轻合金表面激光熔覆Ni-Zr-Al合金组织与性能
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摘要
镁、铝合金因其密度小,比强度高、良好的导电导热性能成为理想的工程材料。但镁、铝合金较低耐蚀性和力学性制约了其在生产中的应用。因此采用激光熔覆技术提高镁、铝合金表面性能。
现在许多已有的熔覆材料体系还远不能满足镁合金和铝合金使用性能和工艺性能的需要,镍基合金因具有良好的耐蚀性、耐磨性,高的强度和硬度,以及与镁、铝良好的物化相容性,是镁、铝合金表面改性的理想材料。
本文根据团簇线判据设计一系列合金成分并对其优化,通过组织、性能测试,可知,随着第三组元Al含量的增加,合金中Ni_(10)Zr_7相的相对含量逐渐减少,而Ni_(21)Zr_8相的相对逐渐增加,成分由过共晶状态逐渐向亚共晶状态偏移,当Al含量为6at.%时,成分最靠近共晶成分,因此,Ni_(60.16)Zr_(33.84)Al_6合金晶粒最细小,硬度高,熔点低,耐腐蚀性好,成为镁、铝合金良好的熔覆材料。
在镁合金表面激光熔覆Ni_(60.16)Zr_(33.38)Al_6合金,由于镁合金基体的稀释作用,使涂层中在含有的同时含有少量的Mg,激光功率一定时,随扫描速度增加,涂层冷却速度增加,使非晶含量增加,若速度过大,则因成分不能混合均匀,降低约化玻璃转变温度,非晶形成能力降低,受此综合影响,因此,在速度为10mm/s时非晶含量最大;由于受形成非晶和晶粒大小的综合影响,致使涂层的硬度与扫描速度之间存在最佳匹配关系,即在扫描速度为10mm/s涂层获得最大硬度;由于非晶和微晶的复合增强作用,与镁合金基体相比,涂层具有较高的耐磨性、耐腐蚀性。
采用激光熔覆工艺在铝合金表面制备Ni基合金涂层,与镁合金表面激光熔覆Ni_(60.16)Zr_(33.38)Al_6合金的熔覆层相比,除含有相同的Ni_(10)Zr_7、Ni_(21)Zr_8相外还含有少量的Al,显微组织均是羽毛状树枝晶,由于铝合金表面易形成致密的氧化膜,影响表面结合,加入少量的B粉和Si粉造渣,增强表面结合能力。研究表明,由于受微区合金溶液成分和结晶参数不均匀的影响,沿熔覆层层深的变化,树枝晶变粗;功率的增加,Ni_(21)Zr_8相的含量增加,Ni_(10)Zr_7相的含量降低。激光功率为2.7kW、3.0kW时,熔覆层的组织均为黑色基体上分布着羽毛状树枝晶,当激光功率到达2.4kW、3.2kW时,熔覆层则呈现出块状晶。受晶粒大小的影响,激光功率为3.0kW的涂层获得最大硬度,所以其抗磨粒磨损能力越好,不同激光功率下的熔覆层在3.5wt%NaCl溶液中质量几乎不变,抗盐腐蚀能力良好。
Magnesium(Mg) alloys and Aluminum(Al) are regarded as the ideal engineering materials because of their low density,high specific strength and rigidity, good heat and electrical conductivity.However,the poor corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of Mg alloys limit the advantages of their performance. Therefore,by taking the surface modification technology,the improvement of the chemical and mechanical properties of Mg alloys and Al alloys has the important practical significance.
At the present,the systerm of cladding materials is far from meeting the need of processing property and using performance of Magnesium Alloys and Aluminum Alloys,the Nickel-base alloy becomes the ideal material of laser surface modification because of its high-hardness,good corrosion resistance and physicochemical compatibility with Magnesium Alloys and Aluminum Alloys.
Based on the cluster line criterion,The paper designs a series of Ni-Zr-Al alloys, which is optimized by structure analysis and performance test.The results show that with the increase of the content of Al,the relative content of Ni_(10)Zr_7 increases and that of Ni_(21)Zr_8 phase decreases,the composition of Ni-Zr-Al alloys occurs deviation from hypereutectic alloys to hypoeutectic alloys,when the content of Al is 6at.%,the composition is closed to the eutectic composition,therefore the Ni_(60.16)Zr_(33.84)Al_6 alloy with small grain size,higher hardness,low melting point and good corrosion resistance is elected as the laser surface modificaition material of magnesium alloys and aluminum alloys.
The study of the laser clad Ni-Zr-Al alloy coating on the magnesium alloys show that due to the dilution effect of magnesium alloy substrate,the cladding layer contains Ni_(21)Zr_8 phase,Ni_(10)Zr_7 phase and a spot of magnesium,when the lase power has no change,the cooling rate of layer increases by the enhance of the scanning speed,which leads the content of amorphous reuduces,however,the excessively high speed reduces glass transition temperature and the ability of Amorphous formation.At the mean time,in the effect of the content of amorphous and the size of grain,the hardness of layer is the most at the speed of 10mm/s,amorphous and microcrystalline make layer enhance wear resistance and corrosion resistance of layer.
The study of the laser clad Ni based alloy coating on the aluminum alloys shows that due to the easy generation of oxide film on the Al alloys surface,which effects surface binding,the paper adds a little of B powder and Si powder.In the effect of the solution composition of alloy in micro zone and with the increase of the laser power, the relative content of Ni_(21)Zr_8 increases and that of Ni_(10)Zr_7 phase decreases.When the laser power is 2.7kW、3.0kW the structure of layers is dendrite like feather on the black substrate,while the laser power 2.4kW、3.2kW,that of layers is bulk crystals,in the effect of grain size,the hardness of the layer at the laser power of 3.0kW is highest, so its wear resistance is also best,all of layers in different laser power have good corrosion resistance in the 3.5wt.%NaCl solution.
现在许多已有的熔覆材料体系还远不能满足镁合金和铝合金使用性能和工艺性能的需要,镍基合金因具有良好的耐蚀性、耐磨性,高的强度和硬度,以及与镁、铝良好的物化相容性,是镁、铝合金表面改性的理想材料。
本文根据团簇线判据设计一系列合金成分并对其优化,通过组织、性能测试,可知,随着第三组元Al含量的增加,合金中Ni_(10)Zr_7相的相对含量逐渐减少,而Ni_(21)Zr_8相的相对逐渐增加,成分由过共晶状态逐渐向亚共晶状态偏移,当Al含量为6at.%时,成分最靠近共晶成分,因此,Ni_(60.16)Zr_(33.84)Al_6合金晶粒最细小,硬度高,熔点低,耐腐蚀性好,成为镁、铝合金良好的熔覆材料。
在镁合金表面激光熔覆Ni_(60.16)Zr_(33.38)Al_6合金,由于镁合金基体的稀释作用,使涂层中在含有的同时含有少量的Mg,激光功率一定时,随扫描速度增加,涂层冷却速度增加,使非晶含量增加,若速度过大,则因成分不能混合均匀,降低约化玻璃转变温度,非晶形成能力降低,受此综合影响,因此,在速度为10mm/s时非晶含量最大;由于受形成非晶和晶粒大小的综合影响,致使涂层的硬度与扫描速度之间存在最佳匹配关系,即在扫描速度为10mm/s涂层获得最大硬度;由于非晶和微晶的复合增强作用,与镁合金基体相比,涂层具有较高的耐磨性、耐腐蚀性。
采用激光熔覆工艺在铝合金表面制备Ni基合金涂层,与镁合金表面激光熔覆Ni_(60.16)Zr_(33.38)Al_6合金的熔覆层相比,除含有相同的Ni_(10)Zr_7、Ni_(21)Zr_8相外还含有少量的Al,显微组织均是羽毛状树枝晶,由于铝合金表面易形成致密的氧化膜,影响表面结合,加入少量的B粉和Si粉造渣,增强表面结合能力。研究表明,由于受微区合金溶液成分和结晶参数不均匀的影响,沿熔覆层层深的变化,树枝晶变粗;功率的增加,Ni_(21)Zr_8相的含量增加,Ni_(10)Zr_7相的含量降低。激光功率为2.7kW、3.0kW时,熔覆层的组织均为黑色基体上分布着羽毛状树枝晶,当激光功率到达2.4kW、3.2kW时,熔覆层则呈现出块状晶。受晶粒大小的影响,激光功率为3.0kW的涂层获得最大硬度,所以其抗磨粒磨损能力越好,不同激光功率下的熔覆层在3.5wt%NaCl溶液中质量几乎不变,抗盐腐蚀能力良好。
Magnesium(Mg) alloys and Aluminum(Al) are regarded as the ideal engineering materials because of their low density,high specific strength and rigidity, good heat and electrical conductivity.However,the poor corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of Mg alloys limit the advantages of their performance. Therefore,by taking the surface modification technology,the improvement of the chemical and mechanical properties of Mg alloys and Al alloys has the important practical significance.
At the present,the systerm of cladding materials is far from meeting the need of processing property and using performance of Magnesium Alloys and Aluminum Alloys,the Nickel-base alloy becomes the ideal material of laser surface modification because of its high-hardness,good corrosion resistance and physicochemical compatibility with Magnesium Alloys and Aluminum Alloys.
Based on the cluster line criterion,The paper designs a series of Ni-Zr-Al alloys, which is optimized by structure analysis and performance test.The results show that with the increase of the content of Al,the relative content of Ni_(10)Zr_7 increases and that of Ni_(21)Zr_8 phase decreases,the composition of Ni-Zr-Al alloys occurs deviation from hypereutectic alloys to hypoeutectic alloys,when the content of Al is 6at.%,the composition is closed to the eutectic composition,therefore the Ni_(60.16)Zr_(33.84)Al_6 alloy with small grain size,higher hardness,low melting point and good corrosion resistance is elected as the laser surface modificaition material of magnesium alloys and aluminum alloys.
The study of the laser clad Ni-Zr-Al alloy coating on the magnesium alloys show that due to the dilution effect of magnesium alloy substrate,the cladding layer contains Ni_(21)Zr_8 phase,Ni_(10)Zr_7 phase and a spot of magnesium,when the lase power has no change,the cooling rate of layer increases by the enhance of the scanning speed,which leads the content of amorphous reuduces,however,the excessively high speed reduces glass transition temperature and the ability of Amorphous formation.At the mean time,in the effect of the content of amorphous and the size of grain,the hardness of layer is the most at the speed of 10mm/s,amorphous and microcrystalline make layer enhance wear resistance and corrosion resistance of layer.
The study of the laser clad Ni based alloy coating on the aluminum alloys shows that due to the easy generation of oxide film on the Al alloys surface,which effects surface binding,the paper adds a little of B powder and Si powder.In the effect of the solution composition of alloy in micro zone and with the increase of the laser power, the relative content of Ni_(21)Zr_8 increases and that of Ni_(10)Zr_7 phase decreases.When the laser power is 2.7kW、3.0kW the structure of layers is dendrite like feather on the black substrate,while the laser power 2.4kW、3.2kW,that of layers is bulk crystals,in the effect of grain size,the hardness of the layer at the laser power of 3.0kW is highest, so its wear resistance is also best,all of layers in different laser power have good corrosion resistance in the 3.5wt.%NaCl solution.
引文
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