三江平原黑翅长脚鹬繁殖期行为和巢址选择研究
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摘要
利用瞬时扫描取样法、焦点动物取样法、所有事件取样对三江平原腹地的安邦河自然保护区和三环泡自然保护区黑翅长脚鹬繁殖行为进行观察记录,对其巢址生境选择进行了分析。运用Excel分类汇总数据并制图分析,运用SPSS17.0软件对个体行为数据进行Kolmogorov-Smimov检验,观察结果是否属于正态分布。运用Wilcoxon (威尔科克森)符号秩检验法和Sign(普通符号)检验分析繁殖期不同阶段黑翅长脚鹬行为差异显著性；运用独立样本T检验对黑翅长脚鹬雌雄两性行为差异性进行了分析；通过主成分分析得出影响巢址选择的主要生态因子。
在繁殖期不同阶段,黑翅长脚鹬在觅食、理羽、游走、繁育行为的差异性显著,静栖、警戒、争斗行为没有显著差异。
黑翅长脚鹬觅食行为在在一天中有四个峰值时段；静栖行为在9：00-10：55、12：00-13：55、15：00-15：55三个时段出现峰值；理羽行为在7：00-7：55和16：00-16：55有两个峰值；争斗行为随机性强,没有明显规律。
雌(Z=1.087, Sig.=0.188),雄(Z=1.156, Sig.=0.138)个体行为数据符合正态分布。通过独立样本T检验,当取α=0.05时,整个繁殖期雌雄两性的各行为都不存在显著差异。这与用威尔科克森(Wilcoxon)符号秩检验法(Z=-1.400a, Asymp.Sig.(2-tailed)=0.162),普通符号(Sig)检验法(Exact. Sig.(2-tailed)=0.307a)相互验证得出：繁殖期黑翅长脚鹬雌雄两性之间行为无显著差异(P>0.05)检验结果一致。
黑翅长脚鹬繁殖生境中的植被以芦苇为优势种；植被的高度在30-60cm范围内出现的频次最高,占27.40%。巢址上植被的平均高度为55.23±25.23cm；黑翅长脚鹬繁殖区平均植被密度为7.30+8.49棵/m2,盖度低于25%,巢址周围多开阔的明水面。黑翅长脚鹬巢区距人类活动频繁地平均距离632.50±168.57m,对人类干扰具有很大的耐受力。
主成分分析表明,黑翅长脚鹬巢址选择的主要生境因子是巢址植被密度、植被盖度、巢距水面距离,其次是距巢5m处水深、植被高度和巢间距,对巢距人为干扰距离的远近和巢间距离的要求并不严格。
Used instantaneous scanning sampling method, focus animal sampling method, all events sampling method, carried on recording the Black-winged Stilt reproductive behavior observation and its nest selection, made 1m×1m quadrat surrounding nests and measure habitat factors in Anbang River Nature Reserve and Sanhuanpao Nature Reserve in the Sanjiang Plain Areas. By use of Excel collect classified data, drawings, analysis, through SPSS 17.0 software Kolmogorov-Smimov inspection data to the individual behaviors and observations, whether to belong to normal distribution.
Used Wilcoxon symbols rank inspection and Sign testing to test difference of significant analysis in various stages of the breeding behavior of Black-winged Stilt. Used independent sample t-test analysis male and female behavior differences of Black-winged Stilt. Through the principal component analysis to find the main affect ecological factors of nest site selection.
In different stages of breeding, black-winged stilt in foraging, walking, preening,breeding behavior have significantly difference, the differences of resting, warning, fighting behavior did not differ significantly.
In one day, the foraging behavior of Balck-winged stilt have four peak period; Resting behavior appears three time peak:9:00-10:55、12:00-13:55、15:00-15:55; Preening behavior appears two time peak:7:00-7:55,16:00-16:55; Fighting behavior express strong randomicity.
Female(Z=1.087, Sig.=0.188), Male (Z=1.156, Sig.=0.138) data fits normal distribution. Used independent sample t-test analysis, a=0.05, all kinds of behaviors between female and male were not significant differences in the whole breeding period, which as the results of Wilcoxon symbols rank inspection (Z=1.400a,Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)=0.162) and Sign testing (Exact. Sig. (2-tailed)=0.307a).
Reed is the habitats advantaged species, average height reach 55.23±25.23cm, average density achieve 7.30±8.49 tree/m2, vegetation coverage<25%, the average safe distance from human activity area achieve 632.50±168.57m.
PCA(SPSS.17.0) suggest, vegetation density, vegetation coverage, distance apart from water surface are main factors of nest-site selection of black-winged stilt, in the next place, there are the depth of water from nest 5m away, vegetation height and distance between nests.
在繁殖期不同阶段,黑翅长脚鹬在觅食、理羽、游走、繁育行为的差异性显著,静栖、警戒、争斗行为没有显著差异。
黑翅长脚鹬觅食行为在在一天中有四个峰值时段；静栖行为在9：00-10：55、12：00-13：55、15：00-15：55三个时段出现峰值；理羽行为在7：00-7：55和16：00-16：55有两个峰值；争斗行为随机性强,没有明显规律。
雌(Z=1.087, Sig.=0.188),雄(Z=1.156, Sig.=0.138)个体行为数据符合正态分布。通过独立样本T检验,当取α=0.05时,整个繁殖期雌雄两性的各行为都不存在显著差异。这与用威尔科克森(Wilcoxon)符号秩检验法(Z=-1.400a, Asymp.Sig.(2-tailed)=0.162),普通符号(Sig)检验法(Exact. Sig.(2-tailed)=0.307a)相互验证得出：繁殖期黑翅长脚鹬雌雄两性之间行为无显著差异(P>0.05)检验结果一致。
黑翅长脚鹬繁殖生境中的植被以芦苇为优势种；植被的高度在30-60cm范围内出现的频次最高,占27.40%。巢址上植被的平均高度为55.23±25.23cm；黑翅长脚鹬繁殖区平均植被密度为7.30+8.49棵/m2,盖度低于25%,巢址周围多开阔的明水面。黑翅长脚鹬巢区距人类活动频繁地平均距离632.50±168.57m,对人类干扰具有很大的耐受力。
主成分分析表明,黑翅长脚鹬巢址选择的主要生境因子是巢址植被密度、植被盖度、巢距水面距离,其次是距巢5m处水深、植被高度和巢间距,对巢距人为干扰距离的远近和巢间距离的要求并不严格。
Used instantaneous scanning sampling method, focus animal sampling method, all events sampling method, carried on recording the Black-winged Stilt reproductive behavior observation and its nest selection, made 1m×1m quadrat surrounding nests and measure habitat factors in Anbang River Nature Reserve and Sanhuanpao Nature Reserve in the Sanjiang Plain Areas. By use of Excel collect classified data, drawings, analysis, through SPSS 17.0 software Kolmogorov-Smimov inspection data to the individual behaviors and observations, whether to belong to normal distribution.
Used Wilcoxon symbols rank inspection and Sign testing to test difference of significant analysis in various stages of the breeding behavior of Black-winged Stilt. Used independent sample t-test analysis male and female behavior differences of Black-winged Stilt. Through the principal component analysis to find the main affect ecological factors of nest site selection.
In different stages of breeding, black-winged stilt in foraging, walking, preening,breeding behavior have significantly difference, the differences of resting, warning, fighting behavior did not differ significantly.
In one day, the foraging behavior of Balck-winged stilt have four peak period; Resting behavior appears three time peak:9:00-10:55、12:00-13:55、15:00-15:55; Preening behavior appears two time peak:7:00-7:55,16:00-16:55; Fighting behavior express strong randomicity.
Female(Z=1.087, Sig.=0.188), Male (Z=1.156, Sig.=0.138) data fits normal distribution. Used independent sample t-test analysis, a=0.05, all kinds of behaviors between female and male were not significant differences in the whole breeding period, which as the results of Wilcoxon symbols rank inspection (Z=1.400a,Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)=0.162) and Sign testing (Exact. Sig. (2-tailed)=0.307a).
Reed is the habitats advantaged species, average height reach 55.23±25.23cm, average density achieve 7.30±8.49 tree/m2, vegetation coverage<25%, the average safe distance from human activity area achieve 632.50±168.57m.
PCA(SPSS.17.0) suggest, vegetation density, vegetation coverage, distance apart from water surface are main factors of nest-site selection of black-winged stilt, in the next place, there are the depth of water from nest 5m away, vegetation height and distance between nests.
引文
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[3]尚玉昌.行为生态学[M].北京大学出版社,1998
[4]李方满,李佩珣.丹顶鹤与白枕鹤的领域比较[J].生态学杂志,1999,18(6)：33-37
[5]郑光美.鸟类学[M].北京师范大学出版社,1995.
[6]张孚允,杨若莉.中国鸟类迁徙研究[M].中国林业出版社,1997：164-196
[7]尚玉昌,李留彬,王飞等.灰喜鹊的行为生态学研究及生殖行为[J].应用生态学报.1994,5(3)：263～268
[8]宋榆钧,张兴录.长白山沼泽山雀的生态习性研究[J].动物学研究.1986,7(2)：155-159
[9]张荫荪.遗鸥繁殖生态研究[J].动物学报.1993,39(2)：154-159
[10]杜进进.黑嘴鸥繁殖生态研究[J].动物学杂志.1994,29(3)：32-36
[11]余志刚,蒋鸿,梁伟.红腹锦鸡繁殖生态研究[J].动物学杂志.1997,32(1)：41—44
[12]相桂权,冯贺林等.红隼的繁殖习性及领域选择的研究[J].动物学杂志.1993,28(2)：8-43
[13]武明录,吴跃峰,李春秋等.河北围场黑琴鸡繁殖生态学研究.动物学研究[J].1997,18(3)：285-291
[14]曾国仕.鹭科鸟类筑巢地繁殖行为时间分配的研究[D].河南大学.2008,5：3
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