核心劳工标准实施的国际法研究
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摘要
经济全球化不仅直接影响着世界经济的格局和发展,同时也深深地影响着政治和社会生活的各个方面。中国自2001年12月入世以来,我国的经济和社会生活的许多方面都发生了一系列的变化,这种变化是深刻的、全方位的。“入世”标志着中国正在逐渐地融入经济全球化之中。全球化带给中国的益处是显而易见的,但其负面影响也不可忽视。
国际劳工标准是处理劳动关系的一些原则、规则,它的范围十分广泛,如工人的工资水平、工作时间、劳动安全条件、集体谈判和平等就业都是劳工标准的内容。早在19世纪,美国等国家就开始关注各国国内的劳工标准对国际贸易的影响。随着第二次世界大战之后贸易自由化浪潮的兴起,劳工标准问题更是凸显。从1947年至今,发达国家与发展中国家就GATT/WTO法律框架应否纳入劳工标准问题的争论从未间断。中国是世界上的贸易大国,又是WTO的成员之一,劳工标准问题不容回避,因此,研究贸易与劳工标准问题对我国无疑具有重大的理论和现实意义。本文以“核心劳工标准实施的国际法研究”为题,从国际劳工标准问题的发展背景和现状以及它的法律渊源入手,通过比较国际劳工标准与我国的劳动立法,提出在我国实施国际劳工标准的相关法律问题的分析及应对思考。希望能够抛砖引玉,使更多的学者对这一问题进行更深入细致地研究,探索我国对此问题的应对之策。
全文的论述体系共分为四章:第一章为“核心劳工标准的概述”。该部分探讨了核心劳工标准的历史来源和定义,并分析了当今国际社会上核心劳工标准问题为什么又会浮出水面。笔者认为,对核心劳工标准进行定义,要从两个部分入手:即一般意义上劳工标准和国际贸易中的劳工标准——核心劳工标准。从一般意义上或法理学角度来看,劳工标准是国际法或者一国国内法所认可的劳动者劳动权利的范围和程度。而在国际贸易领域中,当前被普遍认同的劳工标准定义为:国际劳工大会通过的公约和建议书,以及其他达成国际协议的具有完备、系统的关于劳动关系和与之相关的一些关系的原则、规则,即所谓的核心劳工标准,它与国际劳工组织ILO制定的8个“基本劳工公约”的内容是相同的。
第二章为“核心劳工标准的实施现状”。该部分首先讨论了核心劳工标准的实施特点,又论述了当前世界各国对于国际核心劳工标准实施的现状及不足之处。
第三章中,本人认为,核心劳工标准虽然是国际法,但其具有软法性,因而核心劳工标准实施在国际法层面具有其特殊性。目前国际层面对于核心劳工实施持两种不同态度,发达国家想将其纳入WTO体系,而发展中国家认为强制其实施核心劳工标准是对其国家主权的干涉,因为一国的劳动法应属于其国内法的范畴,将劳工标准与贸易挂钩是发达国家实现贸易保护的借口。同时,二战后,由于许多新兴国际和发展中国家成为其成员国,这些国家国内经济水平低,劳工环境差,要求他们实施与美国与欧洲一样的劳工标准是不现实的。核心劳工标准虽然是国际公约,但主要涉及的是各个国家的国内劳动标准,需要各国的内部实施,核心标准实施与国际法的问题,也是本部分想阐述的重点。
第四章对我国实施核心劳工标准的现状及应对思考。我国从《宪法》、《劳动法》到《工会法》等,都有关于劳工标准的内容。有些与国际劳工标准一致,有的高于国际劳工标准,但有的国际劳工标准内容我国法律并未涉及。如在禁用童工,同工同酬方面与甚至高于核心劳工标准的内容规定,但对于自由结社权,罢工权等,我国却并未详细涉及。
针对目前我国劳工问题的一些现状:如跨国公司在我国出现的低劳工标准问题,对东航飞行员返航事件提出对罢工权的思考,我国的劳动教养制度等等现实问题对我国劳工法及相关法规提出建议。同时,针对核心劳工标准实施的国际法问题,指出我国对其的应对意见。
The economic globalization not only influences the structure and the development of the world’s economy directly, but also greatly influences every aspect of the political and social life. It is eight years since China entered WTO in December, 2001 and during the 8 years, a series of profound changes have taken place in every aspect of the economic and social life in China.“WTO entry”symbolizes that China has been merging into the global economy and the economic globalization brings China great benefits and negative effects as well.
The International Labor Standards are the principles and rules of coping with the labor relationships such as the salary, the working time, the secure working conditions, the collective bargaining and the equal employment, etc. In early 19th century, the United Sates and some other countries began to focus on the influence of the domestic labor standards upon the international trade. Since the rise of the trade liberalization after World War II, more disputes have arisen about labor standards. Since 1947 till now, there have been many disputes between the developed countries and the developing countries on whether the labor standards should be brought in the GATT/WTO laws. Since China is an important trading country and the member of WTO, the problem of the labor standards should not be neglected in China and the study of trade and the labor standards is of profound theoretical and practical significance. With“A study on the international law for the implementation of core labor standards”as the title, in this paper the author will begin with the background, the reality of the development of the International Labor Standards and its legal origins, make a comparison between the International Labor Standards and our country’s labor legislation, and finally present an analysis of the relevant legal issues and put forward solutions to them with the hope that more scholars will devote themselves to the study of this issue and explore its possible solutions.
This thesis is divided into four parts. Part 1: A brief introduction to the labor standards. In this part, the author will explore the history and definition of the labor standards and the reason why the issue of labor standards has been raised again at present. According to the author, the term“the Labor Standards”is defined with the two factors taken into consideration: the generally-accepted labor standards and the labor standards in the international trade, i.e., the core labor standards. In the general sense or the legal sense, the labor standards are the scope and extents of the laborers’right to work which are recognized by the international laws and each country’law. But in the international trade, it is commonly accepted that the Labor Standards, or the Core Labor Standards, are the conventions and the recommendations passed by the International Labor Conference, and the relevant, complete, and systemic principles, rules regarding the labor relationships needed in the reaching of the international agreements. The contents of the labor standards are the same as those of the eight“Fundamental Labor Conventions”made by the International Labor Organization (OBL).
Part 2: The main contents of the current situation of implementation for the Core Labor Standards. In this part, the author will first discuss discusses the characteristics for the implementation of core labor standards, and the situation and lack on the Implement- tation of core labor standards around the world will be discussed.
Part 3: the features of the Core Labor Standards in the perspective of the international laws. Though the Core Labor Standards is an international law, but it is“soft law”. The implementation of the Core Labor Standards also has its special feature in the perspective of the international laws. At present, two different attitudes to the implementation of the Core Labor Standards exist internationally. The developed countries want it to be brought into the WTO system while the developing countries consider the enforcement of the Core Labor Standards within their countries an interference with their sovereignty for one nation’s Labor Law is a domestic law, and the linking of the labor standards and trading is an excuse the developed countries adopt to implement the trade protection. At the very beginning of the drafting of the International Labor Standards, the same standard was required by the ILO to be implemented in the USA and the western countries but after World War II, the newly joining member countries found it’s not practical for them to carry out the same labor standards as the USA and the European countries as these newly merging countries and the developing countries were poor economically and poor in working conditions. As an international convention, the Core Labor Standards is mainly concerned with the domestic labor standards of many countries, and needs to be implemented within the countries concerned, so in this part it is also taken into consideration how to turn this international convention into the domestic law.
Part 4: Reflection on the present implementation of the Core Labor Standards in China and the solutions. The contents of the labor standards can be seen in the Chinese Constitution, Labor Law and Trade Union law. Some contents of the labor standards of these Chinese laws are in consistent with those of the International Labor Standards, some are stricter than those of the International Labor Standards, but some can not be seen in the Chinese laws, for example, the such provisions as the prohibition of child laborers, equal pay for equal work are even stricter than those in the Core Labor Standards, but such provisions as the right to freedom of association, the right to strike are not made in detail in the Chinese laws.
Finally, in this thesis, the author will put forward some solutions to the current labor problems in China: the lower labor standards in the transnational corporations, the abnormal returns of the China Eastern Airlines, the overwork of the employees in Huawei, etc. and solutions to the implementation of the Core Labor Standards in China as well.
国际劳工标准是处理劳动关系的一些原则、规则,它的范围十分广泛,如工人的工资水平、工作时间、劳动安全条件、集体谈判和平等就业都是劳工标准的内容。早在19世纪,美国等国家就开始关注各国国内的劳工标准对国际贸易的影响。随着第二次世界大战之后贸易自由化浪潮的兴起,劳工标准问题更是凸显。从1947年至今,发达国家与发展中国家就GATT/WTO法律框架应否纳入劳工标准问题的争论从未间断。中国是世界上的贸易大国,又是WTO的成员之一,劳工标准问题不容回避,因此,研究贸易与劳工标准问题对我国无疑具有重大的理论和现实意义。本文以“核心劳工标准实施的国际法研究”为题,从国际劳工标准问题的发展背景和现状以及它的法律渊源入手,通过比较国际劳工标准与我国的劳动立法,提出在我国实施国际劳工标准的相关法律问题的分析及应对思考。希望能够抛砖引玉,使更多的学者对这一问题进行更深入细致地研究,探索我国对此问题的应对之策。
全文的论述体系共分为四章:第一章为“核心劳工标准的概述”。该部分探讨了核心劳工标准的历史来源和定义,并分析了当今国际社会上核心劳工标准问题为什么又会浮出水面。笔者认为,对核心劳工标准进行定义,要从两个部分入手:即一般意义上劳工标准和国际贸易中的劳工标准——核心劳工标准。从一般意义上或法理学角度来看,劳工标准是国际法或者一国国内法所认可的劳动者劳动权利的范围和程度。而在国际贸易领域中,当前被普遍认同的劳工标准定义为:国际劳工大会通过的公约和建议书,以及其他达成国际协议的具有完备、系统的关于劳动关系和与之相关的一些关系的原则、规则,即所谓的核心劳工标准,它与国际劳工组织ILO制定的8个“基本劳工公约”的内容是相同的。
第二章为“核心劳工标准的实施现状”。该部分首先讨论了核心劳工标准的实施特点,又论述了当前世界各国对于国际核心劳工标准实施的现状及不足之处。
第三章中,本人认为,核心劳工标准虽然是国际法,但其具有软法性,因而核心劳工标准实施在国际法层面具有其特殊性。目前国际层面对于核心劳工实施持两种不同态度,发达国家想将其纳入WTO体系,而发展中国家认为强制其实施核心劳工标准是对其国家主权的干涉,因为一国的劳动法应属于其国内法的范畴,将劳工标准与贸易挂钩是发达国家实现贸易保护的借口。同时,二战后,由于许多新兴国际和发展中国家成为其成员国,这些国家国内经济水平低,劳工环境差,要求他们实施与美国与欧洲一样的劳工标准是不现实的。核心劳工标准虽然是国际公约,但主要涉及的是各个国家的国内劳动标准,需要各国的内部实施,核心标准实施与国际法的问题,也是本部分想阐述的重点。
第四章对我国实施核心劳工标准的现状及应对思考。我国从《宪法》、《劳动法》到《工会法》等,都有关于劳工标准的内容。有些与国际劳工标准一致,有的高于国际劳工标准,但有的国际劳工标准内容我国法律并未涉及。如在禁用童工,同工同酬方面与甚至高于核心劳工标准的内容规定,但对于自由结社权,罢工权等,我国却并未详细涉及。
针对目前我国劳工问题的一些现状:如跨国公司在我国出现的低劳工标准问题,对东航飞行员返航事件提出对罢工权的思考,我国的劳动教养制度等等现实问题对我国劳工法及相关法规提出建议。同时,针对核心劳工标准实施的国际法问题,指出我国对其的应对意见。
The economic globalization not only influences the structure and the development of the world’s economy directly, but also greatly influences every aspect of the political and social life. It is eight years since China entered WTO in December, 2001 and during the 8 years, a series of profound changes have taken place in every aspect of the economic and social life in China.“WTO entry”symbolizes that China has been merging into the global economy and the economic globalization brings China great benefits and negative effects as well.
The International Labor Standards are the principles and rules of coping with the labor relationships such as the salary, the working time, the secure working conditions, the collective bargaining and the equal employment, etc. In early 19th century, the United Sates and some other countries began to focus on the influence of the domestic labor standards upon the international trade. Since the rise of the trade liberalization after World War II, more disputes have arisen about labor standards. Since 1947 till now, there have been many disputes between the developed countries and the developing countries on whether the labor standards should be brought in the GATT/WTO laws. Since China is an important trading country and the member of WTO, the problem of the labor standards should not be neglected in China and the study of trade and the labor standards is of profound theoretical and practical significance. With“A study on the international law for the implementation of core labor standards”as the title, in this paper the author will begin with the background, the reality of the development of the International Labor Standards and its legal origins, make a comparison between the International Labor Standards and our country’s labor legislation, and finally present an analysis of the relevant legal issues and put forward solutions to them with the hope that more scholars will devote themselves to the study of this issue and explore its possible solutions.
This thesis is divided into four parts. Part 1: A brief introduction to the labor standards. In this part, the author will explore the history and definition of the labor standards and the reason why the issue of labor standards has been raised again at present. According to the author, the term“the Labor Standards”is defined with the two factors taken into consideration: the generally-accepted labor standards and the labor standards in the international trade, i.e., the core labor standards. In the general sense or the legal sense, the labor standards are the scope and extents of the laborers’right to work which are recognized by the international laws and each country’law. But in the international trade, it is commonly accepted that the Labor Standards, or the Core Labor Standards, are the conventions and the recommendations passed by the International Labor Conference, and the relevant, complete, and systemic principles, rules regarding the labor relationships needed in the reaching of the international agreements. The contents of the labor standards are the same as those of the eight“Fundamental Labor Conventions”made by the International Labor Organization (OBL).
Part 2: The main contents of the current situation of implementation for the Core Labor Standards. In this part, the author will first discuss discusses the characteristics for the implementation of core labor standards, and the situation and lack on the Implement- tation of core labor standards around the world will be discussed.
Part 3: the features of the Core Labor Standards in the perspective of the international laws. Though the Core Labor Standards is an international law, but it is“soft law”. The implementation of the Core Labor Standards also has its special feature in the perspective of the international laws. At present, two different attitudes to the implementation of the Core Labor Standards exist internationally. The developed countries want it to be brought into the WTO system while the developing countries consider the enforcement of the Core Labor Standards within their countries an interference with their sovereignty for one nation’s Labor Law is a domestic law, and the linking of the labor standards and trading is an excuse the developed countries adopt to implement the trade protection. At the very beginning of the drafting of the International Labor Standards, the same standard was required by the ILO to be implemented in the USA and the western countries but after World War II, the newly joining member countries found it’s not practical for them to carry out the same labor standards as the USA and the European countries as these newly merging countries and the developing countries were poor economically and poor in working conditions. As an international convention, the Core Labor Standards is mainly concerned with the domestic labor standards of many countries, and needs to be implemented within the countries concerned, so in this part it is also taken into consideration how to turn this international convention into the domestic law.
Part 4: Reflection on the present implementation of the Core Labor Standards in China and the solutions. The contents of the labor standards can be seen in the Chinese Constitution, Labor Law and Trade Union law. Some contents of the labor standards of these Chinese laws are in consistent with those of the International Labor Standards, some are stricter than those of the International Labor Standards, but some can not be seen in the Chinese laws, for example, the such provisions as the prohibition of child laborers, equal pay for equal work are even stricter than those in the Core Labor Standards, but such provisions as the right to freedom of association, the right to strike are not made in detail in the Chinese laws.
Finally, in this thesis, the author will put forward some solutions to the current labor problems in China: the lower labor standards in the transnational corporations, the abnormal returns of the China Eastern Airlines, the overwork of the employees in Huawei, etc. and solutions to the implementation of the Core Labor Standards in China as well.
引文
[1]参见佘云霞.国际劳工标准:演变与争议[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社2006:30.
[2]这八个公约为:1948年《结社自由与保护组织权利公约》(第87号公约);1949年《组织权利和集体谈判权利公约》(第98号公约);1930年《强迫劳动公约》(第29号公约);1957年《废除强迫劳动公约》(第105号公约);1951年《同酬公约》(第100号公约);1958年《就业和职业歧视公约》(第111号公约);1973年《最低年龄公约》(第138号公约);1999年《最恶劣形式的童工劳动公约》(第182号公约)。公约182号在2000年12月开始实施.
[3] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C087.
[4] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C098.
[5]当时制订第29号公约的着眼点是在于解决殖民地的强制劳动问题。后来,国际社会对这个问题的注意力转向在更大范围内存在着的、把强制劳动作为一种发展经济或政治压制的手段.
[6] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C029.
[7] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C105.
[8] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C100.
[9]《费城宣言》确认了《关于国际劳工组织的目标与宗旨的宣言》规定的宗旨,并根据劳动世界面临的挑战,进一步提出了国际劳工组织重点推动的目标,即“全人类不分种族、信仰或性别都有权在自由和尊严、经济保障和机会均等的条件下谋求其物质福利和精神发展。”而第111号公约直接引用了《费城宣言》所确认的劳工组织所追求的目标作为制定标准的依据。
[10] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C138.
[11] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C182.
[12]《国际锡矿协定》第45条规定:“成员国宣布,为了避免生活水平的下降和在国际贸易中使用不公平的竞争手段,他们将努力保证在锡工业中的公平的劳工标准。”《国际糖业协定》第28条规定:“成员国必须在各自的工业生产中维持公正的劳工标准,并尽可能地努力改善糖业生产过程中农业、工业部门工人和甘蔗、甜菜种植工人的生活水平.
[13]广义的社会法是指为了解决社会性问题而制定的各种有关社会法规的总称,它是根据国家的社会政策,通过立法的方式制定法律,以保护某些特别需要扶助人群的经济生活安全,或是用以普遍促进社会大人的福利。将所有有关社会法规集合在一起,便被广泛地称作社会法或社会立法.
[14]石美遐.全球化背景下的国际劳工标准与劳动法研究[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2005:49.
[15]参见李雪平.多边贸易自由化与国际劳工权益保护[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007:10-12.
[16] http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-06-22/02149263847s.shtml,2009年2月23日访问.
[17]参见佘云霞.国际劳工标准:演变与争议[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006:84.
[18]袁文全,赵学刚.跨国公司社会责任的国际法规制[J].法学评论,2007(3):64.
[19]参见桑德拉·博拉斯基.贸易与劳工标准——发展中国家的战略[EB/OL], 2003 : 13 ,www.ceip.org/pubs.
[20]国际劳工权益保护的困境与希望, http://ielaw.com.cn/html/wenku/guojijingjifa/guojilaogongfa/20080417/951.html,2008年12月27日访问.
[21] Kevin Kolben,Trade, Monitoring, and the ILO: Working To Improve Conditions in Cambodia's Garment Factories,Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal,2004.
[22]钱宇宏.WTO和社会条款[D].上海:华东政法学院,2004.
[23]李雪平.多边贸易自由化与国际劳工权益保护[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007:101.
[24]三方机制即在处理劳动问题和社会问题的过程中,政府代表、雇主代表和劳工地位平等,独立发表意见和建议,独立投票表决,不受任何外来力量支配.
[25]“申诉”是指工人组织或雇主组织如认为本国政府或其它国家政府不遵守其已批准的公约,可向国际劳工局理事会提出指控。国际劳工局理事会指派专门机构对“申诉”进行调查,然后提交理事会全体会议作出结论:指出“申诉”涉及的问题哪些已由当事国政府做出令人满意的处理,哪些还需要进一步采取行动.“控诉”是指一个成员国政府,可以向国际劳工局指控另一成员国政府没有切实遵守已批准的公约;参加国际劳工大会的三方代表以及理事会也可提出此类指控。在国际劳工组织的监督程序中,控诉程序在形式上最接近司法程序。控诉提出后,理事会如果认为适当,可以将该控诉通知被指控的政府;如经过通知,但在规定的期限内没有收到满意的答复,理事会可以作出决定,设立一个调查委员会进行调查,并在国际劳工局正式公报公布调查结果。有关当事国政府应向国际劳工局长表明是否接受调查委员会报告中的建议,如不接受,国际法院的判决是最终的.
[26] http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm,2008年12月14日访问.
[27]参见佘云霞.国际劳工标准:演变与争议[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006:225.
[28]李妮.国际劳工法统一化进程[D].湖南:湖南师范大学,2006.
[29]刘超捷.论WTO劳工标准之争与中国劳动法制的改革[D].江苏:苏州大学,2002.
[30]刘超捷.论WTO劳工标准之争与中国劳动法制的改革[D].江苏:苏州大学,2002.
[31]陈菡.与贸易有关的劳工标准问题之法律分析[D].山东:山东大学,2007.
[32]宗泊.WTO框架下的国际劳工标准[D].北京:中国政法大学,2005.
[33] http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-02/035615464588.shtml,2008年11月15日访问.
[34]郭莉.核心劳工标准与中国劳动法的修改完善[D] .吉林:吉林大学,2005.
[35] http://news.ifeng.com/opinion/200804/0407_23_477870.shtml,2009年1月20日访问.
[36]何会玲.国际贸易中的社会壁垒对我国外贸的影响及对策研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2006.
[37]劳动争议仲裁指指劳动争议仲裁机构对当事人请求解决的劳动争议,依法居中公断,进行调解、裁决.
[38]《中华人民共和国劳动争议调解仲裁法》第二条规定:中华人民共和国境内的用人单位与劳动者发生的下列劳动争议,适用本法:(一)因确认劳动关系发生的争议;(二)因订立、履行、变更、解除和终止劳动合同发生的争议;(三)因除名、辞退和辞职、离职发生的争议;(四)因工作时间、休息休假、社会保险、福利、培训以及劳动保护发生的争议;(五)因劳动报酬、工伤医疗费、经济补偿或者赔偿金等发生的争议;(六)法律、法规规定的其他劳动争议.
[39]劳动争议诉讼指劳动争议当事人不服劳动争议仲裁机构的仲裁裁决,依法向人民法院起诉并由人民法院让法律规定的程序进行审理和判决的活动。我国的劳动争议诉讼由法院民庭审理,适用民事诉讼程序,实行两审终审.
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[1]吴丰盛.国际劳工标准与WTO“蓝色条款”[J].天津市政法管理干部学院学报,2006(2):48-52.
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[1] Terry Collingsworth,An Essential Element Of Fair Trade And Sustainable Development In The FTAA Is An Enforceable Social Clause,Richmond Journal of Global Law and Business,Fall, 2001.
[2] A. Yasmine Rassam,International Law and Contemporary Forms of Slavery: An Economic and Social Rights-Based Approach,Penn State International Law Review,Spring, 2005.
[3] Kevin Kolben,Integrative Linkage: Combining Public and Private Regulatory Approaches in the Design of Trade and Labor Regimes,Harvard International Law Journal,Winter, 2007.
[4] Judy Fudge,THE NEW DISCOURSE OF LABOR RIGHTS: FROM SOCIAL TO FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS? Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal,Fall, 2007.
[5] DAVID M. TRUBEK,RECENT BOOKS ON INTERNATIONAL LAW: REVIEW ESSAY: THE EMER-GENCE OF TRANSNATIONAL LABOR LAW: Elliott, Kimberly Ann, and Richard B. Freeman. Can Labor Standards Improve Under Globalization?; Hepple, Bob. La-bour Laws and Global Trade; Alston Philip (ed.). Labour Rights as Human Rights (David M. Trubek),American Journal of International Law,July, 2006.
[7] Marianne Hogan,DR-CAFTA Prescribes a Poison Pill: Remedying the Inadequacies of Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement Labor Provisions,Suffolk University Law Review,2006.
[8] Harry W. ARTHURS,Labour and the "Real" Constitution,Les Cahiers De Droit,March - June, 2007.
[9] Risa L. Lieberwitz,Global Justice: Poverty, Human Rights, and Responsibilities: PANEL 2: Global Justice and International Economic Arrangements: Linking Trade and Labor Standards: Prioritizing the Right of Association,Cornell International Law Journal,Fall, 2006.
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[1]陈娟娟.WTO框架下劳工标准问题研究[D].重庆:西南政法大学,2006.
[2]王飞鹏.SA8000标准谁对我国出口企业的冲击与应对措施[D].山东:中国海洋大学,2006.
[3]钱宇宏.WTO和社会条款-劳工权益国际保护的法律困境[D].上海:华东政法学院,2004 .
[4]高薇. WT体系中的劳工标准问题研究[D].北京:中国政法大学,2005 .
[5]宗泊.WTO框架下的国际劳工标准[D].北京:中国政法大学,2005.
[6]李琳.国际贸易中劳工标准的国际法问题研究[D].北京:中国政法大学,2006.
[7]赵小兰.国际贸易中的社会壁垒及其效应研究[D].天津:天津财经大学,2006.
[8]何会玲.国际贸易中的社会壁垒对我国外贸的影响及对策研究[D].上海:华东师范法大学,2006.
[9]平萍.国际贸易中的劳工标准问题之法律分析[D].山西:山西大学,2006.
[10]马莉.国际贸易与国际劳工标准问题研究[D].山东:山东大学,2006.
[11]张建霞.国际劳工标准之争与我国劳工问题[D].厦门:厦门大学,2006.
[12]龙传斌.国际劳工标准与我国利益的平衡点研究[D].福州:福州大学,2006.
[13]林晓军.非关税壁垒的新发展与对策研究[D].福州:福州大学,2006.
[14]梁珺茹.WTO劳工标准问题与中国劳动法制的完善[D] .广州:广东外语外贸大学,2006.
[15]蔡纹.多边贸易视野下的劳工权益保护[D] .北京:对外经济贸易大学,2006.
[2]这八个公约为:1948年《结社自由与保护组织权利公约》(第87号公约);1949年《组织权利和集体谈判权利公约》(第98号公约);1930年《强迫劳动公约》(第29号公约);1957年《废除强迫劳动公约》(第105号公约);1951年《同酬公约》(第100号公约);1958年《就业和职业歧视公约》(第111号公约);1973年《最低年龄公约》(第138号公约);1999年《最恶劣形式的童工劳动公约》(第182号公约)。公约182号在2000年12月开始实施.
[3] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C087.
[4] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C098.
[5]当时制订第29号公约的着眼点是在于解决殖民地的强制劳动问题。后来,国际社会对这个问题的注意力转向在更大范围内存在着的、把强制劳动作为一种发展经济或政治压制的手段.
[6] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C029.
[7] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C105.
[8] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C100.
[9]《费城宣言》确认了《关于国际劳工组织的目标与宗旨的宣言》规定的宗旨,并根据劳动世界面临的挑战,进一步提出了国际劳工组织重点推动的目标,即“全人类不分种族、信仰或性别都有权在自由和尊严、经济保障和机会均等的条件下谋求其物质福利和精神发展。”而第111号公约直接引用了《费城宣言》所确认的劳工组织所追求的目标作为制定标准的依据。
[10] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C138.
[11] http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C182.
[12]《国际锡矿协定》第45条规定:“成员国宣布,为了避免生活水平的下降和在国际贸易中使用不公平的竞争手段,他们将努力保证在锡工业中的公平的劳工标准。”《国际糖业协定》第28条规定:“成员国必须在各自的工业生产中维持公正的劳工标准,并尽可能地努力改善糖业生产过程中农业、工业部门工人和甘蔗、甜菜种植工人的生活水平.
[13]广义的社会法是指为了解决社会性问题而制定的各种有关社会法规的总称,它是根据国家的社会政策,通过立法的方式制定法律,以保护某些特别需要扶助人群的经济生活安全,或是用以普遍促进社会大人的福利。将所有有关社会法规集合在一起,便被广泛地称作社会法或社会立法.
[14]石美遐.全球化背景下的国际劳工标准与劳动法研究[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2005:49.
[15]参见李雪平.多边贸易自由化与国际劳工权益保护[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007:10-12.
[16] http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-06-22/02149263847s.shtml,2009年2月23日访问.
[17]参见佘云霞.国际劳工标准:演变与争议[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006:84.
[18]袁文全,赵学刚.跨国公司社会责任的国际法规制[J].法学评论,2007(3):64.
[19]参见桑德拉·博拉斯基.贸易与劳工标准——发展中国家的战略[EB/OL], 2003 : 13 ,www.ceip.org/pubs.
[20]国际劳工权益保护的困境与希望, http://ielaw.com.cn/html/wenku/guojijingjifa/guojilaogongfa/20080417/951.html,2008年12月27日访问.
[21] Kevin Kolben,Trade, Monitoring, and the ILO: Working To Improve Conditions in Cambodia's Garment Factories,Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal,2004.
[22]钱宇宏.WTO和社会条款[D].上海:华东政法学院,2004.
[23]李雪平.多边贸易自由化与国际劳工权益保护[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007:101.
[24]三方机制即在处理劳动问题和社会问题的过程中,政府代表、雇主代表和劳工地位平等,独立发表意见和建议,独立投票表决,不受任何外来力量支配.
[25]“申诉”是指工人组织或雇主组织如认为本国政府或其它国家政府不遵守其已批准的公约,可向国际劳工局理事会提出指控。国际劳工局理事会指派专门机构对“申诉”进行调查,然后提交理事会全体会议作出结论:指出“申诉”涉及的问题哪些已由当事国政府做出令人满意的处理,哪些还需要进一步采取行动.“控诉”是指一个成员国政府,可以向国际劳工局指控另一成员国政府没有切实遵守已批准的公约;参加国际劳工大会的三方代表以及理事会也可提出此类指控。在国际劳工组织的监督程序中,控诉程序在形式上最接近司法程序。控诉提出后,理事会如果认为适当,可以将该控诉通知被指控的政府;如经过通知,但在规定的期限内没有收到满意的答复,理事会可以作出决定,设立一个调查委员会进行调查,并在国际劳工局正式公报公布调查结果。有关当事国政府应向国际劳工局长表明是否接受调查委员会报告中的建议,如不接受,国际法院的判决是最终的.
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[27]参见佘云霞.国际劳工标准:演变与争议[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006:225.
[28]李妮.国际劳工法统一化进程[D].湖南:湖南师范大学,2006.
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