合成孔径雷达地面动目标检测技术研究
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摘要
利用合成孔径雷达进行地面运动目标检测在军事和民用上都有非常重要的作用。目前很多国家在该领域开展了大量研究工作，努力探求更高效、更实用的检测方法和研制更先进的动目标检测系统。
本论文在分析国内外SAR运动目标检测技术发展的基础上，深入研究了地面动目标检测的几种主要方法，并重点研究了ATI方法。同时，文中提出了一些新的方法，创新性地解决了ATI地面动目标检测中的一些关键问题，使之更加高效和实用。
本文的工作和创新主要包括：
1)分析了运动目标回波信号模型，深入分析了运动目标的多普勒中心频率和调频率对动目标成像的影响，并对分析结果进行了仿真。
2)分析了当前运动目标检测的几种主要方法，包括单通道动目标检测法、ATI、DPCA和STAP方法，深入分析了这些方法的基本原理和一些关键问题，并对这些方法在检测性能、可实现性和设备复杂度等方面进行了比较。
3)详细分析了ATI方法的检测性能，对影响ATI检测性能的天线工作方式、相位解缠、图像配准和相位降噪等关键问题进行了分析研究。结合频域检测法和双通道ATI方法的优点，提出了一种双通道ATI相位解缠方法，该方法不需要地面可控目标，要求设备复杂性也不高，所以比传统的双通道ATI相位解缠方法更具实用性。该方法也可被应用于双通道DPCA方法中。
4)分析了目标检测的基本原理，针对传统双通道ATI单阈值检测法的不足，分析研究了利用双阈值进行动目标检测的原理和实现方法，并提出了一种利用复相关系数和干涉相位两个阈值进行动目标检测的方法。文中给出了该方法的理论推导和算法流程，分析了算法的优缺点，仿真结果表明该方法能在一定的检测概率下，有效地降低ATI动目标检测的虚警率。
5)深入研究了基于ATI的多通道动目标检测技术，根据多通道ATI系统相位信息比较丰富的特点，提出了一种多通道ATI动目标检测方法，该方法先对多个通道的相位值进行直线拟合，然后利用拟合直线的斜率与拟合残差和(拟合直线残差的绝对值之和)一起进行动目标检测。仿真表明，该方法能有效地提高ATI检测性能。
Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) with SAR is highly valuable for bothmilitary and civilian application. Now many countries are making great efforts in thefield to develop novel GMTI systems and explore high efficient and practical GMTImethods.
Based on the analyses of evolution for SAR/GMTI techniques, this dissertationstudies thoroughly several currently prevalent GMTI methods, especially ATI. At thesame time, this dissertation presents several methods that are more efficient andpractical to solve some difficult problems in ATI/GMTI. The primary work of thedissertation is as follows:
1. The dissertation analyzes the model of moving target echoes, and discussesin detail the effect of moving target Doppler center frequency and Doppler rate on theconventional SAR image, which is verified by simulation.
2. The dissertation discusses several currently prevalent GMTI methods,including single-channel methods, ATI, DPCA and STAP, and analyzes the processingscheme and some key issues of each method. These methods are compared in sense ofperformance, practicability and affordability in the paper.
3. Detection performance of ATI and several key issues of ATI are in-depthstudied, such as phase-unwrapping, antenna transmission mode, Image registrationand phase denoise etc. A novel phase-unwrapping method is proposed whichcombines the merits of spectral-filter method and dual-channel ATI method. Sincethis method neither need ground controlled object nor high system complexity, it ismore practicable than conventional phase-unwrapped method of dual-channel ATI.This method can also be adapted to DPCA.
4. After analyzing the fundamental principle of target detection. Thedissertation studies the dual-threshold GMTI approach which remedies theshortcomings of conventional single-threshold methods of dual-channel ATI. A novelapproach is proposed which combines the conventional interferometric phasedetection with the complex correlation coefficient detection. In this dissertation, the theory of the method is deduced; the flow and the advantage of the method areintroduced. The simulated results demonstrate that this method can greatly reduce thefalse alarm rate of moving object detection.
5. The multi-channel SAR GMTI based on ATI is deeply analyzed. A novelmethod is presented that can take full advantage of the abundant phase information ofmulti-channel ATI system. In the method, a straight line is applied to fit the phasechange, and then the moving object detection is performed by using the slope andresidual error sum of the fit line. The simulated results demonstrate that this methodcan detect moving object more effectively.
本论文在分析国内外SAR运动目标检测技术发展的基础上，深入研究了地面动目标检测的几种主要方法，并重点研究了ATI方法。同时，文中提出了一些新的方法，创新性地解决了ATI地面动目标检测中的一些关键问题，使之更加高效和实用。
本文的工作和创新主要包括：
1)分析了运动目标回波信号模型，深入分析了运动目标的多普勒中心频率和调频率对动目标成像的影响，并对分析结果进行了仿真。
2)分析了当前运动目标检测的几种主要方法，包括单通道动目标检测法、ATI、DPCA和STAP方法，深入分析了这些方法的基本原理和一些关键问题，并对这些方法在检测性能、可实现性和设备复杂度等方面进行了比较。
3)详细分析了ATI方法的检测性能，对影响ATI检测性能的天线工作方式、相位解缠、图像配准和相位降噪等关键问题进行了分析研究。结合频域检测法和双通道ATI方法的优点，提出了一种双通道ATI相位解缠方法，该方法不需要地面可控目标，要求设备复杂性也不高，所以比传统的双通道ATI相位解缠方法更具实用性。该方法也可被应用于双通道DPCA方法中。
4)分析了目标检测的基本原理，针对传统双通道ATI单阈值检测法的不足，分析研究了利用双阈值进行动目标检测的原理和实现方法，并提出了一种利用复相关系数和干涉相位两个阈值进行动目标检测的方法。文中给出了该方法的理论推导和算法流程，分析了算法的优缺点，仿真结果表明该方法能在一定的检测概率下，有效地降低ATI动目标检测的虚警率。
5)深入研究了基于ATI的多通道动目标检测技术，根据多通道ATI系统相位信息比较丰富的特点，提出了一种多通道ATI动目标检测方法，该方法先对多个通道的相位值进行直线拟合，然后利用拟合直线的斜率与拟合残差和(拟合直线残差的绝对值之和)一起进行动目标检测。仿真表明，该方法能有效地提高ATI检测性能。
Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) with SAR is highly valuable for bothmilitary and civilian application. Now many countries are making great efforts in thefield to develop novel GMTI systems and explore high efficient and practical GMTImethods.
Based on the analyses of evolution for SAR/GMTI techniques, this dissertationstudies thoroughly several currently prevalent GMTI methods, especially ATI. At thesame time, this dissertation presents several methods that are more efficient andpractical to solve some difficult problems in ATI/GMTI. The primary work of thedissertation is as follows:
1. The dissertation analyzes the model of moving target echoes, and discussesin detail the effect of moving target Doppler center frequency and Doppler rate on theconventional SAR image, which is verified by simulation.
2. The dissertation discusses several currently prevalent GMTI methods,including single-channel methods, ATI, DPCA and STAP, and analyzes the processingscheme and some key issues of each method. These methods are compared in sense ofperformance, practicability and affordability in the paper.
3. Detection performance of ATI and several key issues of ATI are in-depthstudied, such as phase-unwrapping, antenna transmission mode, Image registrationand phase denoise etc. A novel phase-unwrapping method is proposed whichcombines the merits of spectral-filter method and dual-channel ATI method. Sincethis method neither need ground controlled object nor high system complexity, it ismore practicable than conventional phase-unwrapped method of dual-channel ATI.This method can also be adapted to DPCA.
4. After analyzing the fundamental principle of target detection. Thedissertation studies the dual-threshold GMTI approach which remedies theshortcomings of conventional single-threshold methods of dual-channel ATI. A novelapproach is proposed which combines the conventional interferometric phasedetection with the complex correlation coefficient detection. In this dissertation, the theory of the method is deduced; the flow and the advantage of the method areintroduced. The simulated results demonstrate that this method can greatly reduce thefalse alarm rate of moving object detection.
5. The multi-channel SAR GMTI based on ATI is deeply analyzed. A novelmethod is presented that can take full advantage of the abundant phase information ofmulti-channel ATI system. In the method, a straight line is applied to fit the phasechange, and then the moving object detection is performed by using the slope andresidual error sum of the fit line. The simulated results demonstrate that this methodcan detect moving object more effectively.
引文
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[2] 刘永坦，雷达成像技术，哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2001。
[3] 丁鹭飞、耿富录，雷达原理，西安电子科技大学出版社，2000。
[4] John C. Curlander and Robert N. McDonough, Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems and Signal Processing, New York, NY: John Wiley &Sons, Inc., 1991.
[5] R. M. Goldstein, H. A. Zebker, "Interferometric Radar Measurement of Ocean Surface Currents," Nature, vol.328, pp.707-709, 1987.
[6] Walter G. Carrara, Ron S. Goodman and Ronald M. Majewski, Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing Algorithms, Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc., 1995.
[7] John Clarke, Airborne Early Warning Radar, Processing of the IEEE, Voi.73, No2, Feb. 1985.
[8] Chen V.C., Lipps, Ronald, Bottoms M., Radar Imaging of Ground Moving Targets,2001 IEEE Radar Conference,pp.426-431
[9] 郑明洁，合成孔径雷达动目标检测和成像研究，中国科学院电子学研究所博士学位论文，2003—6。
[10] R.K. Raney, "Synthetic Aperture Imaging Radar and Moving Targets," IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. AES-7, No.3 May 1971.
[11] H. Chen and C.D.McGillem, Target Motion Compensation by Spectrum shifting in Synthetic Aperture Radar, IEEE Trans. On AES, 1992, vol.28, no.3, pp895-901.
[12] Freeman A., Simple MTI Using Synthetic Aperture Radar, IGARSS 1984, pp.65-70.
[13] Freeman A., A Digital Prefilter for MTI with SAR, Proceedings of International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, 1984.
[14] Freeman A., A. Currie, Synthetic Aperture Radar Images of Moving Targets, GEC Journal of Research, 1987, Vol.5, No.2, pp. 106-115.
[15] 康雪艳，机载SAR地面运动目标检测成像技术研究，中国科学院电子学研究所博士学位论文，2004—6。
[16] Moreira J.R., A New Method of aircraft motion error extraction from radar raw data for real time motion compensation, IEEE Transactions on G.R.S, 1990, Vol. 28,No.4, pp.620-626.
[17] Moreira J.R., W.Keydel, A New MTI-SAR Approach Using the Reflectivity Displacement Method, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1995, Vol. 33, No.5, pp.1238-1244.
[18] 何映霞，机载SAR运动目标实时检测方案若干技术问题的研究，中国科学院电子学研究所博士学位论文，2000。
[19] Kirscht M., Detection, Velocity Estimation and Imaging of Moving Targets with Single-Channel SAR, EUSAR'98, 1998, pp.587-590.
[20] Kirscht M., Detection and Imaging of Arbitrarily Moving Targets with Single-channel SAR, IEE Proceedings Radar, Sonar and Navigation, Vol. 150,NO1,Feb.2003,pp.7-11.
[21] Fienup J.p., Detection Moving Targets in SAR Imagery by Focusing, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.37, No.3, 2001, pp.794-809.
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