无子西瓜种子萌发生理的研究
|
摘要
本研究以三倍体西瓜种子为材料,通过研究不同倍性西瓜种子的种子结构,分析了三倍体西瓜种子的休眠原因,测定和比较了二倍体和三倍体西瓜种子不同部位中的过氧化物酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶联合活性。研究结果表明：
1通过对二倍体、三倍体和四倍体西瓜种子的横断面和内种皮的扫描电子显微镜观察,发现三倍体与二倍体种子内种皮之间存在着很大的差异。三倍体种子的内种皮在萌发前后一直都紧贴种胚,二倍体种子在萌发后内种皮会与种胚分离。三倍体种子的内种皮表面平滑,萌发前后无明显变化,而二倍体种子内种皮表面呈网纹状,萌发到24h表面有裂纹出现。
2通过离体培养三倍体西瓜种子的种胚发现,相同萌发条件下的二倍体种子种胚萌发正常；部分三倍体种子种胚能正常萌发,种胚萌发率随种胚的饱满程度的降低而降低。
3对二倍体和三倍体西瓜种子生理生化变化的研究发现,三倍体西瓜种子各部位的酶活性都低于二倍体西瓜种子。各部位中,内种皮中的酶活性最高,种胚次之,外种皮最低。三倍体各部位酶活性峰值出现的时间要晚于二倍体,二倍体和三倍体内种皮中的关键酶活性分别在萌发到24h和36h前后变化明显。
4三倍体种子的透气性比二倍体种子差,但制约三倍体西瓜种子萌发的主要原因不是种子的透水性和透气性。三倍体种子内种皮和种胚的中发芽抑制物是种子休眠的原因之一。
The dissertation studies the reason of triploid watermelon seed dormancy from the structure characteristic of different ploidy of watermelon seeds, then, determines and compares five different enzymes in different position of diploid and triploid watermelon seed. The main results show that:
1 The SEM of the endopleura and transverse of the watermelon seeds shows that there is considerable difference between the endopleura of diploid and triploid watermelon seeds. The endopleura of triploid watermelon seeds will not separate from seed coat in the germinate process, which is different from diploid watermelon seed. And, the endopleura of diploid watermelon seed will come close to seed coat after germination. Surface of the endopleura is also different between diploid and triploid watermelon seeds, triploid seeds is smooth, and no obvious changes can be found before and after germination, while, reticulate pattern appearing on the surface of endopleura when diploid watermelon seeds germinate after 24h.
2 On the same germination condition, transverse of diploid watermelon seeds can germinate normally, however, a few of transverse of triploid watermelon seeds can geminate.
3 By physiological and biochemical mensuration, enzymes in different part of diploid watermelon seed are higher than in triploid watermelon seed, and enzyme of the seed coat is the lowest, enzyme of the endopleura is the highest in the three part of the watermelon seeds. The peak enzyme activity of each part of the triploid seeds is later than the diploid, enzymes in endopleura of the diploid seeds change significantly after 24h of the germination, but in the triploid seeds about 48h of the germination progress.
4 The permeability of triploid watermelon seed is pooler than diploid watermelon, but the main reason of restricting triploid watermelon seeds germination is not the absorbent. The germination inhibitory can be found in endopleura and transverse of triploid watermelon seeds, it may be one of the reason that triploid watermelon can't germinate normally.
1通过对二倍体、三倍体和四倍体西瓜种子的横断面和内种皮的扫描电子显微镜观察,发现三倍体与二倍体种子内种皮之间存在着很大的差异。三倍体种子的内种皮在萌发前后一直都紧贴种胚,二倍体种子在萌发后内种皮会与种胚分离。三倍体种子的内种皮表面平滑,萌发前后无明显变化,而二倍体种子内种皮表面呈网纹状,萌发到24h表面有裂纹出现。
2通过离体培养三倍体西瓜种子的种胚发现,相同萌发条件下的二倍体种子种胚萌发正常；部分三倍体种子种胚能正常萌发,种胚萌发率随种胚的饱满程度的降低而降低。
3对二倍体和三倍体西瓜种子生理生化变化的研究发现,三倍体西瓜种子各部位的酶活性都低于二倍体西瓜种子。各部位中,内种皮中的酶活性最高,种胚次之,外种皮最低。三倍体各部位酶活性峰值出现的时间要晚于二倍体,二倍体和三倍体内种皮中的关键酶活性分别在萌发到24h和36h前后变化明显。
4三倍体种子的透气性比二倍体种子差,但制约三倍体西瓜种子萌发的主要原因不是种子的透水性和透气性。三倍体种子内种皮和种胚的中发芽抑制物是种子休眠的原因之一。
The dissertation studies the reason of triploid watermelon seed dormancy from the structure characteristic of different ploidy of watermelon seeds, then, determines and compares five different enzymes in different position of diploid and triploid watermelon seed. The main results show that:
1 The SEM of the endopleura and transverse of the watermelon seeds shows that there is considerable difference between the endopleura of diploid and triploid watermelon seeds. The endopleura of triploid watermelon seeds will not separate from seed coat in the germinate process, which is different from diploid watermelon seed. And, the endopleura of diploid watermelon seed will come close to seed coat after germination. Surface of the endopleura is also different between diploid and triploid watermelon seeds, triploid seeds is smooth, and no obvious changes can be found before and after germination, while, reticulate pattern appearing on the surface of endopleura when diploid watermelon seeds germinate after 24h.
2 On the same germination condition, transverse of diploid watermelon seeds can germinate normally, however, a few of transverse of triploid watermelon seeds can geminate.
3 By physiological and biochemical mensuration, enzymes in different part of diploid watermelon seed are higher than in triploid watermelon seed, and enzyme of the seed coat is the lowest, enzyme of the endopleura is the highest in the three part of the watermelon seeds. The peak enzyme activity of each part of the triploid seeds is later than the diploid, enzymes in endopleura of the diploid seeds change significantly after 24h of the germination, but in the triploid seeds about 48h of the germination progress.
4 The permeability of triploid watermelon seed is pooler than diploid watermelon, but the main reason of restricting triploid watermelon seeds germination is not the absorbent. The germination inhibitory can be found in endopleura and transverse of triploid watermelon seeds, it may be one of the reason that triploid watermelon can't germinate normally.
引文
[1]王鸣,侯沛.西瓜的起源、历史、分裂及育种成就[J].当代蔬菜,2006,3.
[2]一张.西瓜的历史[N].解放日报,1993-8-17(3).
[3]华景清,蔡健.西瓜的营养与药用价值[J].食品与药品,2005,7.
[4]苏宗周,我国无籽西瓜科研生产动态[J].福建农业科技,1994,1.
[5]刘文革,我国无籽西瓜科研和生产的现状与展望[J].中国瓜菜,2007(6)：57-59.
[6]胡永德.无籽西瓜生产中的三低问题及其对策[J].江西园艺,2004(1)：27.
[7]Grange, S L., Leskovar, D. I, Pike, L. M., Cobb, B. G Excess moisture and seedcoat nicking influence germination of triploid watermelon[J]. HortScience,2000,35(7):1355-1356.
[8]Grange, S. Seedcoat structure and oxygen-enhance environments affect germination of triploid watermelon Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science[J]. 2003,128(2):253-259.
[9]Edelstein,M., F.Corbineau,J. Kigel et,al Seedcoat structure and oxygen availability control low temperature germination of melon seeds[J]. Physiol Plant,1995(93):451-456.
[10]Welbaum,GE Cucurbit seed development and production [J]. Horttechnology,1999(3): 341-348.
[11]郑晓鹰,李秀清,许勇.三倍体西瓜种子萌发障碍及吸水促萌技术研究[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(6)：1238-1243.
[12]徐玉波,荣文英.不同处理对无籽西瓜种子发芽的影响[J].种子科技,2002(1)：39-40.
[13]Wang,T, Sistruck,L., Leskovar,D.I, Cobb,B.G Relationship between seed reserves and germination in triploid watermelon[J]. HortScience,2001,36(3):511.
[14]卡恩A.A..种子休眠和萌发的生理生化[M].农业出版社,北京：1989.33-68.
[15]Lipe W N, Crane J C. Dormancy regulation in peach seeds[J]. Science.1966,373:541-542.
[16]孙秀琴,田树霞.元宝槭种子休眠生理的研究[J].林业科学研究,1991,2.
[17]李正理,张新英.红松后胚离体培养的研究Ⅱ具雌配子体与离体后培养的比较观察[J].植物学报.1962,10：179-185.
[18]Bewley,J.D., Black,M. Physiology of Development and Germination(2nd edn)[M]. New York:Plenum Press.1994:36-107
[19]王九龄,杨建平.紫椴种子休眠原因的初步研究[J].林业科学,1981,17(3)：317-324.
[20]A sakawa,S. On the water absorption by Pinus koraiensis seeds[J].1956.
[21]张良诚等.红松种子休眠与层积生理的初步研究[A].中国植物生理学会第一届年会论文集[C].中国植物生理学会编.1963：53-54.
[22]王文章,陈杰,刘恩举,等.红松种子抑制物的提取、分离、鉴定[J].中国科学.1980,(B)23：899-906.
[23]王文章,陈杰,刘恩举.红松种子休眠与种皮的关系[J].东北林业大学学报.1986,4：83-86.
[24]赖力,郑光华,幸红伟.红松种子休眠与种皮的关系[J].植物学报.1989,31(12)：928-933.
[25]孙昌高,方坚,徐秀瑛,裴雷.药用植物种子生理研究[J].种子,1988,33(1)：30-31.
[26]张良诚,郭维明,陈永盛.红松种子生理后熟的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1981(4)：43-50.
[27]邵洪波.西瓜组织培养研究现状[J].松辽学刊(自然科学版),1999(3)：49-51.
[28]侯占铭,石晶瑜.三鼻涕无籽西瓜组织培养[J].内蒙古师大学报(自然科学版),1996,3(3)：68-70.
[29]许智宏,卫志明,刘贵云.用离体培养无性繁殖三倍体无籽西瓜[J].植物生理学报,1979,5(3)：245-251.
[30]李敏华,张洪溢.无籽西瓜无菌梦话条件的研究[J].海南师范学院学报(自然科学版),2001,14(1)：80-83.
[31]郑先波,栗燕,宋尚伟,夏国海.无籽西瓜成熟胚无菌萌发条件研究[J].河南农业科学,2005(2)：54-57.
[32]Oppenheimer.H. Pflanzen. Sitzugsb. Akad. Wiss. wien. Mathnaturw.KI[J].Abt.Ⅰ.1922:59-65.
[33]陈杰,王文章.用放射免疫法测定红松种子休眠、层积、萌发时ABA的含量[J].东北林业大学学报,1987,15(1)：7-11.
[34]Roberts EH. Seed dormancy and oxidation processes[J]. Symp Soc Exp Biol.1969,23: 161-192.
[35]Khan AA,Zeng GW.Comnsatory energy processes controlling dormancy and germination[J].Plant Physiol.1984,75(1):68.
[36]Khan AA. Cytokinins-permissive role in seed germination[J]. Sicence.1971,171:853-859.
[37]Smith H. Phytochrome and Photomorphogenesis. An introduction to the Photocotrol of Plant Development[M]. Maidenhead.UK:McGraw-Hill.1974.
[38]Khan A A. Primary,preventive and permissive role of hormones in plant systems[J]. Bot Rev.1975.41:341-410.
[39]Major W, Roberts EH. Dormancy in cereals. Ⅱ.The nature of gaseous exchange in imbibed barley and rice seeds[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany.1968,19:90-101.
[40]Roberts E H. Oxidative processes and the control of seed germination.in:W.Heydecker ed.Seed Ecology[J]. Butterworth,London.1973,189-218.
[41]Tao K I, Khan A A. Changes in Isoperonidases During Cold Treatment of Dormant Pear Embryo[J]. Plant Physiol.1976,57:1-4.
[42]Simmands J A, Simpson G M. Increased participation of pentose phosphare pathway in response to after ripening and gibberelic acid treatment in caryopses of Avena fatua[J]. Canadian J Botany.1971,49:1843-1840.
[43]Berley J D, Black M. Physiology and Biochemistry of Seeds, Vol.H[M]. New York:Spririg-Veriag Berlin Hcidelberg.1988.
[44]浦心春.结缕草种子休眠过程中呼吸途径的研究[J].草业学报.1996,(3)：56-60.
[45]高东升.落叶果树自然休眠生物学研究[D].泰安,山东农业大学硕士论文.2001：53-54.
[46]LI XL(李宪利),YUAN ZH Y(袁志友),GAO D SH(高东升).Factors that influence bud dormancy in deciduous fruit tree[J].Journal of Shandon Agriculture University(Natural Science)(山东农业大学学报)(自然科学版).2001,32(3)：386-392.
[47]张良诚,郭维明,陈永盛.红松种子过氧化物酶活性与萌发的关系以及种子中的代谢物质[J].植物学报.1983,(1)：53-61.
[48]周国章,杨志成,苏梦云,等.过氧化氢和植物激素破除茶树种子休眠的生理效应[C].中国植物生理学会第三次全国会议论文汇编.1982.
[49]Lavee S. Dormancy and Bud Break in Warm Climates Considerations of Growth Regulator Involvement[J]. Acta Hort.1993,34:225-234.
[50]Li ZJ(李卓杰),Chen RZi(陈润政),Fu JR[傅家瑞),et al. Studies on isophosphatases of dovetree(Davidia involucrate)seeds during dormancy and germination[J]. J Southwest of For Coll(西南林学院学报),1989.9(1)：8-13.
[51]Flin L H, Mcalister E D. Wave lengths of radiation in the visible visible spectrum promoting the germination of light-sensitive lettuce seed[C]. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.
[52]颜启传.种子学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2001,64-127.
[53]潘瑞炽,董愚得植物生理学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1995,281-284.
[54]曾广文.种子的休眠[J].种子.1984,(4)：74-81.
[55]张丽丽,史广富.无籽西瓜嗑籽破壳拌砂综合催芽方法对出苗率的影响[J].上海农业科技,2006,4.
[56]Heydecker W, Higgins J, Gulliver R L. Accelerated germination by osmotic seed treatment[J].Nature,1973,246:42-44.
[57]Welbaum G E, Shen Z X, O luoch M O, et al. The evolution and effects of prining vegetable seeds[J]. Seed Technol 1998,20(2):209-235.
[58]黄如葵,水引发技术对三倍体西瓜种子发芽性能的影响[J].中国蔬菜,2005(5)：10-12.
[59]邢燕,王吉庆,菅广宇,邵秀丽.不同引发剂处理对西瓜种子萌发及生理特性的影响[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(11)：133-136.
[60]顾桂兰,张显,梁倩倩.不同含水量珍珠岩引发对三倍体西瓜种子萌发及生理活动的影响[J].北方园艺,2009(10)：9-12.
[61]Auber S., Bligny R., Douce., Ratcliffe R.G., Roberts J.K.M., Contribution of glutamate dehydrogenase tomitochondrial metabolism studied by 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance[J]Exp.Bot,2001(52):37-45.
[62]International Seed Testing Association.1999. International Rules for Seed Testing. Seed Sci & Techno1,27(Supplement):51-53
[63]李正理编.植物组织制片学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1996.
[64]李正理,张新英编著.植物解剖学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1983：315-324.
[65]李合生,孙群,赵世杰,等.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].高等教育出版社.2001.
[66]中国科学院上海植物生理研究所主编,现代植物生理学实验指南[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[67]Rhodes D, Rendo G A, Stew art G R. The control of glutamine synthetase level in Lemna minor L.Planta[J].1975(125):201-211.
[68]Leon E, de la Haba P, Maldonado JM. Changes in the levels of enzymes involved in ammonia assimilation during the development of Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings[J]. Physiol Plant, 1990(80):20-26.
[69]S.Fieuw, B.Muller-Rober, S.Galvez, L.Willmitzer. Cloning and expression analysis of the cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from potato[J]. Plant Physiol.1995(107). 905-913.
[70]浦心春,韩建国,李敏.结缕草种子打破休眠过程中的代谢调控[J].中国草 地,1994(3)：20-24.
[71]张艳杰,南方红豆杉种子休眠机理的研究[D].南京,南京林业大学博士论文,2007,6：22-29：
[2]一张.西瓜的历史[N].解放日报,1993-8-17(3).
[3]华景清,蔡健.西瓜的营养与药用价值[J].食品与药品,2005,7.
[4]苏宗周,我国无籽西瓜科研生产动态[J].福建农业科技,1994,1.
[5]刘文革,我国无籽西瓜科研和生产的现状与展望[J].中国瓜菜,2007(6)：57-59.
[6]胡永德.无籽西瓜生产中的三低问题及其对策[J].江西园艺,2004(1)：27.
[7]Grange, S L., Leskovar, D. I, Pike, L. M., Cobb, B. G Excess moisture and seedcoat nicking influence germination of triploid watermelon[J]. HortScience,2000,35(7):1355-1356.
[8]Grange, S. Seedcoat structure and oxygen-enhance environments affect germination of triploid watermelon Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science[J]. 2003,128(2):253-259.
[9]Edelstein,M., F.Corbineau,J. Kigel et,al Seedcoat structure and oxygen availability control low temperature germination of melon seeds[J]. Physiol Plant,1995(93):451-456.
[10]Welbaum,GE Cucurbit seed development and production [J]. Horttechnology,1999(3): 341-348.
[11]郑晓鹰,李秀清,许勇.三倍体西瓜种子萌发障碍及吸水促萌技术研究[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(6)：1238-1243.
[12]徐玉波,荣文英.不同处理对无籽西瓜种子发芽的影响[J].种子科技,2002(1)：39-40.
[13]Wang,T, Sistruck,L., Leskovar,D.I, Cobb,B.G Relationship between seed reserves and germination in triploid watermelon[J]. HortScience,2001,36(3):511.
[14]卡恩A.A..种子休眠和萌发的生理生化[M].农业出版社,北京：1989.33-68.
[15]Lipe W N, Crane J C. Dormancy regulation in peach seeds[J]. Science.1966,373:541-542.
[16]孙秀琴,田树霞.元宝槭种子休眠生理的研究[J].林业科学研究,1991,2.
[17]李正理,张新英.红松后胚离体培养的研究Ⅱ具雌配子体与离体后培养的比较观察[J].植物学报.1962,10：179-185.
[18]Bewley,J.D., Black,M. Physiology of Development and Germination(2nd edn)[M]. New York:Plenum Press.1994:36-107
[19]王九龄,杨建平.紫椴种子休眠原因的初步研究[J].林业科学,1981,17(3)：317-324.
[20]A sakawa,S. On the water absorption by Pinus koraiensis seeds[J].1956.
[21]张良诚等.红松种子休眠与层积生理的初步研究[A].中国植物生理学会第一届年会论文集[C].中国植物生理学会编.1963：53-54.
[22]王文章,陈杰,刘恩举,等.红松种子抑制物的提取、分离、鉴定[J].中国科学.1980,(B)23：899-906.
[23]王文章,陈杰,刘恩举.红松种子休眠与种皮的关系[J].东北林业大学学报.1986,4：83-86.
[24]赖力,郑光华,幸红伟.红松种子休眠与种皮的关系[J].植物学报.1989,31(12)：928-933.
[25]孙昌高,方坚,徐秀瑛,裴雷.药用植物种子生理研究[J].种子,1988,33(1)：30-31.
[26]张良诚,郭维明,陈永盛.红松种子生理后熟的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1981(4)：43-50.
[27]邵洪波.西瓜组织培养研究现状[J].松辽学刊(自然科学版),1999(3)：49-51.
[28]侯占铭,石晶瑜.三鼻涕无籽西瓜组织培养[J].内蒙古师大学报(自然科学版),1996,3(3)：68-70.
[29]许智宏,卫志明,刘贵云.用离体培养无性繁殖三倍体无籽西瓜[J].植物生理学报,1979,5(3)：245-251.
[30]李敏华,张洪溢.无籽西瓜无菌梦话条件的研究[J].海南师范学院学报(自然科学版),2001,14(1)：80-83.
[31]郑先波,栗燕,宋尚伟,夏国海.无籽西瓜成熟胚无菌萌发条件研究[J].河南农业科学,2005(2)：54-57.
[32]Oppenheimer.H. Pflanzen. Sitzugsb. Akad. Wiss. wien. Mathnaturw.KI[J].Abt.Ⅰ.1922:59-65.
[33]陈杰,王文章.用放射免疫法测定红松种子休眠、层积、萌发时ABA的含量[J].东北林业大学学报,1987,15(1)：7-11.
[34]Roberts EH. Seed dormancy and oxidation processes[J]. Symp Soc Exp Biol.1969,23: 161-192.
[35]Khan AA,Zeng GW.Comnsatory energy processes controlling dormancy and germination[J].Plant Physiol.1984,75(1):68.
[36]Khan AA. Cytokinins-permissive role in seed germination[J]. Sicence.1971,171:853-859.
[37]Smith H. Phytochrome and Photomorphogenesis. An introduction to the Photocotrol of Plant Development[M]. Maidenhead.UK:McGraw-Hill.1974.
[38]Khan A A. Primary,preventive and permissive role of hormones in plant systems[J]. Bot Rev.1975.41:341-410.
[39]Major W, Roberts EH. Dormancy in cereals. Ⅱ.The nature of gaseous exchange in imbibed barley and rice seeds[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany.1968,19:90-101.
[40]Roberts E H. Oxidative processes and the control of seed germination.in:W.Heydecker ed.Seed Ecology[J]. Butterworth,London.1973,189-218.
[41]Tao K I, Khan A A. Changes in Isoperonidases During Cold Treatment of Dormant Pear Embryo[J]. Plant Physiol.1976,57:1-4.
[42]Simmands J A, Simpson G M. Increased participation of pentose phosphare pathway in response to after ripening and gibberelic acid treatment in caryopses of Avena fatua[J]. Canadian J Botany.1971,49:1843-1840.
[43]Berley J D, Black M. Physiology and Biochemistry of Seeds, Vol.H[M]. New York:Spririg-Veriag Berlin Hcidelberg.1988.
[44]浦心春.结缕草种子休眠过程中呼吸途径的研究[J].草业学报.1996,(3)：56-60.
[45]高东升.落叶果树自然休眠生物学研究[D].泰安,山东农业大学硕士论文.2001：53-54.
[46]LI XL(李宪利),YUAN ZH Y(袁志友),GAO D SH(高东升).Factors that influence bud dormancy in deciduous fruit tree[J].Journal of Shandon Agriculture University(Natural Science)(山东农业大学学报)(自然科学版).2001,32(3)：386-392.
[47]张良诚,郭维明,陈永盛.红松种子过氧化物酶活性与萌发的关系以及种子中的代谢物质[J].植物学报.1983,(1)：53-61.
[48]周国章,杨志成,苏梦云,等.过氧化氢和植物激素破除茶树种子休眠的生理效应[C].中国植物生理学会第三次全国会议论文汇编.1982.
[49]Lavee S. Dormancy and Bud Break in Warm Climates Considerations of Growth Regulator Involvement[J]. Acta Hort.1993,34:225-234.
[50]Li ZJ(李卓杰),Chen RZi(陈润政),Fu JR[傅家瑞),et al. Studies on isophosphatases of dovetree(Davidia involucrate)seeds during dormancy and germination[J]. J Southwest of For Coll(西南林学院学报),1989.9(1)：8-13.
[51]Flin L H, Mcalister E D. Wave lengths of radiation in the visible visible spectrum promoting the germination of light-sensitive lettuce seed[C]. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.
[52]颜启传.种子学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2001,64-127.
[53]潘瑞炽,董愚得植物生理学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1995,281-284.
[54]曾广文.种子的休眠[J].种子.1984,(4)：74-81.
[55]张丽丽,史广富.无籽西瓜嗑籽破壳拌砂综合催芽方法对出苗率的影响[J].上海农业科技,2006,4.
[56]Heydecker W, Higgins J, Gulliver R L. Accelerated germination by osmotic seed treatment[J].Nature,1973,246:42-44.
[57]Welbaum G E, Shen Z X, O luoch M O, et al. The evolution and effects of prining vegetable seeds[J]. Seed Technol 1998,20(2):209-235.
[58]黄如葵,水引发技术对三倍体西瓜种子发芽性能的影响[J].中国蔬菜,2005(5)：10-12.
[59]邢燕,王吉庆,菅广宇,邵秀丽.不同引发剂处理对西瓜种子萌发及生理特性的影响[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(11)：133-136.
[60]顾桂兰,张显,梁倩倩.不同含水量珍珠岩引发对三倍体西瓜种子萌发及生理活动的影响[J].北方园艺,2009(10)：9-12.
[61]Auber S., Bligny R., Douce., Ratcliffe R.G., Roberts J.K.M., Contribution of glutamate dehydrogenase tomitochondrial metabolism studied by 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance[J]Exp.Bot,2001(52):37-45.
[62]International Seed Testing Association.1999. International Rules for Seed Testing. Seed Sci & Techno1,27(Supplement):51-53
[63]李正理编.植物组织制片学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1996.
[64]李正理,张新英编著.植物解剖学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1983：315-324.
[65]李合生,孙群,赵世杰,等.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].高等教育出版社.2001.
[66]中国科学院上海植物生理研究所主编,现代植物生理学实验指南[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[67]Rhodes D, Rendo G A, Stew art G R. The control of glutamine synthetase level in Lemna minor L.Planta[J].1975(125):201-211.
[68]Leon E, de la Haba P, Maldonado JM. Changes in the levels of enzymes involved in ammonia assimilation during the development of Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings[J]. Physiol Plant, 1990(80):20-26.
[69]S.Fieuw, B.Muller-Rober, S.Galvez, L.Willmitzer. Cloning and expression analysis of the cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from potato[J]. Plant Physiol.1995(107). 905-913.
[70]浦心春,韩建国,李敏.结缕草种子打破休眠过程中的代谢调控[J].中国草 地,1994(3)：20-24.
[71]张艳杰,南方红豆杉种子休眠机理的研究[D].南京,南京林业大学博士论文,2007,6：22-29：