge Engineering, No.4,ASCE, November,2000,322-330.
[28]Yael D.Hose, Frieder Seible. Performance Evaluation Database for Concrete Bridge Components and Systems under Simulated Seismic Loads. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, PEER Report 1999/11.
[29]Miranda E. Evaluation of site-dependent inelastic seismic design spectra. Journal of Steuct. Engng.,ASCE,1993,119(5):1319-1339.
[30]白峻昶,靳金平.时程分析用地震波选取的讨论.山西建筑.2007.
[31]包世华.结构力学.武汉理工大学出版社,2003.
[32]高孟潭.新的国家地震区划图.地震学报,2003,25(6)：630-636.
[33]范立础,桌卫东.桥梁延性抗震设计.人民交通出版社,2001.
[34]欧进萍,刘会仪.基于随机地震动模型的结构随机地震反应谱及其应用.地震工程与工程振动,1994,14(3)：14-22.
[35]Mander,J.B., and Basoz, N.(1999). Seismic fragility curve theory for highway bridges Proceedings of the 5th U.S. Conference on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering. Reston, Virginia:31-40.
[36]张令心,江近仁,刘洁平.多层住宅砖房的地震易损性分析.地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(1)：49-55.
[37]彭育隆.利用贝氏定理修正桥梁易损性曲线.台湾国立中央大学硕士学位论文.2002
[38]Dutta A.On energy based seismic analysis and design of highway bridges:[Dissertation] Buffalo:State University of New York at Buffalo,1999,Section 5:1-180.
[39]单德山,李乔.高墩深水大跨度连续刚构桥非一致地震响应分析.重庆交通大学学报2008,27(4)：500-501.
[40]Dimitrions Vanvatsiks C,Allin Cornell.Incremental dynamic analysis [J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,2002,31:491-514.
[41]张海燕.基于位移的概率地震需求分析与结构抗震设计研究.湖南大学博士学位论文,2005.
[42]郭磊.桥梁结构基于位移的抗震设计方法研究.同济大学博士学位论文,2006.
[43]Moehle, J.P., Displacement-based design of RC Structures subjected to earthquake, Earthquake Spectra, No.3,1992,403-428.
[44]GB50011-2001.建筑抗震设计规范.中国建筑工业出版社,,2001.
[45]Mander J B, Basoz N. Seismic fragility curve theory for highway bridges.5th US Conference on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, ASCE, New York NY USA,1999.
[46]王东升,冯启明,瞿桐.近断层地震动作用下钢筋混凝土桥墩的抗震性能.地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(1)：95-102.
[47]叶爱君.桥梁抗震.人民交通出版社,2002.
[48]范立础,王志强.桥梁减隔震设计.人民交通出版社,2001.
[49]周神根.唐山地震中铁道建筑物的震害.土木工程学报.1982.
[50]常业军,吴明友.建筑物结构易损性分析及抗震性能比较.山西地震,2001(1)23-25,29.
[51]HAZUS99 User's Manual.1999.Washington, D.C:Federal Emergency Management Agency.
[52]高波,赵玉光.土木工程结构可靠度.成都：西南交通大学出版社,2001.
[53]Dutta A. On energy based seismic analysis and design of highway bridges. Ph.D. Dissertation,Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, State University of New York, Bu.alo(NY),1999.
[54]Kiremidjian A.S. and Bosoz, N. Evaluation of bridge damage data from recent earthquakes. NCEER Bulletin,1997,11(2):1-7.
[55]王菁,高小旺.城市中典型及重要钢筋混凝土梁式桥震害预测方法.工程抗震.1995.
[56]赵成刚,张锐,杜修力.珠江三角洲公路系统震害预测.华南地震.1995.
[57]李建中,宋晓东,范立础.桥梁高顿位移延性能力的探讨.地震工程与工程振动,2005,25(1)：43-48
[58]公路工程抗震设计规范(JTJ004-89),中华人民共和国交通部,1990.
[59]Karim, K.R., and Yamazaki,F.(2001).Effect of earthquake ground motions on fragility curves of Highway Bridge piers based on numerical simulation.Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,30(12):1839-1856.
[60]李大华.随机地震反应谱的统计分析.土木工程学报,1990,23(4)：60-67.
[61]赵国藩.高等钢筋混凝土结构学.西南交通大学出版社,2007.
[62]Caltrans,Seismic Design Criteria, Version 1.2, Sacramento, California:California Department of Transportation(CALTRANS),December 2001.
[2]张菊辉.基于数值模拟的规则梁桥墩柱的地震易损性分析.同济大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[3]Jaen W.Y, Loh.C H.Seismic demand for SDOF system-In relationg to scismic design In:Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Structure Safety and Reliability (ICOSSAR'97). Rotterdam:Balkcma Publication,1998,1629-1636.
[4]Kowalsky,M.J.,Priestley, M.J.N. and Macrae,G.A.,Displacemennt-based design of RC Bridge column in seismic regions, Earthquake Engineering and Structrual Dynamics, Vol.24,1995,1623-1643.
[5]FEMA. NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA-273. Washington, D.C:Federal Emergency Managemennt Agency,1996.
[6]Cornell C A,Krawinkler H. Progress and challenges in seismic performance assessment. PEER Center News,2000:3(2):1-2.
[7]邹伟,段琴.桥梁地震易损性分析研究概述.浙江交通职业技术学院学报.2008,9(3)：13-16.
[8]王建民.基于概率的桥梁结构抗震性能研究.北京交通大学博士学位论文.2006.
[9]孙振凯,邹其嘉.公路桥梁地震易损性和震后恢复过程.华南地震,1999,19(2)：62-70.
[10]徐龙军,章倩.铁路桥梁地震震害预测.山东建筑工程学院学报,2003,18(1)：27-31.
[11]Shinozuka M, Feng M Q, Lee J. Statistical analysis of fragility curves. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE,2000,126(2):1224-1231.
[12]Dutta A, Mander J B.Seismic fragility analysis of highway bridge.Center-to-Center Project Workshop on Earthquake Engineering Frontiers in Transportation Systems, International Center for Disaster-Mitigation Enginering(INCEDE),Tokyo,Japan,1998
[13].Dutta A, Mander J B.Senismic vulnerability analysis of highway bridges.Tenchnical Report,Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research,Buffalo,NY, 2000.
[14]Shinozuka M, Feng M Q, Kim H and Kim S-H. Nonlinear static procedure for fragility curve development. Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2000,126(12),1287-1296.
[15]Barron R, Reinhorn A. Spectral evaluation of seismic fragility of structures. Technical Report, Multidisciplinary Center for Eerthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY, 2000.
[16]Shinozuka M. Statistical analysis of bridge fragility curves. Proceeding of the US-Italy Workshop on Protective Systems for Bridges,New York, NY,1998.
[17]Choi E,Reginald DesRoches and Bryant Nielson.Seismic fragility of typical bridge in Moderate seismic zones. Engineering Structures.2004.26:187-199.
[18]Hwang H.,Hou J.R..Generation of hazard-consistent ground motions. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,1994,13(6):377-386.
[19]Mackie K, Stojadinovic B. Fragility curves for reinforced concrete highway over pass bridges. Proceeding of 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,CD-ROM, No.1553,2004.
[20]H.Hwang,刘晶波.地震作用下钢筋混凝土桥梁结构易损性分析.土木工程学报,2004,37(6)：47-51.
[21]范立础.桥梁抗震,同济大学出版社,1996.
[22]Banon H and Veneziano D.Seismic Safety of RC Members and Structures. EESD,1982.
[23]Park,Y.J.and Ang, A.H.-S.,Mechanistic seismic damage model for reinforced concerete, Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE, No.4,1985,722-739.
[24]Chung Y S, Mayer C,and Shionzuka M. Modeling of Concrete Damage.ACI Structural Journal,No.3,1989.
[25]Seismic Rrtrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges (1995). Publication No.FHWA-RD-94-052, Office of Engineering and Highway Operation, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA.
[26]Yamazaki, F., Motomura,H., and Hamada, T.(2000). Damage assessment of expressway Networks in Japan based on seismic monitoring. Proceeding of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Upper Hutt, New Zealand, Paper No.0551.
[27]Hwang, H.H.M., Jernigan, J.B. and Lin, Y.W.(2000a). Evaluation of Seismic Damaga to Memphis Bridges and Highway Systems. Journal of Bridge Engineering, No.4,ASCE, November,2000,322-330.
[28]Yael D.Hose, Frieder Seible. Performance Evaluation Database for Concrete Bridge Components and Systems under Simulated Seismic Loads. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, PEER Report 1999/11.
[29]Miranda E. Evaluation of site-dependent inelastic seismic design spectra. Journal of Steuct. Engng.,ASCE,1993,119(5):1319-1339.
[30]白峻昶,靳金平.时程分析用地震波选取的讨论.山西建筑.2007.
[31]包世华.结构力学.武汉理工大学出版社,2003.
[32]高孟潭.新的国家地震区划图.地震学报,2003,25(6)：630-636.
[33]范立础,桌卫东.桥梁延性抗震设计.人民交通出版社,2001.
[34]欧进萍,刘会仪.基于随机地震动模型的结构随机地震反应谱及其应用.地震工程与工程振动,1994,14(3)：14-22.
[35]Mander,J.B., and Basoz, N.(1999). Seismic fragility curve theory for highway bridges Proceedings of the 5th U.S. Conference on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering. Reston, Virginia:31-40.
[36]张令心,江近仁,刘洁平.多层住宅砖房的地震易损性分析.地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(1)：49-55.
[37]彭育隆.利用贝氏定理修正桥梁易损性曲线.台湾国立中央大学硕士学位论文.2002
[38]Dutta A.On energy based seismic analysis and design of highway bridges:[Dissertation] Buffalo:State University of New York at Buffalo,1999,Section 5:1-180.
[39]单德山,李乔.高墩深水大跨度连续刚构桥非一致地震响应分析.重庆交通大学学报2008,27(4)：500-501.
[40]Dimitrions Vanvatsiks C,Allin Cornell.Incremental dynamic analysis [J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,2002,31:491-514.
[41]张海燕.基于位移的概率地震需求分析与结构抗震设计研究.湖南大学博士学位论文,2005.
[42]郭磊.桥梁结构基于位移的抗震设计方法研究.同济大学博士学位论文,2006.
[43]Moehle, J.P., Displacement-based design of RC Structures subjected to earthquake, Earthquake Spectra, No.3,1992,403-428.
[44]GB50011-2001.建筑抗震设计规范.中国建筑工业出版社,,2001.
[45]Mander J B, Basoz N. Seismic fragility curve theory for highway bridges.5th US Conference on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, ASCE, New York NY USA,1999.
[46]王东升,冯启明,瞿桐.近断层地震动作用下钢筋混凝土桥墩的抗震性能.地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(1)：95-102.
[47]叶爱君.桥梁抗震.人民交通出版社,2002.
[48]范立础,王志强.桥梁减隔震设计.人民交通出版社,2001.
[49]周神根.唐山地震中铁道建筑物的震害.土木工程学报.1982.
[50]常业军,吴明友.建筑物结构易损性分析及抗震性能比较.山西地震,2001(1)23-25,29.
[51]HAZUS99 User's Manual.1999.Washington, D.C:Federal Emergency Management Agency.
[52]高波,赵玉光.土木工程结构可靠度.成都：西南交通大学出版社,2001.
[53]Dutta A. On energy based seismic analysis and design of highway bridges. Ph.D. Dissertation,Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, State University of New York, Bu.alo(NY),1999.
[54]Kiremidjian A.S. and Bosoz, N. Evaluation of bridge damage data from recent earthquakes. NCEER Bulletin,1997,11(2):1-7.
[55]王菁,高小旺.城市中典型及重要钢筋混凝土梁式桥震害预测方法.工程抗震.1995.
[56]赵成刚,张锐,杜修力.珠江三角洲公路系统震害预测.华南地震.1995.
[57]李建中,宋晓东,范立础.桥梁高顿位移延性能力的探讨.地震工程与工程振动,2005,25(1)：43-48
[58]公路工程抗震设计规范(JTJ004-89),中华人民共和国交通部,1990.
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