企业员工团队—成员交换的结构及相关研究
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摘要
团队-成员交换是工作团队中成员个体所感知到的团队其他成员与自身之间交换关系的水平,这种交换关系既包括个体与成员间行为上的交流与互助,还包括情感上的感知与认同。
本研究采用问卷调查法对湖南、上海等地的多家企业进行调查研究,并运用探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析及回归分析等统计方法对研究结果进行统计、分析,对企业员工团队-成员交换的结构维度及其对团队承诺、离职倾向等结果变量的影响作用进行了探讨,得到了如下结论：
一、企业员工团队-成员交换是一个多维结构,包含信息交换、服务交换、认同交换、情谊交换四个维度。
二、服务交换、认同交换及情谊交换都对团队承诺具有显著的正向影响作用,对离职倾向具有显著的负向影响作用；信息交换对团队承诺及离职倾向无显著的影响作用。
三、团队承诺在服务交换、认同交换及情谊交换与离职倾向之间起部分中介作用。
四、组织支持感对服务交换、认同交换、情谊交换与团队承诺之间的关系具有显著的正向调节作用；组织支持感对认同交换、情谊交换与离职倾向之间的关系具有显著的正向调节作用。
Team-member exchange is the individual perception of exchange relationship between himself/herself and other team members, the exchange relationship includes not only the communication and reciprocal actions between team members, but also the emotional feelings to team members.
In order to understand the construction of team-member exchange and relationship between TMX and turnover intention, team commitment and perceived organizational support, we used questionnaire to investigate the employees who working at the enterprises located at Shanghai and Guangzhou. During the data analysis, we used the exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and regression analysis as the statistic methodology. Finally, we concludes as below.
1. Team-member is a multidimensional construct with four dimensions such as exchange of effort, exchange of communication, affective exchange and exchange of respect.
2. Exchange of effort, affective exchange and exchange of respect have positive impact on team commitment but have negative impact on turnover intention, exchange of communication has no significant impact on team commitment and turnover intention.
3. Team commitment partially mediated the relationship between exchange of effort, affective exchange, exchange of respect and turnover intention.
4. Perceived organizational support was found to significantly moderate the relationship between exchange of effort, affective exchange, exchange of respect and team commitment, it also has the moderating effects on the relationship between exchange of effort, affective exchange and turnover intention.
本研究采用问卷调查法对湖南、上海等地的多家企业进行调查研究,并运用探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析及回归分析等统计方法对研究结果进行统计、分析,对企业员工团队-成员交换的结构维度及其对团队承诺、离职倾向等结果变量的影响作用进行了探讨,得到了如下结论：
一、企业员工团队-成员交换是一个多维结构,包含信息交换、服务交换、认同交换、情谊交换四个维度。
二、服务交换、认同交换及情谊交换都对团队承诺具有显著的正向影响作用,对离职倾向具有显著的负向影响作用；信息交换对团队承诺及离职倾向无显著的影响作用。
三、团队承诺在服务交换、认同交换及情谊交换与离职倾向之间起部分中介作用。
四、组织支持感对服务交换、认同交换、情谊交换与团队承诺之间的关系具有显著的正向调节作用；组织支持感对认同交换、情谊交换与离职倾向之间的关系具有显著的正向调节作用。
Team-member exchange is the individual perception of exchange relationship between himself/herself and other team members, the exchange relationship includes not only the communication and reciprocal actions between team members, but also the emotional feelings to team members.
In order to understand the construction of team-member exchange and relationship between TMX and turnover intention, team commitment and perceived organizational support, we used questionnaire to investigate the employees who working at the enterprises located at Shanghai and Guangzhou. During the data analysis, we used the exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and regression analysis as the statistic methodology. Finally, we concludes as below.
1. Team-member is a multidimensional construct with four dimensions such as exchange of effort, exchange of communication, affective exchange and exchange of respect.
2. Exchange of effort, affective exchange and exchange of respect have positive impact on team commitment but have negative impact on turnover intention, exchange of communication has no significant impact on team commitment and turnover intention.
3. Team commitment partially mediated the relationship between exchange of effort, affective exchange, exchange of respect and turnover intention.
4. Perceived organizational support was found to significantly moderate the relationship between exchange of effort, affective exchange, exchange of respect and team commitment, it also has the moderating effects on the relationship between exchange of effort, affective exchange and turnover intention.
引文
[1]孙锐,王乃静.创新型企业团队成员交换与组织创新关系研究[J].科学学研究,2009,27(10)：1571-1575
[2]凌文辁,杨海军,方俐洛.企业员工的组织支持感[J].心理学报,2006,38(02)：281-287
[3]罗宾斯著,郑小明译,组织行为学精要[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000
[4]黄芳铭.结构方程模式：理论与应用[M].北京：中国税务出版社,2005：2.
[5]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2004：12-14.
[6]Seers, A. Team-member exchange quality:A new construct for role-making research[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1989,43:118-135.
[7]Liden, R. C.,Wayne, S. J.,& Sparrowe, R. T. An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relationship between job, interpersonal relationships and work outcomes[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85:407-416.
[8]Maslyn, J. M.,& Uhl-Bien, M. Leader-member exchange and its dimensions:Effects of self-effort and other's effort on relationship quality[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2001,86:697-708.
[9]Herman H. M. Tse, Marie T. Dasborough. A Study of Exchange and Emotions in Team Member Relationships[J]. Group Organization Management. April 2008,33:2194-215
[10]Trimble, Douglas E. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention of missionaries[J]. Journal of Psychology & Theology, Winter2006, Vol.34 Issue 4:p349-360
[11]Moura, Georgina Randsley; Abrams, Dominic; Retter, Carina; Gunnarsdottir, Sigridur; Ando, Kaori. Identification as an organizational anchor:How identification and job satisfaction combine to predict turnover intention[J].European Journal of Social Psychology. Jun2009, Vol.39 Issue 4, p540-557
[12]Sherony, K. M.,& Green, S. G. Co-worker exchange:Relationships between co-workers, leader-member exchange, and work attitudes[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, (2002).87,542-548.
[13]Wech, B. A. Effect of TMX on individual-level performance, OCB individual, and job satisfaction beyond the influence of LMX[C]. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Southern Management Association, Clearwater Beach, FL.2003, November
[14]Williams, H. M., Parker, S. K.,& Turner, N. Perceived dissimilarity and perspective taking within work teams[J]. Group & Organization Management,2007,32:569-597.
[15]Watson, D., Clark, L. A.,& Tellegen, A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect:The PANAS Scale[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54: 1063-1070.
[16]JW Bishop, KD Scott.How commitment affects team performance[J].HR MAGAZINE,1997
[17]Craig L. Pearce and Pamela A. Herbik.Citizenship Behavior at the Team Level of Analysis:The Effects of Team Leadership, Team Commitment, Perceived Team Support, and Team Size[J]. The Journal of Social Psychology.2004,144(3):293-310
[18]TE Becker.Foci and bases of commitment:are they distinctions worth making[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1992
[19]R Eisenberger, R Huntington, S Hutchison Perceived organizational support. [J]Journal of Applied Psychology,1986
[20]Porter, L.W., Steers, R. M.,& Mowday, R. T., Boulian, P. V. Organization Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Among Psychiatric Technicians[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,1974,59: 603-609.
[21]Mobley, William H.; Griffeth, Rodger W.; Hand, Herbert H.; Meglino, B. M.Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process[J].Psychological Bulletin.1979,86(3):493-522.
[22]Michaels, Charles E.; Spector, Paul E.Causes of employee turnover:A test of the Mobley, Griffeth, Hand, and Meglino model[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology.1982,67(1):53-59.
[23]Pearce.C.L, Citizenship Behavior at the team level of Analysis:The Effect of Team leadership, Team commitment, Perceived Team support, and Team Size[J]. The Journal of Social Psychology.2004, 144(3):293-310
[24]Hoppock,R. Job Satisfaction[J]. New York:Haper&Row,1935
[25]Ng, K. Y,& Van Dyne, L.. Antecedents and performance consequences of helping behavior in work groups[J]. Group & Organization Management,2005,30:514-540.
[26]Kram, K. E.,& Isabella, L. A. Mentoring alternatives:The role of peer relationships in career development[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1985,28:110-132.
[27]Deckop, J. R., Cirka, C. C.,& Andersson, L. M.. Doing unto others:The reciprocity of helping behavior in organizations[J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2003,47,101-113.
[28]Cropanzano, R.,& Mitchell, M. S.Social exchange theory:An interdisciplinary review[J]. Journal of Management,2005,31,874-900.
[29]Clark, M. S.,& Mills, J. Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1979,37,12-24.
[30]Jung D I, Sosik J J. Transformational leadership in work groups:The role of empowerment, cohesiveness, and collective-efficacy on perceived group performance[J]. Small Group Research,2002, 33(3):313-336
[31]Thomas KW, Velthouse B A. Cognitive elements of empowerment:An interpretive model of intrinsic task motivation[J]. Academy of Management Review,1990,15 (4):666-681
[32]Ashforth, B. E.,& Mael, E. Social identity theory and the organization[J]. Academy of Management Review,1989,14,20-39.
[33]Fink, J.S., Trail, GT.&Anderson, D.F An examination of team identification:Which motives are most salient to its existence[J].International Sports Journal,2002,6(2):195-207.
[34]Erez, A., Lepine, J.A.&Elms, H.Effects of rotated leadership and peer evaluation on the functioning and effectiveness of self-managed teams:A quasi-experiment[J]. Personnel Psychology,2002, 55(4)929-948
[35]Ehrhart, M.G, Bliese, P.D.&Thomas, J.L.Unit-Level OCB and unit effectiveness:Examining the incremental effect of helping behavior[J]. Human Performance,2006,19(2):159-173
[36]Bishop J.W&ScottK.D.An Examination of Organizational and Team Commitment in a Self-Directed Team Environment J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85(3):439-451.
[37]Bishop, J.W.,&Scott, K.D. Orgazational and team commitment in a team environment[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85:439-450
[38]Bishop J.W, Scott K.D.& Buorrughs S.M. Support, Cornrnltment, and Employee Outcomes in a Team Environment, [J] Journal of Management,2000,26(6):1113-1132
[39]Ronald. Deluga J.T.Perry, The relationship of subordinate upward influencing behaviour, satisfaction and perceived superior effectiveness with leader-member exchange[J] journal of occupational psycbology,1991.
[40]Robert C.Liden,Sandy J.Wayne, Dean Stilwell, A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges[J]Journal of Applied Psychology,1993.
[41]Charlotte R. Gerstner and David V. Day, Meta-analytic review of leader-member exchange theory:Correlatesand construct issues[J]Journal of Applied Psychology
[42]Dansereau F J,Graen G,Haga WJ. A Vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership with in formal organizations:A longitudinal investigation of the role2making process[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,1975,13(1):46-78
[43]Warren Watson,Larry K. Michaelsen, Walt Sharp.Member Competence, Group Interaction, and Group Decision Making:A Longitudinal Study[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,1991,76(6):803-809
[44]Berrin Erdogana, Raymond T. Sparroweb, Robert C. Lidenc, Kenneth J. Dunegand. Implications of organizational exchanges for accountability theory. [J] Human Resource Management Review,2004,14:19-45
[45]Graen, G. B.,& Uhl-Bien, M.Relationship-based approach to leadership:Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years:Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective[J]. Leadership Quarterly,1995,6:219-247.
[46]Seers, A., Petty, M.,& Cashman, J.Team-member exchange under team and traditional management[J].Group and Organization Management,1995,20:18-38.
[47]Farrell, D.,& Rusbult, C.E. Exchange variables as predictors of job satisfaction, job commitment, and turnover:The impact of rewards, costs,alternatives, and investments[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,1981,27:78-95.
[48]Herman H.M. Tse, Marie T. Dasborough, Neal M. Ashkanasy. A multi-level analysis of team climate and interpersonal exchange relationships at work[J]. The Leadership Quarterly,2008,19:195-211
[49]Jennifer J. Dose. The Relationship Between Work Values Similarity and Team-Member and Leader-Member Exchange Relationships[M]. Group Dynamics:Theory, Research, and Practice,1999, 3(1):20-32
[50]Dishan Kamdar, Linn Van Dyne. The Joint Effects of Personality and Workplace Social Exchange Relationships in Predicting Task Performance and Citizenship Performance[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2007,92(5)
[51]Seers, Anson. Team-member exchange quality:A new construct for role-making research[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1989,43(1):118-135
[52]Murillo, Albert Gregory. A longitudinal study of the development of team member exchange. Dissertation Abstracts International:[J]Section B:The Sciences and Engineering,2006,Vol 67(2-B):1191
[53]Wech, Barbara Ann. Team-member exchange and trust contexts:Effects on individual level outcome variables beyond the influence of leader-member exchange. Dissertation Abstracts International [J]Section A:Humanities and Social Sciences,2002,Vol 62(7-A):2486.
[54]Tri Wikaningrum. Coworker exchange, leader member exchange, and work attitudes a study of coworker dyads. Gadjah Mada[J] International Journal of Business,2007,9(2):187-215
[55]Mary Sue Love, Monica Forret. Exchange relationships at work:an examination of the relationship between team-member exchange and supervisor reports of organizational citizenship behavior[J]. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies,2008,14(4):342-352
[56]Witt, L.A.; Hochwarter, Wayne A.; Hilton, Thomas F.; Hillman, Chan M. Team-Member Exchange and Commitment to a Matrix Team[J]. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality,1999, 14(1):63-74
[2]凌文辁,杨海军,方俐洛.企业员工的组织支持感[J].心理学报,2006,38(02)：281-287
[3]罗宾斯著,郑小明译,组织行为学精要[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2000
[4]黄芳铭.结构方程模式：理论与应用[M].北京：中国税务出版社,2005：2.
[5]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2004：12-14.
[6]Seers, A. Team-member exchange quality:A new construct for role-making research[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1989,43:118-135.
[7]Liden, R. C.,Wayne, S. J.,& Sparrowe, R. T. An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relationship between job, interpersonal relationships and work outcomes[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85:407-416.
[8]Maslyn, J. M.,& Uhl-Bien, M. Leader-member exchange and its dimensions:Effects of self-effort and other's effort on relationship quality[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2001,86:697-708.
[9]Herman H. M. Tse, Marie T. Dasborough. A Study of Exchange and Emotions in Team Member Relationships[J]. Group Organization Management. April 2008,33:2194-215
[10]Trimble, Douglas E. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention of missionaries[J]. Journal of Psychology & Theology, Winter2006, Vol.34 Issue 4:p349-360
[11]Moura, Georgina Randsley; Abrams, Dominic; Retter, Carina; Gunnarsdottir, Sigridur; Ando, Kaori. Identification as an organizational anchor:How identification and job satisfaction combine to predict turnover intention[J].European Journal of Social Psychology. Jun2009, Vol.39 Issue 4, p540-557
[12]Sherony, K. M.,& Green, S. G. Co-worker exchange:Relationships between co-workers, leader-member exchange, and work attitudes[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, (2002).87,542-548.
[13]Wech, B. A. Effect of TMX on individual-level performance, OCB individual, and job satisfaction beyond the influence of LMX[C]. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Southern Management Association, Clearwater Beach, FL.2003, November
[14]Williams, H. M., Parker, S. K.,& Turner, N. Perceived dissimilarity and perspective taking within work teams[J]. Group & Organization Management,2007,32:569-597.
[15]Watson, D., Clark, L. A.,& Tellegen, A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect:The PANAS Scale[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1988,54: 1063-1070.
[16]JW Bishop, KD Scott.How commitment affects team performance[J].HR MAGAZINE,1997
[17]Craig L. Pearce and Pamela A. Herbik.Citizenship Behavior at the Team Level of Analysis:The Effects of Team Leadership, Team Commitment, Perceived Team Support, and Team Size[J]. The Journal of Social Psychology.2004,144(3):293-310
[18]TE Becker.Foci and bases of commitment:are they distinctions worth making[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1992
[19]R Eisenberger, R Huntington, S Hutchison Perceived organizational support. [J]Journal of Applied Psychology,1986
[20]Porter, L.W., Steers, R. M.,& Mowday, R. T., Boulian, P. V. Organization Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Among Psychiatric Technicians[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,1974,59: 603-609.
[21]Mobley, William H.; Griffeth, Rodger W.; Hand, Herbert H.; Meglino, B. M.Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process[J].Psychological Bulletin.1979,86(3):493-522.
[22]Michaels, Charles E.; Spector, Paul E.Causes of employee turnover:A test of the Mobley, Griffeth, Hand, and Meglino model[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology.1982,67(1):53-59.
[23]Pearce.C.L, Citizenship Behavior at the team level of Analysis:The Effect of Team leadership, Team commitment, Perceived Team support, and Team Size[J]. The Journal of Social Psychology.2004, 144(3):293-310
[24]Hoppock,R. Job Satisfaction[J]. New York:Haper&Row,1935
[25]Ng, K. Y,& Van Dyne, L.. Antecedents and performance consequences of helping behavior in work groups[J]. Group & Organization Management,2005,30:514-540.
[26]Kram, K. E.,& Isabella, L. A. Mentoring alternatives:The role of peer relationships in career development[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1985,28:110-132.
[27]Deckop, J. R., Cirka, C. C.,& Andersson, L. M.. Doing unto others:The reciprocity of helping behavior in organizations[J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2003,47,101-113.
[28]Cropanzano, R.,& Mitchell, M. S.Social exchange theory:An interdisciplinary review[J]. Journal of Management,2005,31,874-900.
[29]Clark, M. S.,& Mills, J. Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1979,37,12-24.
[30]Jung D I, Sosik J J. Transformational leadership in work groups:The role of empowerment, cohesiveness, and collective-efficacy on perceived group performance[J]. Small Group Research,2002, 33(3):313-336
[31]Thomas KW, Velthouse B A. Cognitive elements of empowerment:An interpretive model of intrinsic task motivation[J]. Academy of Management Review,1990,15 (4):666-681
[32]Ashforth, B. E.,& Mael, E. Social identity theory and the organization[J]. Academy of Management Review,1989,14,20-39.
[33]Fink, J.S., Trail, GT.&Anderson, D.F An examination of team identification:Which motives are most salient to its existence[J].International Sports Journal,2002,6(2):195-207.
[34]Erez, A., Lepine, J.A.&Elms, H.Effects of rotated leadership and peer evaluation on the functioning and effectiveness of self-managed teams:A quasi-experiment[J]. Personnel Psychology,2002, 55(4)929-948
[35]Ehrhart, M.G, Bliese, P.D.&Thomas, J.L.Unit-Level OCB and unit effectiveness:Examining the incremental effect of helping behavior[J]. Human Performance,2006,19(2):159-173
[36]Bishop J.W&ScottK.D.An Examination of Organizational and Team Commitment in a Self-Directed Team Environment J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85(3):439-451.
[37]Bishop, J.W.,&Scott, K.D. Orgazational and team commitment in a team environment[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85:439-450
[38]Bishop J.W, Scott K.D.& Buorrughs S.M. Support, Cornrnltment, and Employee Outcomes in a Team Environment, [J] Journal of Management,2000,26(6):1113-1132
[39]Ronald. Deluga J.T.Perry, The relationship of subordinate upward influencing behaviour, satisfaction and perceived superior effectiveness with leader-member exchange[J] journal of occupational psycbology,1991.
[40]Robert C.Liden,Sandy J.Wayne, Dean Stilwell, A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges[J]Journal of Applied Psychology,1993.
[41]Charlotte R. Gerstner and David V. Day, Meta-analytic review of leader-member exchange theory:Correlatesand construct issues[J]Journal of Applied Psychology
[42]Dansereau F J,Graen G,Haga WJ. A Vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership with in formal organizations:A longitudinal investigation of the role2making process[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,1975,13(1):46-78
[43]Warren Watson,Larry K. Michaelsen, Walt Sharp.Member Competence, Group Interaction, and Group Decision Making:A Longitudinal Study[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,1991,76(6):803-809
[44]Berrin Erdogana, Raymond T. Sparroweb, Robert C. Lidenc, Kenneth J. Dunegand. Implications of organizational exchanges for accountability theory. [J] Human Resource Management Review,2004,14:19-45
[45]Graen, G. B.,& Uhl-Bien, M.Relationship-based approach to leadership:Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years:Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective[J]. Leadership Quarterly,1995,6:219-247.
[46]Seers, A., Petty, M.,& Cashman, J.Team-member exchange under team and traditional management[J].Group and Organization Management,1995,20:18-38.
[47]Farrell, D.,& Rusbult, C.E. Exchange variables as predictors of job satisfaction, job commitment, and turnover:The impact of rewards, costs,alternatives, and investments[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,1981,27:78-95.
[48]Herman H.M. Tse, Marie T. Dasborough, Neal M. Ashkanasy. A multi-level analysis of team climate and interpersonal exchange relationships at work[J]. The Leadership Quarterly,2008,19:195-211
[49]Jennifer J. Dose. The Relationship Between Work Values Similarity and Team-Member and Leader-Member Exchange Relationships[M]. Group Dynamics:Theory, Research, and Practice,1999, 3(1):20-32
[50]Dishan Kamdar, Linn Van Dyne. The Joint Effects of Personality and Workplace Social Exchange Relationships in Predicting Task Performance and Citizenship Performance[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2007,92(5)
[51]Seers, Anson. Team-member exchange quality:A new construct for role-making research[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1989,43(1):118-135
[52]Murillo, Albert Gregory. A longitudinal study of the development of team member exchange. Dissertation Abstracts International:[J]Section B:The Sciences and Engineering,2006,Vol 67(2-B):1191
[53]Wech, Barbara Ann. Team-member exchange and trust contexts:Effects on individual level outcome variables beyond the influence of leader-member exchange. Dissertation Abstracts International [J]Section A:Humanities and Social Sciences,2002,Vol 62(7-A):2486.
[54]Tri Wikaningrum. Coworker exchange, leader member exchange, and work attitudes a study of coworker dyads. Gadjah Mada[J] International Journal of Business,2007,9(2):187-215
[55]Mary Sue Love, Monica Forret. Exchange relationships at work:an examination of the relationship between team-member exchange and supervisor reports of organizational citizenship behavior[J]. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies,2008,14(4):342-352
[56]Witt, L.A.; Hochwarter, Wayne A.; Hilton, Thomas F.; Hillman, Chan M. Team-Member Exchange and Commitment to a Matrix Team[J]. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality,1999, 14(1):63-74