局部带电球体沙粒电磁散射及其应用
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摘要
沙尘环境下电磁波信号的准确传输是无线电通讯、沙尘暴遥感系统以及太空探测等通信技术应用中的一个关键问题,其中沙粒以及沙尘暴对入射电磁波的衰减和去极化效应直接影响对电磁波信号传输过程的准确分析,需要对由此产生的散射场开展准确计算。
本学位论文针对局部带电球形沙粒对入射电磁波的散射和吸收问题,基于Rayleigh近似和Mie散射理论,导出了局部带电球形沙粒对入射电磁波的散射场；计算出沙粒表面电荷密度、电荷分布角对沙粒散射场强度、微分散射截面的影响。进而发现：沙粒表面电荷对入射电磁波散射场强度、微分散射截面均有不同程度的影响,其影响程度不仅与沙粒带电量、电荷分布角以及沙粒尺寸有关,还与入射波频率有关。
在推导出局部带电球形沙粒的散射截面、吸收截面、消光效率后,计算了不同频率电磁波通过沙粒时的散射场分布、不同频率电磁波通过沙尘暴的衰减系数、以及线极化和圆极化毫米波在沙尘暴内传播过程中的交叉去极化程度。发现：带电沙尘粒子对频率大于100GHz电磁波的衰减几乎没有影响,在达到光频时其影响甚至可以忽略,但是,对频率低于100GHz的电磁波,带电沙尘粒子的影响尤为显著,其衰减系数随沙粒带电量(荷质比)的增加而增大。同时,局部带电的球形沙粒将导致入射电磁波的交叉去极化现象,由此产生的影响随荷质比和入射电磁波频率的增加而增强,随能见度的增加而减弱。局部带电球体粒子对电磁波的去极化影响是本学位论文首次给出的。
在考虑沙粒带电以及沙粒间多次散射导出局部带电球形沙粒系统的消光率后,计算了不同频率入射波通过不同带电量两沙粒系统以及沙尘暴的消光率。结果表明：对于较低频率的入射电磁波通过带电沙粒系统时,沙粒表面电荷对需要考虑颗粒间多次散射的临界距离有显著影响,且多次散射与单次散射结果的差别随沙粒带电量的增加而增大,随入射电磁波频率的增加而减小；相同条件下,考虑多次散射效应比单次散射近似得到的衰减系数大,但是即使是特强沙尘暴其中沙尘颗粒间距也很小,因此计算沙尘暴对电磁波的衰减率时可以忽略沙粒间的多次散射影响。另外,沙粒带电会显著增加雷达后向散射系数。对于球形沙粒,由此导致的对测量结果的影响将随着带电量的增加更加显著。这些也是本学位论文首次给出的。
这些结果可能有助于有关沙粒起电机制、沙粒表面电荷分布区确定的理论研究,并可能还会有助于沙尘暴环境下卫星通讯天线的合理设计和沙尘暴遥感测量结果的有效修正。
Electromagnetic signal attenuation in sandstorms is a key problem in the application of wireless communications, the remote sensing of sandstorms and the detection of outer space, the effects of electromagnetic wave attenuation and depolarization from the sand particles and the dust storms have a direct influence on the accuracy of electromagnetic signal reception. To accurately calculate the scattering field is an important precondition.
Based on the Rayleigh Approximation and the Mie model, this dissertation is devoted to dealing with the problem concerning the scattering and absorption effects of electromagnetic wave (signed as EM wave in short) by the charged spherical sand particles in sandstorms, the scattering field of a partially charged spherical particles is derived and the effects of surface charge density and charge distribution angle on the spatial distribution of the scattering field intensity and these ones on the differential scattering across section are calculated. Then we found that the surface charge on the particles have different degrees of impact on the scattering field intensity and the differential scattering across section, and it is related to not only charge quality, distributed angle and the particle radius but also the frequency.
After derived the expressions of scattering cross section, absorption cross section and extinction efficiency for the partially charged spherical sand, we discussed the attenuation efficiency of different frequency EM wave illuminate on the charged sand, the attenuation coefficient of different frequency EM wave propagating on the sandstorms, and the cross depolarization degrees for the linear/circular polarization wave transmitting in the dust storms. We found that the electric charges on the sand surface almost didn't affect the higher frequency EM waves'extinction, but it have a significant effect on the attenuation of the lower frequency EM waves, especially for the EM wave whose frequency lower than 100GHz, and the attenuation coefficients increase with the magnitude of charges carried by the dust characterized by the charge-to-mass ratio). In addition the partially charged spherical particles can make the incident microwave depolarized, and this effect increased with the increasing of particles'charge-to-mass ratio and the incident wave'frequency, but decreased with the increase of visibility. It is the first time to report the depolarization influence of partially charged spherical sand particles on the microwave.
After considering the effect of multiple scattering and the charge on particle surface, we derived the T-matrix for the partially charged particles to compute the extinction efficiency for different frequency EM waves illumination on the partially charged two-sphere systems and propagating in the sandstorms with different visibility. The results showed that in a same condition, the results obtained from multiple scattering theory is larger than the one from single scattering hypothesis. This difference between multiple scattering and single scattering increased with the increasing of charge quantity, but decreased with the frequency increasing. However, even for a strong dust storm,the volume fraction of dust particles is still very small, so we can ignore the multiple scattering effects when we calculate the attenuation rate of electromagnetic wave propagation in the sandstorm.
Moreover the charge on particle surface can largely enhance the radar back scattering cross section,for spherical grains, the influence on radar measurement results increased with the surface charge density increasing. These results in the thesis are firstly given.
These results are helpful for the theoretical study to verify the sands' electrification mechanism and to confirm the charge distribution zone on the particle surface; moreover, they are particularly useful for the design of satellite communication channel and the effective correction of the results of sandstorms' remote sensing monitoring.
本学位论文针对局部带电球形沙粒对入射电磁波的散射和吸收问题,基于Rayleigh近似和Mie散射理论,导出了局部带电球形沙粒对入射电磁波的散射场；计算出沙粒表面电荷密度、电荷分布角对沙粒散射场强度、微分散射截面的影响。进而发现：沙粒表面电荷对入射电磁波散射场强度、微分散射截面均有不同程度的影响,其影响程度不仅与沙粒带电量、电荷分布角以及沙粒尺寸有关,还与入射波频率有关。
在推导出局部带电球形沙粒的散射截面、吸收截面、消光效率后,计算了不同频率电磁波通过沙粒时的散射场分布、不同频率电磁波通过沙尘暴的衰减系数、以及线极化和圆极化毫米波在沙尘暴内传播过程中的交叉去极化程度。发现：带电沙尘粒子对频率大于100GHz电磁波的衰减几乎没有影响,在达到光频时其影响甚至可以忽略,但是,对频率低于100GHz的电磁波,带电沙尘粒子的影响尤为显著,其衰减系数随沙粒带电量(荷质比)的增加而增大。同时,局部带电的球形沙粒将导致入射电磁波的交叉去极化现象,由此产生的影响随荷质比和入射电磁波频率的增加而增强,随能见度的增加而减弱。局部带电球体粒子对电磁波的去极化影响是本学位论文首次给出的。
在考虑沙粒带电以及沙粒间多次散射导出局部带电球形沙粒系统的消光率后,计算了不同频率入射波通过不同带电量两沙粒系统以及沙尘暴的消光率。结果表明：对于较低频率的入射电磁波通过带电沙粒系统时,沙粒表面电荷对需要考虑颗粒间多次散射的临界距离有显著影响,且多次散射与单次散射结果的差别随沙粒带电量的增加而增大,随入射电磁波频率的增加而减小；相同条件下,考虑多次散射效应比单次散射近似得到的衰减系数大,但是即使是特强沙尘暴其中沙尘颗粒间距也很小,因此计算沙尘暴对电磁波的衰减率时可以忽略沙粒间的多次散射影响。另外,沙粒带电会显著增加雷达后向散射系数。对于球形沙粒,由此导致的对测量结果的影响将随着带电量的增加更加显著。这些也是本学位论文首次给出的。
这些结果可能有助于有关沙粒起电机制、沙粒表面电荷分布区确定的理论研究,并可能还会有助于沙尘暴环境下卫星通讯天线的合理设计和沙尘暴遥感测量结果的有效修正。
Electromagnetic signal attenuation in sandstorms is a key problem in the application of wireless communications, the remote sensing of sandstorms and the detection of outer space, the effects of electromagnetic wave attenuation and depolarization from the sand particles and the dust storms have a direct influence on the accuracy of electromagnetic signal reception. To accurately calculate the scattering field is an important precondition.
Based on the Rayleigh Approximation and the Mie model, this dissertation is devoted to dealing with the problem concerning the scattering and absorption effects of electromagnetic wave (signed as EM wave in short) by the charged spherical sand particles in sandstorms, the scattering field of a partially charged spherical particles is derived and the effects of surface charge density and charge distribution angle on the spatial distribution of the scattering field intensity and these ones on the differential scattering across section are calculated. Then we found that the surface charge on the particles have different degrees of impact on the scattering field intensity and the differential scattering across section, and it is related to not only charge quality, distributed angle and the particle radius but also the frequency.
After derived the expressions of scattering cross section, absorption cross section and extinction efficiency for the partially charged spherical sand, we discussed the attenuation efficiency of different frequency EM wave illuminate on the charged sand, the attenuation coefficient of different frequency EM wave propagating on the sandstorms, and the cross depolarization degrees for the linear/circular polarization wave transmitting in the dust storms. We found that the electric charges on the sand surface almost didn't affect the higher frequency EM waves'extinction, but it have a significant effect on the attenuation of the lower frequency EM waves, especially for the EM wave whose frequency lower than 100GHz, and the attenuation coefficients increase with the magnitude of charges carried by the dust characterized by the charge-to-mass ratio). In addition the partially charged spherical particles can make the incident microwave depolarized, and this effect increased with the increasing of particles'charge-to-mass ratio and the incident wave'frequency, but decreased with the increase of visibility. It is the first time to report the depolarization influence of partially charged spherical sand particles on the microwave.
After considering the effect of multiple scattering and the charge on particle surface, we derived the T-matrix for the partially charged particles to compute the extinction efficiency for different frequency EM waves illumination on the partially charged two-sphere systems and propagating in the sandstorms with different visibility. The results showed that in a same condition, the results obtained from multiple scattering theory is larger than the one from single scattering hypothesis. This difference between multiple scattering and single scattering increased with the increasing of charge quantity, but decreased with the frequency increasing. However, even for a strong dust storm,the volume fraction of dust particles is still very small, so we can ignore the multiple scattering effects when we calculate the attenuation rate of electromagnetic wave propagation in the sandstorm.
Moreover the charge on particle surface can largely enhance the radar back scattering cross section,for spherical grains, the influence on radar measurement results increased with the surface charge density increasing. These results in the thesis are firstly given.
These results are helpful for the theoretical study to verify the sands' electrification mechanism and to confirm the charge distribution zone on the particle surface; moreover, they are particularly useful for the design of satellite communication channel and the effective correction of the results of sandstorms' remote sensing monitoring.
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