江苏省苏州和宜兴地区苔藓植物区系及生态研究
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摘要
苏州和宜兴市不仅是太湖流域和长江三角洲重要的中心城市,而且是全国闻的风景旅游城市。目前对两市的苔藓植物多样性及其生态学研究尚无专门报道。本文在大量野外调查和样方测定的基础上,采用生物多样性和数量生态学分析方法,首次对苏州和宜兴苔藓植物的区系和生态进行了比较系统的研究。主要研究结果如下:
1.苏州和宜兴地区苔藓植物物种多样性特点
(1)通过对苏州和宜兴地区所采集的两千五百余号标本的鉴定,记录苏州市苔藓植物33科73属154种,其中苔类8科,10属,13种,藓类25科,63属,141种;记录宜兴市苔藓植物33科65属118种,包括苔类9科,9属,13种,藓类24科,56属,105种。发现江苏省新记录属3个,新记录种6个,并对优势科、属、种和生境特点进行了分析。
(2)通过与上海、无锡、杭州市苔藓植物组成的比较,发现苏州与宜兴和无锡苔藓植物属的相似性系数最高,与三地濒临太湖的地理位置和气候特征相符。通过比较五个城市的优势科、属,发现丛藓科、真藓科、羽藓科、青藓科、灰藓科是它们共有的优势科,青藓属是五个地区共有的优势属。
2.苏州和宜兴地区苔藓植物区系地理成分分析
(1)苏州和宜兴市苔藓植物区系成分分别包括10种和8种分布类型,都以东亚成分为主(36.59%、46.15%),其次为北温带成分(34.15%、27.47%),具有明显的温带性质和典型的东亚特色,具有从亚热带向北温带过渡的特征。
(2)区系地理成分的R/T值比较表明苏州与上海、无锡非常接近,宜兴较三地略低,但都表现出相同地温带性质,杭州市区系成分R/T值明显高于其他四个城市,表现出与各城市地理位置相符的纬度地带性。
3.苏州园林苔藓植物特点
(1)通过对苏州11个主要园林苔藓植物的调查采集,记录苔藓植物23科,42属,90种,包括苔类3科3属4种,藓类20科39属86种。与一般城市或公园相比,园林内苔藓植物生境类型中石生(53.3%)和树生(40.0%)比例较高,假山和盆景中种类是其特色,记录假山苔藓36种,盆景苔藓22种。
(2)园林中优势科、属以生态位较宽、抗干扰能力较强的种类为主,薄罗藓科和牛舌藓科植物占优势是其特色。基于苔藓植物多样性的聚类分析可将11个园林分成5组,与园林面积、布局和生境特点等因素有关。建议加强对园林内苔藓植物的研究,并推广其在园林设计中的应用。
4.宜兴喀斯特溶洞苔藓植物生态研究
(1)基于宜兴喀斯特溶洞4个样点的样方调查,对20科35属59种洞穴苔藓植物了进行了生态分析研究。分别计算5个样地距洞口不同距离处苔藓植物的丰富度指数,发现洞穴苔藓植物多样性与距洞口水平距离的相关性并不显著,而张公洞的洞穴苔藓植物多样性与距洞口垂直高度显著相关。
(2)将苔藓植物在5个样地的分布盖度数据整合统计,发现按洞口距离由近及远的顺序,优势科由灰藓科(鳞叶藓属)、丛藓科向牛舌藓科、羽藓科过渡,而青藓科在各个距离梯度上都有分布,且占据明显优势。
(3)运用除趋势对应分析(DCA)排序,可将59种苔藓植物分成4个类群,分别对应距洞口0-3米、4-9米、10-14米和15米以上区域的苔藓群落。15米处可能受光照、湿度、pH、温度等环境因子影响成为了洞穴苔藓植物群落的“分水岭”地带。
此外,在大量文献查阅和考证的基础上,完成了江苏省(含上海市)藓类植物备注名录,共38科131属354种1亚种15变种,为江苏和中国苔藓植物多样性研究提供了重要基础资料。
Suzhou and Yixing not only are the most important cities in the delta of Yangtz River and Tai Lake area, but also are well known for their tourism and cultural history. There is no special research focusing on biodiversity and ecology of bryophytes in the two cities. Based on field investigation and sampling, by means of analysis methods of biodiversity and quantitative ecology, the flora and ecology of bryophytes in Suzhou and Yixing were systematically studied for the first time. The main results are as follows:
1. Characteristics of bryophytes diversity in Suzhou and Yixing
(1) Based on the investigation and identification of more than 2500 specimen of bryophytes from Suzhou, 154 species in 73 genera and 33 families of bryophytes in Suzhou were reported. Of these, 13 species, belonging to 10 genera and 13 families, were liverworts. 141 species, belonging to 25 genera and 63 families, were mosses. And 33 families, 65 genera and 118 species of bryophytes in Yixing were recorded, including 9 families 9 genera 13 species of liverworts and 24 families 56 genera 105 species of mosses. Six species and three genera are new to Jiangsu province. The characteristics of the habitat and dominant families, genera, species were also analyzed.
(2) Compared with composition of the bryophytes in Shanghai, Wuxi and Hangzhou, the percentages of genus similarity between Suzhou, Yixing and Wuxi were the highest, owing to their similar geography location of bordering on the Tai Lake and the similar climate characteristics. The comparison results showed that Pottiaceae, Bryaceae, Thuidiaceae, Brachytheciaceae and Hypnaceae were the common dominant families and Brachythecium was the common genus among the five cities.
2. Floristic analysis of bryophytes in Suzhou and Yixing
(1) The bryoflora in Suzhou and Yixing could be divided into ten and eight geographical elements respectively. Of those, they both had a dominant majority of east Asian elements (36.59%, 46.15%) and a proportion of temperate elements(24.39%, 26.37%), which reflected a typical East Asian trait and obvious temperate characteristic. It implied that the bryoflora of Suzhou and Yixing had a transitional characteristic from sub-tropic to northern temperate zone.
(2) The comparison of R/T value in the five cities reflected the bryoflora of Suzhou, Shanghai and Wuxi were extreme similar and the value of Yixing was a little lower, which showed similar temperate characteristic.The R/T value of Hangzhou was obviously higher than the others. In general, the R/T value matched with the latitude of the five cities.
3. Characteristics of bryophytes in Suzhou Gardens
(1) Based on the field investigation in 11 major gardens of Suzhou, 90 species in 42 genera and 23 families of bryophytes were reported. Of these, 4 species, belonging to 3 genera and 3 families, were liverworts. 86 species, belonging to 20 genera and 39 families, were mosses. Compared with normal cities and gardens, the proportion of epixylophyte(53.3%)and petrophyte(40.0%)species in Suzhou Gardens was higher. It was characterized by 36 species of bryophytes on rockry and 22 species on bonsai recorded in Suzhou Gardens.
(2) The dominant families and genus were mainly anti-jamming species with wide niche breadth. Eleven gardens could be divided into 5 groups by cluster analysis based on bryophyte diversity, related to their area, patterns and habitats. Studies and applications of bryophytes in gardens should be enhanced.
4. Ecological studies on bryophytes of the Karst caves in Yixing
(1) Based on investigating and sampling the coverage of bryophytes in four sites of Karst caves in Yixing, 20 families, 35genus, 59species of bryophytes were studied by ecology analysis. The abundance index indicated that the diversity of bryophytes had less correlation with the horizontal distance away from the mouth of the cave, but the diversity of Zhanggong Cave was highly related to the vertical distance.
(2) By combining the coverage data of the bryophytes in five plots, it could be discovered that the dominant families changed from Hypnaceae(Taxiphyllum), Pottinales to Anomodon and Thuidiaceae with the increase of the distance from the mouth of cave and Brachytheciaceae held a clear dominance on every distance grades.
(3) Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used to analyze the distribution patterns of bryophytes in the caves. The result showed that the 59 bryophytes could be divided into 4 groups, which corresponded the communities of region 0-3m, 4-9m, 10-14m and 15m above, respectively. As the matter of fact, 15m from the mouth of cave might be regarded as the“isolating line”which were influenced by some physical factors such as the light , humidity, pH and temperature.
In addition, based on literature available to us, an annotated checklist of mosses in Jiangsu province (including Shanghai) was completed. 354 species, 1 subspecies and 15 varieties in 131 genera and 38 families were accepted as valid taxa. The checklist provided the useful information for future biodiversity study in Jiangsu province and China.
1.苏州和宜兴地区苔藓植物物种多样性特点
(1)通过对苏州和宜兴地区所采集的两千五百余号标本的鉴定,记录苏州市苔藓植物33科73属154种,其中苔类8科,10属,13种,藓类25科,63属,141种;记录宜兴市苔藓植物33科65属118种,包括苔类9科,9属,13种,藓类24科,56属,105种。发现江苏省新记录属3个,新记录种6个,并对优势科、属、种和生境特点进行了分析。
(2)通过与上海、无锡、杭州市苔藓植物组成的比较,发现苏州与宜兴和无锡苔藓植物属的相似性系数最高,与三地濒临太湖的地理位置和气候特征相符。通过比较五个城市的优势科、属,发现丛藓科、真藓科、羽藓科、青藓科、灰藓科是它们共有的优势科,青藓属是五个地区共有的优势属。
2.苏州和宜兴地区苔藓植物区系地理成分分析
(1)苏州和宜兴市苔藓植物区系成分分别包括10种和8种分布类型,都以东亚成分为主(36.59%、46.15%),其次为北温带成分(34.15%、27.47%),具有明显的温带性质和典型的东亚特色,具有从亚热带向北温带过渡的特征。
(2)区系地理成分的R/T值比较表明苏州与上海、无锡非常接近,宜兴较三地略低,但都表现出相同地温带性质,杭州市区系成分R/T值明显高于其他四个城市,表现出与各城市地理位置相符的纬度地带性。
3.苏州园林苔藓植物特点
(1)通过对苏州11个主要园林苔藓植物的调查采集,记录苔藓植物23科,42属,90种,包括苔类3科3属4种,藓类20科39属86种。与一般城市或公园相比,园林内苔藓植物生境类型中石生(53.3%)和树生(40.0%)比例较高,假山和盆景中种类是其特色,记录假山苔藓36种,盆景苔藓22种。
(2)园林中优势科、属以生态位较宽、抗干扰能力较强的种类为主,薄罗藓科和牛舌藓科植物占优势是其特色。基于苔藓植物多样性的聚类分析可将11个园林分成5组,与园林面积、布局和生境特点等因素有关。建议加强对园林内苔藓植物的研究,并推广其在园林设计中的应用。
4.宜兴喀斯特溶洞苔藓植物生态研究
(1)基于宜兴喀斯特溶洞4个样点的样方调查,对20科35属59种洞穴苔藓植物了进行了生态分析研究。分别计算5个样地距洞口不同距离处苔藓植物的丰富度指数,发现洞穴苔藓植物多样性与距洞口水平距离的相关性并不显著,而张公洞的洞穴苔藓植物多样性与距洞口垂直高度显著相关。
(2)将苔藓植物在5个样地的分布盖度数据整合统计,发现按洞口距离由近及远的顺序,优势科由灰藓科(鳞叶藓属)、丛藓科向牛舌藓科、羽藓科过渡,而青藓科在各个距离梯度上都有分布,且占据明显优势。
(3)运用除趋势对应分析(DCA)排序,可将59种苔藓植物分成4个类群,分别对应距洞口0-3米、4-9米、10-14米和15米以上区域的苔藓群落。15米处可能受光照、湿度、pH、温度等环境因子影响成为了洞穴苔藓植物群落的“分水岭”地带。
此外,在大量文献查阅和考证的基础上,完成了江苏省(含上海市)藓类植物备注名录,共38科131属354种1亚种15变种,为江苏和中国苔藓植物多样性研究提供了重要基础资料。
Suzhou and Yixing not only are the most important cities in the delta of Yangtz River and Tai Lake area, but also are well known for their tourism and cultural history. There is no special research focusing on biodiversity and ecology of bryophytes in the two cities. Based on field investigation and sampling, by means of analysis methods of biodiversity and quantitative ecology, the flora and ecology of bryophytes in Suzhou and Yixing were systematically studied for the first time. The main results are as follows:
1. Characteristics of bryophytes diversity in Suzhou and Yixing
(1) Based on the investigation and identification of more than 2500 specimen of bryophytes from Suzhou, 154 species in 73 genera and 33 families of bryophytes in Suzhou were reported. Of these, 13 species, belonging to 10 genera and 13 families, were liverworts. 141 species, belonging to 25 genera and 63 families, were mosses. And 33 families, 65 genera and 118 species of bryophytes in Yixing were recorded, including 9 families 9 genera 13 species of liverworts and 24 families 56 genera 105 species of mosses. Six species and three genera are new to Jiangsu province. The characteristics of the habitat and dominant families, genera, species were also analyzed.
(2) Compared with composition of the bryophytes in Shanghai, Wuxi and Hangzhou, the percentages of genus similarity between Suzhou, Yixing and Wuxi were the highest, owing to their similar geography location of bordering on the Tai Lake and the similar climate characteristics. The comparison results showed that Pottiaceae, Bryaceae, Thuidiaceae, Brachytheciaceae and Hypnaceae were the common dominant families and Brachythecium was the common genus among the five cities.
2. Floristic analysis of bryophytes in Suzhou and Yixing
(1) The bryoflora in Suzhou and Yixing could be divided into ten and eight geographical elements respectively. Of those, they both had a dominant majority of east Asian elements (36.59%, 46.15%) and a proportion of temperate elements(24.39%, 26.37%), which reflected a typical East Asian trait and obvious temperate characteristic. It implied that the bryoflora of Suzhou and Yixing had a transitional characteristic from sub-tropic to northern temperate zone.
(2) The comparison of R/T value in the five cities reflected the bryoflora of Suzhou, Shanghai and Wuxi were extreme similar and the value of Yixing was a little lower, which showed similar temperate characteristic.The R/T value of Hangzhou was obviously higher than the others. In general, the R/T value matched with the latitude of the five cities.
3. Characteristics of bryophytes in Suzhou Gardens
(1) Based on the field investigation in 11 major gardens of Suzhou, 90 species in 42 genera and 23 families of bryophytes were reported. Of these, 4 species, belonging to 3 genera and 3 families, were liverworts. 86 species, belonging to 20 genera and 39 families, were mosses. Compared with normal cities and gardens, the proportion of epixylophyte(53.3%)and petrophyte(40.0%)species in Suzhou Gardens was higher. It was characterized by 36 species of bryophytes on rockry and 22 species on bonsai recorded in Suzhou Gardens.
(2) The dominant families and genus were mainly anti-jamming species with wide niche breadth. Eleven gardens could be divided into 5 groups by cluster analysis based on bryophyte diversity, related to their area, patterns and habitats. Studies and applications of bryophytes in gardens should be enhanced.
4. Ecological studies on bryophytes of the Karst caves in Yixing
(1) Based on investigating and sampling the coverage of bryophytes in four sites of Karst caves in Yixing, 20 families, 35genus, 59species of bryophytes were studied by ecology analysis. The abundance index indicated that the diversity of bryophytes had less correlation with the horizontal distance away from the mouth of the cave, but the diversity of Zhanggong Cave was highly related to the vertical distance.
(2) By combining the coverage data of the bryophytes in five plots, it could be discovered that the dominant families changed from Hypnaceae(Taxiphyllum), Pottinales to Anomodon and Thuidiaceae with the increase of the distance from the mouth of cave and Brachytheciaceae held a clear dominance on every distance grades.
(3) Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used to analyze the distribution patterns of bryophytes in the caves. The result showed that the 59 bryophytes could be divided into 4 groups, which corresponded the communities of region 0-3m, 4-9m, 10-14m and 15m above, respectively. As the matter of fact, 15m from the mouth of cave might be regarded as the“isolating line”which were influenced by some physical factors such as the light , humidity, pH and temperature.
In addition, based on literature available to us, an annotated checklist of mosses in Jiangsu province (including Shanghai) was completed. 354 species, 1 subspecies and 15 varieties in 131 genera and 38 families were accepted as valid taxa. The checklist provided the useful information for future biodiversity study in Jiangsu province and China.
引文
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