直接测风激光雷达研究
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摘要
直接测风激光雷达是探测晴空风场精细结构的遥感工具,对于天气预报、大气动力学研究、航空风切变安全预警和国防应用都有重要的意义和显著的应用前景。
多普勒激光测风雷达从工作原理上可分为相干和非相干(直接探测)两种。论文中采用了双通道Fabry-Perot(F-P)干涉仪直接探测系统,探测Mie散射回波信号。考虑到大气气溶胶和分子的运动对发散激光束的作用,在低空,发射激光用1064nm时,大气分子的Rayleigh散射回波信号几乎为零,气溶胶的Mie散射信号相对较强,这给信号的探测带来很大的方便。鉴频系统是多普勒测风雷达的关键技术之一,能从探测光强度的变化分析出频移量,其鉴频能力会影响雷达测风的精度。本文分析了测风激光雷达的基本原理。直接探测方法中,边缘技术将激光入射频率锁定在鉴频器陡峭边缘上,较小的频移将导致较大的信号强度变化。
论文主要研究测风雷达的鉴频系统,分析了针对低空气溶胶散射信号的双边缘探测理论,然后仿真了F-P对激光束的透过率函数,根据不同F-P的参数对系统灵敏度的影响选择最适合的F-P参数,仿真鉴频系统的鉴频过程。分析了激光线宽,标准具表面质量等对系统鉴频的影响,在现阶段,我们采用的F-P双通道是分开的独立通道,为了提高其稳定性能,进行改进,将两个标准具固定在一个基板上,在受到环境干扰时它们的中心频率漂移变化相同,于是可以保证标准具的频谱中心间隔不受干扰。为了确保出射激光频率在双F-P标准具的中心位置,采用了透过率反馈信号调制标准具腔长。最后对仿真后的数据进行了分析,选取合适的参数,给出了风速误差随高度变化模拟结果。
Direct detection wind lidar is currently available instrument for windfield measurement in the clear atmosphere. In order to research the change of climate, predict weather numerically and avoidshearing wind effectively to improve flight safety, reliable and accurate wind data are badly needed. So there is important meaning to measure wind real time.
This paper deals with the basic concepts of DWL. DWL is an active remote sensing instrument that uses aerosol and molecular backscatter to measure wind. DWL instrument concepts can be divided into two main categories: Direct detection and coherent detection. The direct detection method, which use high-resolution optical devices such as a Fabry-Perot etalons, detects the Doppler shift directly from spectrum of light backscattered from atmospheric air molecules and aerosols.The edge technique is a direct detection method for measuring Doppler shift of an atmospheric backscattered signal from a pulsed laser by differential measurement of atmospheric echo and the outgoing laser pulse. The double-edge technique is a variation of the edge technique. It has the same basic advantages as the edge technique but with new capabilities. It improves the measurement accuracy and allows the Rayleigh and aerosol components of the signal to be separated.Optimization of the operating parameters of Fabry-Perot interferometers for the direct detection Doppler wind lidar based on double-edge technique is considered in detail.
This disseratation mainly studies the frequency discrimination system of winds measurement lidar. The double-edge detection theory for scattered signal of aerosol in lower atmosphere is deduced, the interaction of atmosphere and the laser beam during the transmission and all kinds of disturbing signals of the return signal are analyzed here. I simulate the return signal and the transmission function of F-P,choose the appropriate parameter of F-P based on their influence of the sensitivity of the system, and simulate the process of frequency discrimination.A feedback technique to locate the laser frequency on the steep edge of the F-P is also presented, At last, I analyze the response, sensitivity and errors of the system according to the simulant data.The simulation of the system shows the possibility of the design.
多普勒激光测风雷达从工作原理上可分为相干和非相干(直接探测)两种。论文中采用了双通道Fabry-Perot(F-P)干涉仪直接探测系统,探测Mie散射回波信号。考虑到大气气溶胶和分子的运动对发散激光束的作用,在低空,发射激光用1064nm时,大气分子的Rayleigh散射回波信号几乎为零,气溶胶的Mie散射信号相对较强,这给信号的探测带来很大的方便。鉴频系统是多普勒测风雷达的关键技术之一,能从探测光强度的变化分析出频移量,其鉴频能力会影响雷达测风的精度。本文分析了测风激光雷达的基本原理。直接探测方法中,边缘技术将激光入射频率锁定在鉴频器陡峭边缘上,较小的频移将导致较大的信号强度变化。
论文主要研究测风雷达的鉴频系统,分析了针对低空气溶胶散射信号的双边缘探测理论,然后仿真了F-P对激光束的透过率函数,根据不同F-P的参数对系统灵敏度的影响选择最适合的F-P参数,仿真鉴频系统的鉴频过程。分析了激光线宽,标准具表面质量等对系统鉴频的影响,在现阶段,我们采用的F-P双通道是分开的独立通道,为了提高其稳定性能,进行改进,将两个标准具固定在一个基板上,在受到环境干扰时它们的中心频率漂移变化相同,于是可以保证标准具的频谱中心间隔不受干扰。为了确保出射激光频率在双F-P标准具的中心位置,采用了透过率反馈信号调制标准具腔长。最后对仿真后的数据进行了分析,选取合适的参数,给出了风速误差随高度变化模拟结果。
Direct detection wind lidar is currently available instrument for windfield measurement in the clear atmosphere. In order to research the change of climate, predict weather numerically and avoidshearing wind effectively to improve flight safety, reliable and accurate wind data are badly needed. So there is important meaning to measure wind real time.
This paper deals with the basic concepts of DWL. DWL is an active remote sensing instrument that uses aerosol and molecular backscatter to measure wind. DWL instrument concepts can be divided into two main categories: Direct detection and coherent detection. The direct detection method, which use high-resolution optical devices such as a Fabry-Perot etalons, detects the Doppler shift directly from spectrum of light backscattered from atmospheric air molecules and aerosols.The edge technique is a direct detection method for measuring Doppler shift of an atmospheric backscattered signal from a pulsed laser by differential measurement of atmospheric echo and the outgoing laser pulse. The double-edge technique is a variation of the edge technique. It has the same basic advantages as the edge technique but with new capabilities. It improves the measurement accuracy and allows the Rayleigh and aerosol components of the signal to be separated.Optimization of the operating parameters of Fabry-Perot interferometers for the direct detection Doppler wind lidar based on double-edge technique is considered in detail.
This disseratation mainly studies the frequency discrimination system of winds measurement lidar. The double-edge detection theory for scattered signal of aerosol in lower atmosphere is deduced, the interaction of atmosphere and the laser beam during the transmission and all kinds of disturbing signals of the return signal are analyzed here. I simulate the return signal and the transmission function of F-P,choose the appropriate parameter of F-P based on their influence of the sensitivity of the system, and simulate the process of frequency discrimination.A feedback technique to locate the laser frequency on the steep edge of the F-P is also presented, At last, I analyze the response, sensitivity and errors of the system according to the simulant data.The simulation of the system shows the possibility of the design.
引文
[1] R. Milton. Huffaker, R. Michael. Hardesty, Remote Sensing Velocities Using Coherent Laser of Atmospheric Wind Solid-state and C02 Systems, Proceedings of the IEEE,1996,84(2):81-204
[2] Hall JrFF, Huffaker R M,Hardesty R M,etal. Wind Measurement Accuracyof the NOAA Pulsed Infrared Dopp Ler Lidar. Appl.Opt.,1984, 23(10):2503-2506
[3] Huffaker R M,Lawrence T R, Post M J,etal. Feasibility Studies for a GlobalWind Measuring Satellite System:A Nalysis of Simulated Performance. Appl.Opt.,1984,23(5):2532-2536
[4] Huffaker R M. Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Wind Velocities Using Solid-state and CO2 Coherent Laser Systems. Proc IEEE, 1996, 84: 181-204
[5] Benedetti, Congeduti F, Fiocco G. Measurement of Aerosol Motion and Wind Velocity in the Lower Tropo Sphere by Doppler Optical Lidar.J Atmos Sci,1972.29: 906-910
[6]孙东松,钟志庆,迟如利,李贤敏,周军,胡欢陵.1.06微米直接接散射测风激光雷达的性能分析.激光与红外,2004,34(6):412-415
[7] Drain I.F. The Laser Doppler Technique.New York;1976
[8] Y. Yeh, H. Cummins, Localized Fluid Flow Measurements with an He-Ne Laser Specrometer, Appl.Phys.Lett., 1964,4(3):176-178
[9] Matthew J.McGill,Wilbert R.Skinner,Todd D.lrgang. Analysis Techniques for the Recovery of Winds and Backscatter Coefficients from a Multiple-channel Incoherent Doppler Lidar. Appl.Opt.,1997,36(6):1253-1267
[10] Gentry and C.L.Korb.Edge Technique for High-accuracy Doppler Velocimetry .Appl.Opt.,1994, 33(9):5770-5777
[11] C.L.Korb,B.Gentry,andC.Weng. The Edge Technique: Theory and Application to The Lidar Measurement of Atmospheric Winds. Appl.Opt.,1992,31(1):4202-4213
[12] C.Laurence Korb, B. M. Gentry, and S. X. Li. Edge Technique Doppler Lidar Wind Measurements with High Vertical Resolution.Applied Optical,1997,36(24)5976-5983
[13] C.Laurence Korb,B.M.Gentry. Theory of the Double-Edge Technique for Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement. Applied Optical. 1998,37(15):3097-3104
[14] Cristina Flesia,C.Laurence Korb. Theory of the Double-Edge Molecular Technique for Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement. Applied Optical,1999, 38(3): 43 2-440
[15] Flesia.C,C.Korb.Theory of the double-edge molecular technique for Doppler lidar wind Measurement. Appl. Opt,1999,38(3), 432-440.
[16] Claude Souprayen, Anne Gamier, Albert Hertzog. Rayleigh-Mie Doppler Wind Lidar for Atmospheric Measurements.Applied Optics,1999,38(12):2422-2431
[17] Claude Souprayen, Anne Gamier, Alber Hertzog, Alain Hauchecorne, Jacques Porteneuve.Rayleigh-Mie Doppler Wind Lidar for Atmospheric Measurements. Applied Optics.1999, 38(12): 2410-2420
[18] B. Gentry and C. L. Korb, Edge Technique for High Accuracy Doppler Velocimetry, Applied Optics, 1994, 38(33):5770-5777.
[19] Cristina Flesia,C.Laurence Korb. Theory of the Double-Edge Molecular Technique for Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement. Applied Optical,1999, 38(3): 43 2-440
[20]孙东松.大气风场和温度测量的激光雷达系统及其分析.激光与红外,2002,32 (2):74-76
[21]范志刚主编.光电测试技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2003.129-130
[22]孙景群,激光大气探测.北京:科学出版社,1986.155-159
[23] Y. Yeh, H. Cummins, Localized Fluid Flow Measurements with an He-Ne Laser Specrometer, Appl.Phys.Lett., 1964,(8)4:176-178
[24] R. M. Hufl aker, Laser Doppler Detection Systems for Gas Velocity Measurements, Applied Optical 1970, 9(2):1026-1039
[25] R.M.Huigaker.Laser-Doppler System for Detection of Aircraft Trailing Vortices, Proceeding of the IEEE, 1970, 58(2):322-326
[26] M.R.Brashears,J.N.Hallock.The Measurement of Wind Shear and Wake Vortices by Laser Doppler Velocimetry, American Meteorological Society, 1976:175-184
[27] R.Milton.Huffaker,R.Michael.Hardesty,Remote Sensing Velocities Using Coherent Laser of Atmospheric Wind Solid-state and C02 Systems,Proceedings of the IEEE,1996,84(2):81-204
[28] C.Laurence Korb,B.M.Gentry,S.X.Li.Edge Technique Doppler Lidar Wind Measurements with High Vertical Resolution.Applied Optical,1997,36(24):5976-5983
[29] C.Laurence Korb,B.M.Gentry.Theory of the Double-Edge Technique for Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement.Applied Optical,1998,37(15):3097-3104
[30] Cristina Flesia,C.Laurence Korb. Theory of the Double-Edge Molecular Technique for Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement. Applied Optical,1999, 38(3):43 2-440
[31] Bruce Gentry,Huailin Chen.Tropospheric Wind Measurements Obtained With the Goddard Lidar Observatory forWinds (GLOW):Validation and Performance[C].Proceedings of theInternational Symposium on Optical Science and Technology.San Diego,CA,2001,4484 (7):30-31
[32] C.Laurence Korb,Chi Y Wend. Effective frequency technique for Finite Spectral Bandwidth Effects.Applied Optics.,2004,43(18):3747-3751
[33] Yuri Arshinov, Sergey Bobrovnikov. Daytime operation of a pure Raman lidar by use of a Fabry-Perot interferometer Appl.Opt.,2005,44(17):3593-3603
[34] Relly J P. Laser beam propagation in the atmosphere.SPIE,1983,410:2-18
[35] Matthew J.McGill,James D.Spinhirne.Comparison of Two Direct-detection Doppler Lidar Techniques.Optical Engineering,1998,37(10):2675-2686
[36]何毅,吴健.相干式CO2激光边缘跟踪雷达光学系统[J].中国激光, 1998,25(7):667～671
[37]张培昌.两种中层大气测风雷达探测原理简介.中国激光,2003,23(94):1-4
[38] Matthew J.McGill,James D.Spinhirne. Comparison of Two Direct-detection Doppler Lidar Techniques. Optical Engineering.1998,37(10):2675-2686
[39] Claude Souprayen, Anne Gamier,Albert Hertzog.Rayleigh-Mie DopplerWind Lidar for Atmospheric Measurements.II.Mie Scattering Effect, Theory and Calibration.Applied Optics,1999,38(12):2422-2431
[40] McKay,J.A.,Modeling of Direct Detection Doppler wind Lidar. 1998, Appl.opt., 44(17):6480-6486,
[41]阎吉祥,龚顺生,刘智深.环境监测激光雷达.北京科学出版社,2001:74-77,126-130
[42]熊辉丰.激光雷达.宇航出版社,1994:10-15
[43] Jonathan D W. Frequency response of the atmosphere under thermal blooming conditions. Applied Optics, 1982,21(12):2253-2261
[44] Nicolas. Application of the fractional fourier transformation to digital holography recorded by an elliptical astigmatic Gaussian beam. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2005,22(11):2569-2577
[45]龚智本.激光大气传输研究若干问题进展.量子电子学报,1998,15 (2):114-131
[46]孙东松、杨昭、方建兴,基于Fizeau干涉仪的激光风速测量技术[J] ,中国激光,2003,30(10)2:943-946
[47] Jack A.Mckay.Modeling of direct detection Doppler wind lidar.II .The fringe imaging technique[J].Appl.Opt.,1998,37(27):6487-6493
[48] G.J.Slogget. Fringe broadening in Fabry-Perot interferometers[J].Appl.Opt., 1984,23(14):2427-2432
[49]周军,岳古明,金传佳,戚福第,易维宁,李陶,陈毓红,熊黎明.探测对流层气溶胶的双波长米氏散射激光雷达.光学学报,2000,20(10):1412-1417.
[50]薛峰.多普勒测风激光雷达鉴频系统的研究:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学2006
[51]夏海云.测风激光雷达中F-P标准具的分析及性能检测.激光与红外,2006,36(1):
[52]夏海云.基于气溶胶后向散射的双边缘直接探测多普勒测风激光雷达研究:[硕士学位论文].苏州:苏州大学2006
[2] Hall JrFF, Huffaker R M,Hardesty R M,etal. Wind Measurement Accuracyof the NOAA Pulsed Infrared Dopp Ler Lidar. Appl.Opt.,1984, 23(10):2503-2506
[3] Huffaker R M,Lawrence T R, Post M J,etal. Feasibility Studies for a GlobalWind Measuring Satellite System:A Nalysis of Simulated Performance. Appl.Opt.,1984,23(5):2532-2536
[4] Huffaker R M. Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Wind Velocities Using Solid-state and CO2 Coherent Laser Systems. Proc IEEE, 1996, 84: 181-204
[5] Benedetti, Congeduti F, Fiocco G. Measurement of Aerosol Motion and Wind Velocity in the Lower Tropo Sphere by Doppler Optical Lidar.J Atmos Sci,1972.29: 906-910
[6]孙东松,钟志庆,迟如利,李贤敏,周军,胡欢陵.1.06微米直接接散射测风激光雷达的性能分析.激光与红外,2004,34(6):412-415
[7] Drain I.F. The Laser Doppler Technique.New York;1976
[8] Y. Yeh, H. Cummins, Localized Fluid Flow Measurements with an He-Ne Laser Specrometer, Appl.Phys.Lett., 1964,4(3):176-178
[9] Matthew J.McGill,Wilbert R.Skinner,Todd D.lrgang. Analysis Techniques for the Recovery of Winds and Backscatter Coefficients from a Multiple-channel Incoherent Doppler Lidar. Appl.Opt.,1997,36(6):1253-1267
[10] Gentry and C.L.Korb.Edge Technique for High-accuracy Doppler Velocimetry .Appl.Opt.,1994, 33(9):5770-5777
[11] C.L.Korb,B.Gentry,andC.Weng. The Edge Technique: Theory and Application to The Lidar Measurement of Atmospheric Winds. Appl.Opt.,1992,31(1):4202-4213
[12] C.Laurence Korb, B. M. Gentry, and S. X. Li. Edge Technique Doppler Lidar Wind Measurements with High Vertical Resolution.Applied Optical,1997,36(24)5976-5983
[13] C.Laurence Korb,B.M.Gentry. Theory of the Double-Edge Technique for Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement. Applied Optical. 1998,37(15):3097-3104
[14] Cristina Flesia,C.Laurence Korb. Theory of the Double-Edge Molecular Technique for Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement. Applied Optical,1999, 38(3): 43 2-440
[15] Flesia.C,C.Korb.Theory of the double-edge molecular technique for Doppler lidar wind Measurement. Appl. Opt,1999,38(3), 432-440.
[16] Claude Souprayen, Anne Gamier, Albert Hertzog. Rayleigh-Mie Doppler Wind Lidar for Atmospheric Measurements.Applied Optics,1999,38(12):2422-2431
[17] Claude Souprayen, Anne Gamier, Alber Hertzog, Alain Hauchecorne, Jacques Porteneuve.Rayleigh-Mie Doppler Wind Lidar for Atmospheric Measurements. Applied Optics.1999, 38(12): 2410-2420
[18] B. Gentry and C. L. Korb, Edge Technique for High Accuracy Doppler Velocimetry, Applied Optics, 1994, 38(33):5770-5777.
[19] Cristina Flesia,C.Laurence Korb. Theory of the Double-Edge Molecular Technique for Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement. Applied Optical,1999, 38(3): 43 2-440
[20]孙东松.大气风场和温度测量的激光雷达系统及其分析.激光与红外,2002,32 (2):74-76
[21]范志刚主编.光电测试技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2003.129-130
[22]孙景群,激光大气探测.北京:科学出版社,1986.155-159
[23] Y. Yeh, H. Cummins, Localized Fluid Flow Measurements with an He-Ne Laser Specrometer, Appl.Phys.Lett., 1964,(8)4:176-178
[24] R. M. Hufl aker, Laser Doppler Detection Systems for Gas Velocity Measurements, Applied Optical 1970, 9(2):1026-1039
[25] R.M.Huigaker.Laser-Doppler System for Detection of Aircraft Trailing Vortices, Proceeding of the IEEE, 1970, 58(2):322-326
[26] M.R.Brashears,J.N.Hallock.The Measurement of Wind Shear and Wake Vortices by Laser Doppler Velocimetry, American Meteorological Society, 1976:175-184
[27] R.Milton.Huffaker,R.Michael.Hardesty,Remote Sensing Velocities Using Coherent Laser of Atmospheric Wind Solid-state and C02 Systems,Proceedings of the IEEE,1996,84(2):81-204
[28] C.Laurence Korb,B.M.Gentry,S.X.Li.Edge Technique Doppler Lidar Wind Measurements with High Vertical Resolution.Applied Optical,1997,36(24):5976-5983
[29] C.Laurence Korb,B.M.Gentry.Theory of the Double-Edge Technique for Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement.Applied Optical,1998,37(15):3097-3104
[30] Cristina Flesia,C.Laurence Korb. Theory of the Double-Edge Molecular Technique for Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement. Applied Optical,1999, 38(3):43 2-440
[31] Bruce Gentry,Huailin Chen.Tropospheric Wind Measurements Obtained With the Goddard Lidar Observatory forWinds (GLOW):Validation and Performance[C].Proceedings of theInternational Symposium on Optical Science and Technology.San Diego,CA,2001,4484 (7):30-31
[32] C.Laurence Korb,Chi Y Wend. Effective frequency technique for Finite Spectral Bandwidth Effects.Applied Optics.,2004,43(18):3747-3751
[33] Yuri Arshinov, Sergey Bobrovnikov. Daytime operation of a pure Raman lidar by use of a Fabry-Perot interferometer Appl.Opt.,2005,44(17):3593-3603
[34] Relly J P. Laser beam propagation in the atmosphere.SPIE,1983,410:2-18
[35] Matthew J.McGill,James D.Spinhirne.Comparison of Two Direct-detection Doppler Lidar Techniques.Optical Engineering,1998,37(10):2675-2686
[36]何毅,吴健.相干式CO2激光边缘跟踪雷达光学系统[J].中国激光, 1998,25(7):667～671
[37]张培昌.两种中层大气测风雷达探测原理简介.中国激光,2003,23(94):1-4
[38] Matthew J.McGill,James D.Spinhirne. Comparison of Two Direct-detection Doppler Lidar Techniques. Optical Engineering.1998,37(10):2675-2686
[39] Claude Souprayen, Anne Gamier,Albert Hertzog.Rayleigh-Mie DopplerWind Lidar for Atmospheric Measurements.II.Mie Scattering Effect, Theory and Calibration.Applied Optics,1999,38(12):2422-2431
[40] McKay,J.A.,Modeling of Direct Detection Doppler wind Lidar. 1998, Appl.opt., 44(17):6480-6486,
[41]阎吉祥,龚顺生,刘智深.环境监测激光雷达.北京科学出版社,2001:74-77,126-130
[42]熊辉丰.激光雷达.宇航出版社,1994:10-15
[43] Jonathan D W. Frequency response of the atmosphere under thermal blooming conditions. Applied Optics, 1982,21(12):2253-2261
[44] Nicolas. Application of the fractional fourier transformation to digital holography recorded by an elliptical astigmatic Gaussian beam. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2005,22(11):2569-2577
[45]龚智本.激光大气传输研究若干问题进展.量子电子学报,1998,15 (2):114-131
[46]孙东松、杨昭、方建兴,基于Fizeau干涉仪的激光风速测量技术[J] ,中国激光,2003,30(10)2:943-946
[47] Jack A.Mckay.Modeling of direct detection Doppler wind lidar.II .The fringe imaging technique[J].Appl.Opt.,1998,37(27):6487-6493
[48] G.J.Slogget. Fringe broadening in Fabry-Perot interferometers[J].Appl.Opt., 1984,23(14):2427-2432
[49]周军,岳古明,金传佳,戚福第,易维宁,李陶,陈毓红,熊黎明.探测对流层气溶胶的双波长米氏散射激光雷达.光学学报,2000,20(10):1412-1417.
[50]薛峰.多普勒测风激光雷达鉴频系统的研究:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学2006
[51]夏海云.测风激光雷达中F-P标准具的分析及性能检测.激光与红外,2006,36(1):
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