轨道交通系统随机振动特性及其动力可靠性分析
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摘要
轨道交通以其速度快、运量大、能耗低、污染轻、占地少以及安全舒适等综合优势，在世界各国得到了迅速发展。我国在跟踪研究国外先进技术的同时，通过新建快速客运专线、大力加强既有线路的技术改造等措施大幅度地提高了列车的运行速度。但是，随之而来的轮轨系统的动力作用以及行车的安全性与舒适性等问题也越发突出，在这方面我国尚缺乏足够的理论研究与工程实践。因此，列车与轨道的动态相互作用问题和行车的安全性问题已成为我国铁路实现跨越式发展急需解决的基础性研究课题之一。
本文在国内外学者的研究基础之上，针对机车车辆和轨道结构的相互作用问题，将车辆和轨道作为一个大的耦合系统，以车辆动力学和轨道动力学为理论基础，运用随机振动谱分析方法和数值积分方法来研究系统的动力特性，使用多刚体系统动力学软件ADAMS进行动力学仿真分析，并且提出了钢轨的动力可靠性和疲劳可靠性分析方法，为研究车辆一轨道系统的动力特性、行车的安全性和舒适性提供了新的思路。
车辆—轨道模型的正确性和完善程度对计算结果的可靠性和准确性起着决定性的作用。为此，本文根据机车车辆运行的特点和轨道结构的实际情况，建立了比较合理的四轴机车车辆模型和轨道模型。在模型中，将机车车辆视为多刚体系统，考虑了车体、转向架的沉浮和点头以及车轮的垂向共计10个自由度，将钢轨模拟成离散弹性点支承基础上的Euler梁，截取模态阶数为30，将轨枕以及离散后的道床视为刚性质量块，共计114个自由度，整个车辆一轨道系统总共具有154个自由度。在使用ADAMS／Rail进行动力仿真的过程中，将机车车辆模型进一步完善，车辆具有车体、前后构架和轴箱的纵移、横移、沉浮、侧滚、点头与摇头，4个轮对纵移、横移、沉浮、侧滚与摇头总共86个自由度，并且充分考虑了车辆悬挂系统的各种非线性因素。轮轨关系是车辆和轨道之间相互作用的联系纽带，在仿真中采用轮轨非线性弹性接触模型，使仿真过程更加符合实际情况。
列车运行的安全性和舒适性的评价标准将直接影响轨道结构设计的质量和经济性。本文对车辆、轨道的动力性能评价指标如车辆垂向加速度、车辆横向加速度、轮重减载率、轮轨垂向力、轮轨横向力、脱轨系数等进行了综合分析和归纳。
结构可靠度设计是目前国内外结构设计的主要发展方向。实现轨道设计由定值设计向可靠度设计的转变，不仅符合结构设计和我国铁路技术发展的大方向，同时也是当前铁路运输的迫切需要。钢轨是轨道结构的重要组成部分，本文对钢轨的动力可靠性计算方法进行了探讨，对各重要参数如轨下胶垫弹性系数、道床垂向刚度、路基离散刚度、列车运行速度以及超越界限等进行了敏感性分析，由此可以确定各参数的合理取值范围，进而对轨道结构进行整体优化设计。
疲劳问题是轨道结构中一个古老而又基础的问题，本文将疲劳理论运用于结构动力可靠度分析中，采用Monte-Carlo方法对钢轨的疲劳寿命进行预测，并对钢轨的疲劳损伤与防治提出了相应的建议。
With its comprehensive advantages such as the high speed, large transportcapacity, low energy consumption, light pollution, less occupation of the land, highsafety and comfort performance, the rail transit has been developed rapidly all overthe world. The train speed has been improved greatly in China by following andstudying the technology abroad, building new fast Passenger Dedicated Line andstrengthening technological alteration of existing railway. However, the correspondingproblems like the interaction forces between trains and tracks, the safety and comfortof the running train, the reliability of tracks are even more conspicuous and theseproblems still lack enough theoretical research and engineering practice in China.Therefore, the study on the dynamic interaction between trains and tracks is one of thebasic research subjects to meet the need of achieving great-leap-forward developmentof railway in China.
On the foundation of the domestic and abroad technical development of therailway, the vehicle and tracks are regarded as a whole system in this thesis. Based onthe vehicle dynamics and the track dynamics, using the random vibration spectralanalysis and numerical integrate method, using the dynamic simulation softwareADAMS, a new method is proposed in this thesis to analyze the dynamic reliabilityand the fatigue reliability of rails and study the dynamic characteristics of thevehicle-track system and the safety and comfort of the running train.
The validity and perfection degree of the vehicle-track coupling dynamics modelplays a decisive role in the dependability and accuracy of the simulation result. Afour-axle rolling stock dynamics model is set up in this thesis according to thecharacteristics of the running train and the actual instance of the track. In this model,the rolling stock is regarded as the multiple rigid body system, in which vertical androlling motion for car body and bogie and vertical motion for wheel sets areconcerned; rails are modeled as Euler beams laid on elasticity supports, in which thecut-off mode number is 30; sleepers and discrete ballast blocks are modeled as rigidbodies. In total, there are 154 DOF in the whole vehicle-track system. In the processof using ADAMS/Rail, the rolling stock model is relatively more perfect than before,in which all kinds of movements of car body, bogie and wheel sets and various sortsof non-linear factors in vehicle suspension system are fully considered, and the DOFof vehicle totaled up to 86. The wheel/rail interaction is the connection between therolling stock and the track, and the wheel/rail non-linear elastic contact model is used in the simulation, which corresponds to the facts.
The evaluation standards of the dynamic safety and comfort of the vehicleinfluence the quality and economy of track directly. The dynamic evaluation index ofthe rolling stock and track are summed up in this thesis such as the verticalacceleration of car body, lateral acceleration of car body, reduction rate of wheel load,wheel/rail vertical force, wheel/rail lateral force and derailment coefficient etc.
The reliability method is a major developmental trend in the field of structuraldesign. Converting the deterministic design method into reliability design method isnot only in the direction of the railway technology development in our country, butalso can meet the needs of current railway transportation. The rail is an importantcomponent of track structures. The method for calculating the dynamic reliability ofrail is discussed in this thesis, and the sensitivity analysis is done for some importantparameters such as elastic modulus of cushion, vertical stiffness of bed, discretestiffness of sub grade, overcrossing limit and train speed etc. From this, the reasonablevalues of the parameters are able to ascertain, and then the entirety optimization of thetrack structures can be carried out.
Fatigue is an ancient and basic problem of the track structures. The fatiguetheory is applied to analyze the dynamic reliability of structures in this thesis. Monte-Carlo method is used to predict the fatigue life of rails, and some correspondingadvices are put forward to control the damage of rails.
本文在国内外学者的研究基础之上，针对机车车辆和轨道结构的相互作用问题，将车辆和轨道作为一个大的耦合系统，以车辆动力学和轨道动力学为理论基础，运用随机振动谱分析方法和数值积分方法来研究系统的动力特性，使用多刚体系统动力学软件ADAMS进行动力学仿真分析，并且提出了钢轨的动力可靠性和疲劳可靠性分析方法，为研究车辆一轨道系统的动力特性、行车的安全性和舒适性提供了新的思路。
车辆—轨道模型的正确性和完善程度对计算结果的可靠性和准确性起着决定性的作用。为此，本文根据机车车辆运行的特点和轨道结构的实际情况，建立了比较合理的四轴机车车辆模型和轨道模型。在模型中，将机车车辆视为多刚体系统，考虑了车体、转向架的沉浮和点头以及车轮的垂向共计10个自由度，将钢轨模拟成离散弹性点支承基础上的Euler梁，截取模态阶数为30，将轨枕以及离散后的道床视为刚性质量块，共计114个自由度，整个车辆一轨道系统总共具有154个自由度。在使用ADAMS／Rail进行动力仿真的过程中，将机车车辆模型进一步完善，车辆具有车体、前后构架和轴箱的纵移、横移、沉浮、侧滚、点头与摇头，4个轮对纵移、横移、沉浮、侧滚与摇头总共86个自由度，并且充分考虑了车辆悬挂系统的各种非线性因素。轮轨关系是车辆和轨道之间相互作用的联系纽带，在仿真中采用轮轨非线性弹性接触模型，使仿真过程更加符合实际情况。
列车运行的安全性和舒适性的评价标准将直接影响轨道结构设计的质量和经济性。本文对车辆、轨道的动力性能评价指标如车辆垂向加速度、车辆横向加速度、轮重减载率、轮轨垂向力、轮轨横向力、脱轨系数等进行了综合分析和归纳。
结构可靠度设计是目前国内外结构设计的主要发展方向。实现轨道设计由定值设计向可靠度设计的转变，不仅符合结构设计和我国铁路技术发展的大方向，同时也是当前铁路运输的迫切需要。钢轨是轨道结构的重要组成部分，本文对钢轨的动力可靠性计算方法进行了探讨，对各重要参数如轨下胶垫弹性系数、道床垂向刚度、路基离散刚度、列车运行速度以及超越界限等进行了敏感性分析，由此可以确定各参数的合理取值范围，进而对轨道结构进行整体优化设计。
疲劳问题是轨道结构中一个古老而又基础的问题，本文将疲劳理论运用于结构动力可靠度分析中，采用Monte-Carlo方法对钢轨的疲劳寿命进行预测，并对钢轨的疲劳损伤与防治提出了相应的建议。
With its comprehensive advantages such as the high speed, large transportcapacity, low energy consumption, light pollution, less occupation of the land, highsafety and comfort performance, the rail transit has been developed rapidly all overthe world. The train speed has been improved greatly in China by following andstudying the technology abroad, building new fast Passenger Dedicated Line andstrengthening technological alteration of existing railway. However, the correspondingproblems like the interaction forces between trains and tracks, the safety and comfortof the running train, the reliability of tracks are even more conspicuous and theseproblems still lack enough theoretical research and engineering practice in China.Therefore, the study on the dynamic interaction between trains and tracks is one of thebasic research subjects to meet the need of achieving great-leap-forward developmentof railway in China.
On the foundation of the domestic and abroad technical development of therailway, the vehicle and tracks are regarded as a whole system in this thesis. Based onthe vehicle dynamics and the track dynamics, using the random vibration spectralanalysis and numerical integrate method, using the dynamic simulation softwareADAMS, a new method is proposed in this thesis to analyze the dynamic reliabilityand the fatigue reliability of rails and study the dynamic characteristics of thevehicle-track system and the safety and comfort of the running train.
The validity and perfection degree of the vehicle-track coupling dynamics modelplays a decisive role in the dependability and accuracy of the simulation result. Afour-axle rolling stock dynamics model is set up in this thesis according to thecharacteristics of the running train and the actual instance of the track. In this model,the rolling stock is regarded as the multiple rigid body system, in which vertical androlling motion for car body and bogie and vertical motion for wheel sets areconcerned; rails are modeled as Euler beams laid on elasticity supports, in which thecut-off mode number is 30; sleepers and discrete ballast blocks are modeled as rigidbodies. In total, there are 154 DOF in the whole vehicle-track system. In the processof using ADAMS/Rail, the rolling stock model is relatively more perfect than before,in which all kinds of movements of car body, bogie and wheel sets and various sortsof non-linear factors in vehicle suspension system are fully considered, and the DOFof vehicle totaled up to 86. The wheel/rail interaction is the connection between therolling stock and the track, and the wheel/rail non-linear elastic contact model is used in the simulation, which corresponds to the facts.
The evaluation standards of the dynamic safety and comfort of the vehicleinfluence the quality and economy of track directly. The dynamic evaluation index ofthe rolling stock and track are summed up in this thesis such as the verticalacceleration of car body, lateral acceleration of car body, reduction rate of wheel load,wheel/rail vertical force, wheel/rail lateral force and derailment coefficient etc.
The reliability method is a major developmental trend in the field of structuraldesign. Converting the deterministic design method into reliability design method isnot only in the direction of the railway technology development in our country, butalso can meet the needs of current railway transportation. The rail is an importantcomponent of track structures. The method for calculating the dynamic reliability ofrail is discussed in this thesis, and the sensitivity analysis is done for some importantparameters such as elastic modulus of cushion, vertical stiffness of bed, discretestiffness of sub grade, overcrossing limit and train speed etc. From this, the reasonablevalues of the parameters are able to ascertain, and then the entirety optimization of thetrack structures can be carried out.
Fatigue is an ancient and basic problem of the track structures. The fatiguetheory is applied to analyze the dynamic reliability of structures in this thesis. Monte-Carlo method is used to predict the fatigue life of rails, and some correspondingadvices are put forward to control the damage of rails.
引文
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