2000-2005年山东省大气污染变化特征分析
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摘要
本文通过对2000-2005年山东省十七地市大气环境污染的变化特征进行了较详细的研究,主要分析了十七地市的2005年的空气质量现状以及2000-2005年大气污染的季节和年际变化,并比较各区域之间以及各城市大气环境污染的差异及其原因。同时分析了影响山东省大气污染变化的主要原因,得出了如下结论:
1.2005年山东省四个区域空气质量现状:
四大区域中,2005年空气质量最好的是鲁东地区,其次是鲁北地区,鲁西南和鲁中地区的空气质量相对较差。通过分析比较,十七地市中,污染最严重的是济南市,其次是淄博市、菏泽市、青岛市和济宁市。通过对2005年各地市空气质量指数的计算过程中,可以看出PM_(10)作为主要污染物的天数占到74%以上,因此PM_(10)是山东省的最主要大气污染物。另外,十七地市的重污染日主要出现在1月、2月、11月、12月四个月份,说明对山东省而言,冬季燃煤取暖对空气污染的贡献值最大。另外,也有气候方面的原因:冬季静风和逆温等不利气象条件出现的频率较大,不利于污染物的传输扩散,导致污染物浓度升高,空气质量较差。
2.2000-2005年山东省四个区域主要大气污染季节变化特征如下:
(1)SO_2冬季污染最严重,这主要是因为山东省是典型的北方城市,冬季采暖,燃煤量增加,相应的增加了向空气中排放的废气量,加重污染;另外,冬季逆温天气出现的频率较大,不利于污染物的输送扩散,导致污染物浓度高。夏季浓度值较小,主要是因为夏季大气稳定度好,有利于污染物的输送扩散,而且降水量大,起到淋溶作用,从而稀释了浓度。鲁中地区污染最严重,冬季浓度值基本均超过国家二级标准,特别是济南和莱芜污染最严重。
(2)NO_2浓度季节变化特征不是很明显,冬季浓度值略微高于其它各季,说明山东省NO_2污染是冬季燃煤取暖和机动车辆尾气共同作用的结果。
(3)冬季是PM_(10)污染最严重的季节,春季是次污染季节,说明冬季燃煤取暖是造成PM_(10)污染严重的最主要原因,其次是气候因素,春季冷空气活跃,风速大、气温回暖解冻,地表裸露,容易引起扬沙或沙尘暴天气,导致PM_(10)污染严重。
(4)四个区域主要大气污染物的季节性变化:鲁东地区大气污染最轻,鲁中地区污染最严重:空气质量较好的城市是威海、烟台和日照。污染最严重的城市为济南、莱芜、青岛和济宁。
3.通过以上分析可以看出,2000-2005年山东省四个区域主要大气污染年际变化特征如下:
(1)2000-2005年山东省各城市大气污染物SO_2的年均值基本上都符合国家二级标准,NO_2的年均值符合国家二级标准,且年际变化趋势不明显,PM_(10)超标的年际和城市较多,其中,济南市PM_(10)污染最为严重,年均浓度值远远大于其它城市。
(2)各区域主要大气污染物年均浓度值在2005年明显下降,说明山东省采取大气污染治理措施已经取得明显成效。
(3)鲁东地区三种主要污染物的年均浓度值较低,2000-2005年四城市的SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)的年均浓度值均未超过各自的国家二级标准,四城市的空气质量状况较好。
(3)济宁、枣庄、滨州、淄博的SO_2浓度相对较高,济宁的NO_2浓度较高,济南的PM_(10)浓度较高。
4.山东省大气环境质量的变化特征与城市的发展有直接的联系,各城市的经济发展水平、产业结构、特殊地形和气候的差异,使得各个城市的大气环境污染都呈现不同的特点。空气质量的好坏与地形、气象要素和污染源等多种因素密切相关,是各种影响因素共同作用的结果。
The present study investigated variation characteristics of air pollution at 17 cities, Shandong province.The air quality condition at 17 cities in 2005 was mainly analyzed.The seasonal and inter-annual changes of air pollution at 17 cities were also analyzed during 2000-2005.The differences and causes of air pollution among 17 cities were compared.The main causal factors affected air pollution in Shandong province were analyzed.The results showed:
1.The air quality of four regions in Shandong Province in 2005:
The Shandong province was divided into four regions,east region,west region,center region and southwest region.In four regions,the air quality at east region in 2005 is the best,next is west region.The air quality in center and southwest regions was worse in 2005.The cities with the most serious air pollution among 17 cities were Jinan and Zibo city,followed by Zibo,Heze,Qingdao and Jining cities with serious air pollution.PM_(10)is the most important air pollutant in Shandong Province.The days when PM_(10)was as the major pollutant reached over 74%days of one year,based on estimation of the air quality index.
In addition,the heavy air pollution days mainly occurred in January,February, November and December in 17 cities,which showed that heating in winter is the largest contribution to the air pollution in Shandong province.There were some climate reasons.Disadvantage weather conditions such as static wind and inversion air temperature lays occur frequently in winter season,which is not favorable to pollutant diffusion,result in increase of pollutants concentration and demotion of air quality.
2.The seasonal variation of air pollution of four regions in Shandong province during 2000-2005.
(1)SO_2 pollution is the worst in winter,and the main reason is that Shandong Province located in northern part of China.AH cities heat by coal in winter,which resulted a rapid increasing of emissions of air pollutants.In addition,inversion air temperature lays occurs frequently in winter,which is not favorable to pollutant diffusion,and result in an increase of concentration of pollutants.Air pollutants concentrations in summer is lower,which is because atmosphere is stable in summer and conducive to pollutant diffusion,and high precipitation possesses leaching action, thus diluting the pollutants concentration.The air pollution in center region is the most serious.The air pollutants concentrations in winter exceed the levelⅡlevel of national air quality standard criteria.The air pollution is the most serious in Jinan and Laiwu city.
(2)The seasonal variation of NO_2 was not obvious.The concentration in winter is little higher than in other seasons.Results showed that NO_2 pollution is the result of coal burning and mobile emission in winter.
(3)The concentration of PM_(10)was the highest in winter and lower in summer,which is because coal heating in winter is the main reason.The other reasons included the climatic factor and vegetation,such as wind and air temperature increase,and bare ground surface,which is easy to cause blowing-sand and sandstorm,resulting in PM_(10) pollution.
(4)The seasonal changes of main air pollutants in four regions.The air pollution in east region is the least,in center region is the worst;Air quality is better in Weihai, Yantai and Rizhao cities.The cities with worst air quality were Jinan,Laiwu,Qingdao and Jining.
3.Based on the analysis above,the annual variation of air pollution of four regions in Shandong Province during 2000-2005 are as follows:
(1)In seventeen cities of Shandong province During 2000-2005,the annual average concentrations of SO_2 basically accorded with the levelⅡof national standard criteria; the annual average concentrations of NO_2 accord with the levelⅡof national standard criteria.Annual changing trend of concentrations of NO_2 is not obvious;the annual concentrations of PM_(10)are over levelⅢof national standard in some years and cities. The PM_(10)pollution in Jinan is the most serious,its annual average concentration is higher than other cities
(2)The annual average concentrations of main air pollutants in 2005 decreased obviously,which showed that measures of air pollution control in Shandong Province have gotten remarkable achievement.
(3)In east region,the annual average concentrations of three main pollutants are lower.The annual average concentrations of SO_2,NO_2,PM_(10)in four cities during 2000-2005 did not exceed their respective the levelⅡof national standard criteria, which implied air quality is better.
(4)The concentration of SO_2 in Jining,Zaozhuang,Binzhou,Zibo cities is relatively higher.The concentration of NO_2 in Jining is higher.The concentration of PM_(10)in Jinan is higher.
4.Urban air quality is of the direct relationships with the city development.Economic development level,energy structure,special landform and climate among the cities make different characteristics of air pollution.The combination of the landform, pollution source and meteorological condition should be the very important to the air quality.
1.2005年山东省四个区域空气质量现状:
四大区域中,2005年空气质量最好的是鲁东地区,其次是鲁北地区,鲁西南和鲁中地区的空气质量相对较差。通过分析比较,十七地市中,污染最严重的是济南市,其次是淄博市、菏泽市、青岛市和济宁市。通过对2005年各地市空气质量指数的计算过程中,可以看出PM_(10)作为主要污染物的天数占到74%以上,因此PM_(10)是山东省的最主要大气污染物。另外,十七地市的重污染日主要出现在1月、2月、11月、12月四个月份,说明对山东省而言,冬季燃煤取暖对空气污染的贡献值最大。另外,也有气候方面的原因:冬季静风和逆温等不利气象条件出现的频率较大,不利于污染物的传输扩散,导致污染物浓度升高,空气质量较差。
2.2000-2005年山东省四个区域主要大气污染季节变化特征如下:
(1)SO_2冬季污染最严重,这主要是因为山东省是典型的北方城市,冬季采暖,燃煤量增加,相应的增加了向空气中排放的废气量,加重污染;另外,冬季逆温天气出现的频率较大,不利于污染物的输送扩散,导致污染物浓度高。夏季浓度值较小,主要是因为夏季大气稳定度好,有利于污染物的输送扩散,而且降水量大,起到淋溶作用,从而稀释了浓度。鲁中地区污染最严重,冬季浓度值基本均超过国家二级标准,特别是济南和莱芜污染最严重。
(2)NO_2浓度季节变化特征不是很明显,冬季浓度值略微高于其它各季,说明山东省NO_2污染是冬季燃煤取暖和机动车辆尾气共同作用的结果。
(3)冬季是PM_(10)污染最严重的季节,春季是次污染季节,说明冬季燃煤取暖是造成PM_(10)污染严重的最主要原因,其次是气候因素,春季冷空气活跃,风速大、气温回暖解冻,地表裸露,容易引起扬沙或沙尘暴天气,导致PM_(10)污染严重。
(4)四个区域主要大气污染物的季节性变化:鲁东地区大气污染最轻,鲁中地区污染最严重:空气质量较好的城市是威海、烟台和日照。污染最严重的城市为济南、莱芜、青岛和济宁。
3.通过以上分析可以看出,2000-2005年山东省四个区域主要大气污染年际变化特征如下:
(1)2000-2005年山东省各城市大气污染物SO_2的年均值基本上都符合国家二级标准,NO_2的年均值符合国家二级标准,且年际变化趋势不明显,PM_(10)超标的年际和城市较多,其中,济南市PM_(10)污染最为严重,年均浓度值远远大于其它城市。
(2)各区域主要大气污染物年均浓度值在2005年明显下降,说明山东省采取大气污染治理措施已经取得明显成效。
(3)鲁东地区三种主要污染物的年均浓度值较低,2000-2005年四城市的SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)的年均浓度值均未超过各自的国家二级标准,四城市的空气质量状况较好。
(3)济宁、枣庄、滨州、淄博的SO_2浓度相对较高,济宁的NO_2浓度较高,济南的PM_(10)浓度较高。
4.山东省大气环境质量的变化特征与城市的发展有直接的联系,各城市的经济发展水平、产业结构、特殊地形和气候的差异,使得各个城市的大气环境污染都呈现不同的特点。空气质量的好坏与地形、气象要素和污染源等多种因素密切相关,是各种影响因素共同作用的结果。
The present study investigated variation characteristics of air pollution at 17 cities, Shandong province.The air quality condition at 17 cities in 2005 was mainly analyzed.The seasonal and inter-annual changes of air pollution at 17 cities were also analyzed during 2000-2005.The differences and causes of air pollution among 17 cities were compared.The main causal factors affected air pollution in Shandong province were analyzed.The results showed:
1.The air quality of four regions in Shandong Province in 2005:
The Shandong province was divided into four regions,east region,west region,center region and southwest region.In four regions,the air quality at east region in 2005 is the best,next is west region.The air quality in center and southwest regions was worse in 2005.The cities with the most serious air pollution among 17 cities were Jinan and Zibo city,followed by Zibo,Heze,Qingdao and Jining cities with serious air pollution.PM_(10)is the most important air pollutant in Shandong Province.The days when PM_(10)was as the major pollutant reached over 74%days of one year,based on estimation of the air quality index.
In addition,the heavy air pollution days mainly occurred in January,February, November and December in 17 cities,which showed that heating in winter is the largest contribution to the air pollution in Shandong province.There were some climate reasons.Disadvantage weather conditions such as static wind and inversion air temperature lays occur frequently in winter season,which is not favorable to pollutant diffusion,result in increase of pollutants concentration and demotion of air quality.
2.The seasonal variation of air pollution of four regions in Shandong province during 2000-2005.
(1)SO_2 pollution is the worst in winter,and the main reason is that Shandong Province located in northern part of China.AH cities heat by coal in winter,which resulted a rapid increasing of emissions of air pollutants.In addition,inversion air temperature lays occurs frequently in winter,which is not favorable to pollutant diffusion,and result in an increase of concentration of pollutants.Air pollutants concentrations in summer is lower,which is because atmosphere is stable in summer and conducive to pollutant diffusion,and high precipitation possesses leaching action, thus diluting the pollutants concentration.The air pollution in center region is the most serious.The air pollutants concentrations in winter exceed the levelⅡlevel of national air quality standard criteria.The air pollution is the most serious in Jinan and Laiwu city.
(2)The seasonal variation of NO_2 was not obvious.The concentration in winter is little higher than in other seasons.Results showed that NO_2 pollution is the result of coal burning and mobile emission in winter.
(3)The concentration of PM_(10)was the highest in winter and lower in summer,which is because coal heating in winter is the main reason.The other reasons included the climatic factor and vegetation,such as wind and air temperature increase,and bare ground surface,which is easy to cause blowing-sand and sandstorm,resulting in PM_(10) pollution.
(4)The seasonal changes of main air pollutants in four regions.The air pollution in east region is the least,in center region is the worst;Air quality is better in Weihai, Yantai and Rizhao cities.The cities with worst air quality were Jinan,Laiwu,Qingdao and Jining.
3.Based on the analysis above,the annual variation of air pollution of four regions in Shandong Province during 2000-2005 are as follows:
(1)In seventeen cities of Shandong province During 2000-2005,the annual average concentrations of SO_2 basically accorded with the levelⅡof national standard criteria; the annual average concentrations of NO_2 accord with the levelⅡof national standard criteria.Annual changing trend of concentrations of NO_2 is not obvious;the annual concentrations of PM_(10)are over levelⅢof national standard in some years and cities. The PM_(10)pollution in Jinan is the most serious,its annual average concentration is higher than other cities
(2)The annual average concentrations of main air pollutants in 2005 decreased obviously,which showed that measures of air pollution control in Shandong Province have gotten remarkable achievement.
(3)In east region,the annual average concentrations of three main pollutants are lower.The annual average concentrations of SO_2,NO_2,PM_(10)in four cities during 2000-2005 did not exceed their respective the levelⅡof national standard criteria, which implied air quality is better.
(4)The concentration of SO_2 in Jining,Zaozhuang,Binzhou,Zibo cities is relatively higher.The concentration of NO_2 in Jining is higher.The concentration of PM_(10)in Jinan is higher.
4.Urban air quality is of the direct relationships with the city development.Economic development level,energy structure,special landform and climate among the cities make different characteristics of air pollution.The combination of the landform, pollution source and meteorological condition should be the very important to the air quality.
引文
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