婴儿自我认知的发生、发展及其与母婴依恋的关系
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摘要
自我认知指个体认为自己是区别于他人和物体的独立个体,是个体与他人互动的过程中形成的关于“我是谁”的概念,是个体对自己的生理、心理、社会等方面的认识。本研究在综述以往有关婴儿自我认知的理论与实证研究的基础上,对婴儿自我认知的发生、发展及其与母婴依恋的关系问题做了深入的实证研究。
研究1:婴儿自我认知发生的纵向追踪研究。通过纵向追踪设计,选取15名15个月的婴儿,纵向追踪观察至23个月,考察婴儿自我认知(视觉和言语方面)的发生时间和个体差异。
研究2:婴儿自我认知发生的横向研究。在纵向追踪研究的基础上,进一步通过横向设计,采用实验室实验、情境观察与母亲访谈相结合的方法考察中国文化背景下14～24个月婴儿自我认知(视觉和言语方面)的发生年龄。
研究3:18～24个月婴儿自我认知的发展特点。通过纵向追踪设计,采用实验室实验和情境观察相结合的方法考察18～24个月婴儿自我认知的发展趋势,及在这一发展过程中婴儿自我认知发展速度的个体差异与性别差异。
研究4:母婴依恋与婴儿自我认知发展的关系。考察婴儿18个月的母婴依恋安全性的发展水平,检验其对18～24个月婴儿自我认知发展中个体差异的预测作用。探究母婴依恋安全性水平是否与婴儿自我认知发展有重要的关系,是否是预测婴儿自我认知发展中个体差异存在原因的重要因素之一。
在对上述四项研究结果的分析与讨论的基础上,本研究综合讨论了婴儿自我认知的发生时间、发展特点、发生发展过程,以及母婴依恋与自我认知发展的关系等问题,得出如下主要结论:
1.婴儿自我认知能力在15～24个月间发生发展,自我认知能力逐渐出现,随年龄增长而发展。
2.婴儿视觉自我认知一般发生于第17个月;婴儿视觉自我认知的发生无显著的性别筹异。
3.视觉自我认知各指标相继发生,镜像自我认知是视觉自我认知最早出现的标志,随后是客体定向能力、照片自我认知。
4.婴儿言语自我认知一般发生于第21个月;婴儿言语自我认知在总体上存在性别差异,其中,在未表现出言语自我认知的婴儿中,男婴显著多于女婴,但是在表现出言语自我认知的婴儿中,男女婴儿的性别差异不显著。
5.婴儿言语自我认知经历了从使用名字表述自己(如,某某吃饭)到使用第一人称表述自己(如,我吃饭)的发展变化。
6.视觉自我认知对言语自我认知有正向预测作用,视觉自我认知发生早的婴儿,言语自我认知发生的时间也早。
7.婴儿自我认知能力随年龄增长而提高。年龄越大,婴儿通过的自我认知任务数量越多,婴儿自我认知的复杂性水平越高。
8.婴儿自我认知的发展速度存在显著的个体差异。有的婴儿发展快;有的婴儿发展慢;有的婴儿发展比较平稳,没有明显的变化。
9.婴儿自我认知发展的性别差异随着婴儿年龄增长而逐渐变化。18个月,女婴的自我认知水平显著高于男婴;到21个月和24个月,婴儿的自我认知水平不存在显著的性别差异。
10.婴儿18个月的母婴依恋安全性水平与18～24个月的自我认知存在显著的正相关。婴儿18个月的母婴依恋安全性水平能够预测18～24个月自我认知的总体发展。与低依恋安全性婴儿相比,高依恋安全性婴儿的自我认知复杂性水平更高。
11.18个月到24个月这一段时间,高低依恋安全性婴儿的自我认知都在上升,但高依恋安全性婴儿的自我认知复杂性水平始终高于低依恋安全性的婴儿。
Self-recognition refers to perception of the self as a separate being, distinct from people and objects in the surrounding world, and forming the concept of who I am in the interact with others. Based on the comprehensively theoretical and empirical studies, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the occurrence and development of infants' self-recognition and their relationships with mother-infant attachment.
Study 1: A longitudinal study of the occurrence of infants' self-recognition was conducted. In order to investigate the occurring time of self-recognition, a longitudinal design was used. The microgenetic approach was adopted to assess 15 toddlers aged 15 months to 23 months by video on weekly basis. The occurring time of self-recognition and individual differences were evaluated.
Study 2: A cross-sectional study of the occurrence of infants' self-recognition was conducted. In order to investigate the occurring time of self-recognition, a cross-sectional design was used. On the basis of longitudinal study, the present study was intended to investigate the occurring time of 14 to 24 months of age infants' self-recognition by means of the experiment of mirror self-recognition, situational observation and interview method through cross-sectional design.
Study 3: A research of the developmental characteristics of 18 to 24 months of age infants' self-recognition was conducted. Based on laboratory experiment and situational obserbation, a longitudinal design was used in order to investigate the developmental trendencies and individual differences of 18 to 24 months of age infants' self-recognition.
Study 4: The relation between mother-infant attachment and infants' self-recognition was investigated. The present study was intended to investigate the security of mother-infant attachment at 18 months and infants' self-recognition at 18 to 24 months, and analyze the relation between attachment and self-recognition.
Based on the above studies' results analysis and discussions, the present research generally discussed the occurring time and developmental characteristic of infants' self-recognition, and the relationships with mother-infant attachment. The main conclusions were drawn as follow:
1. The ability to self-recognition occurred and developed between 15 months and 23 months, and it showed a developmental tendency with the increase of age.
2. The general occurring time of visual self-recognition was the 17~(th) month; and no gender differences was shown in the occurring process of visual self-recognition.
3. The indices of visual self-recognition occurred successively: the mirror self-recognition was the earliest sign of visual self-recognition, and it was followed by the ability of object-locating from its mirror image, and photo identification emerged last.
4. The general occurring time of verbal self-recognition was 21st month. There were significant gender differences as a whole. More girls were found to have the abilities of verbal self-recognition than boys; but there were no significant gender differences in verbal self-recognition.
5. Infants' verbal self-recognition experienced the development from using names to represent themselves to using the first pronouns to represent themselves.
6. Visual self-recognition could predict verbal self-recognition. The earlier was the occurring time of infants' visual self-recognition appeared, the earlier their verbal self-recognition was occurred later.
7. The ability of self-recognition showed a developmental tendency with the increase of age. The older they became and the more complex task they passed, the higher the complexity level of self-recognition was achieved.
8. There were individual differences in the development rate. Some developed quickly, some developed slowly, and some developed gently.
9. Gender differences in the development of infants' self-recognition were changed with the increase of age. Girls were higher in the level of self-recognition than boys at 18 months, but there were no significant gender differences at the point of 21 months and 24 months.
10. There were significant positive correlations between the security of mother-infant attachment at 18 months and infants' self-recognition at 18 to 24 months. The security of mother-infant attachment at 18 months could predict the development of self-recognition at 18 to 24 months. Compared to those with low attachment security, the secure infants showed higher development complexity in self-recognition.
11. Both high and low groups with security of attachment progressed well in their abilities of self-recognition, only that the high group infants showed level of self-recognition than the low group.
研究1:婴儿自我认知发生的纵向追踪研究。通过纵向追踪设计,选取15名15个月的婴儿,纵向追踪观察至23个月,考察婴儿自我认知(视觉和言语方面)的发生时间和个体差异。
研究2:婴儿自我认知发生的横向研究。在纵向追踪研究的基础上,进一步通过横向设计,采用实验室实验、情境观察与母亲访谈相结合的方法考察中国文化背景下14～24个月婴儿自我认知(视觉和言语方面)的发生年龄。
研究3:18～24个月婴儿自我认知的发展特点。通过纵向追踪设计,采用实验室实验和情境观察相结合的方法考察18～24个月婴儿自我认知的发展趋势,及在这一发展过程中婴儿自我认知发展速度的个体差异与性别差异。
研究4:母婴依恋与婴儿自我认知发展的关系。考察婴儿18个月的母婴依恋安全性的发展水平,检验其对18～24个月婴儿自我认知发展中个体差异的预测作用。探究母婴依恋安全性水平是否与婴儿自我认知发展有重要的关系,是否是预测婴儿自我认知发展中个体差异存在原因的重要因素之一。
在对上述四项研究结果的分析与讨论的基础上,本研究综合讨论了婴儿自我认知的发生时间、发展特点、发生发展过程,以及母婴依恋与自我认知发展的关系等问题,得出如下主要结论:
1.婴儿自我认知能力在15～24个月间发生发展,自我认知能力逐渐出现,随年龄增长而发展。
2.婴儿视觉自我认知一般发生于第17个月;婴儿视觉自我认知的发生无显著的性别筹异。
3.视觉自我认知各指标相继发生,镜像自我认知是视觉自我认知最早出现的标志,随后是客体定向能力、照片自我认知。
4.婴儿言语自我认知一般发生于第21个月;婴儿言语自我认知在总体上存在性别差异,其中,在未表现出言语自我认知的婴儿中,男婴显著多于女婴,但是在表现出言语自我认知的婴儿中,男女婴儿的性别差异不显著。
5.婴儿言语自我认知经历了从使用名字表述自己(如,某某吃饭)到使用第一人称表述自己(如,我吃饭)的发展变化。
6.视觉自我认知对言语自我认知有正向预测作用,视觉自我认知发生早的婴儿,言语自我认知发生的时间也早。
7.婴儿自我认知能力随年龄增长而提高。年龄越大,婴儿通过的自我认知任务数量越多,婴儿自我认知的复杂性水平越高。
8.婴儿自我认知的发展速度存在显著的个体差异。有的婴儿发展快;有的婴儿发展慢;有的婴儿发展比较平稳,没有明显的变化。
9.婴儿自我认知发展的性别差异随着婴儿年龄增长而逐渐变化。18个月,女婴的自我认知水平显著高于男婴;到21个月和24个月,婴儿的自我认知水平不存在显著的性别差异。
10.婴儿18个月的母婴依恋安全性水平与18～24个月的自我认知存在显著的正相关。婴儿18个月的母婴依恋安全性水平能够预测18～24个月自我认知的总体发展。与低依恋安全性婴儿相比,高依恋安全性婴儿的自我认知复杂性水平更高。
11.18个月到24个月这一段时间,高低依恋安全性婴儿的自我认知都在上升,但高依恋安全性婴儿的自我认知复杂性水平始终高于低依恋安全性的婴儿。
Self-recognition refers to perception of the self as a separate being, distinct from people and objects in the surrounding world, and forming the concept of who I am in the interact with others. Based on the comprehensively theoretical and empirical studies, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the occurrence and development of infants' self-recognition and their relationships with mother-infant attachment.
Study 1: A longitudinal study of the occurrence of infants' self-recognition was conducted. In order to investigate the occurring time of self-recognition, a longitudinal design was used. The microgenetic approach was adopted to assess 15 toddlers aged 15 months to 23 months by video on weekly basis. The occurring time of self-recognition and individual differences were evaluated.
Study 2: A cross-sectional study of the occurrence of infants' self-recognition was conducted. In order to investigate the occurring time of self-recognition, a cross-sectional design was used. On the basis of longitudinal study, the present study was intended to investigate the occurring time of 14 to 24 months of age infants' self-recognition by means of the experiment of mirror self-recognition, situational observation and interview method through cross-sectional design.
Study 3: A research of the developmental characteristics of 18 to 24 months of age infants' self-recognition was conducted. Based on laboratory experiment and situational obserbation, a longitudinal design was used in order to investigate the developmental trendencies and individual differences of 18 to 24 months of age infants' self-recognition.
Study 4: The relation between mother-infant attachment and infants' self-recognition was investigated. The present study was intended to investigate the security of mother-infant attachment at 18 months and infants' self-recognition at 18 to 24 months, and analyze the relation between attachment and self-recognition.
Based on the above studies' results analysis and discussions, the present research generally discussed the occurring time and developmental characteristic of infants' self-recognition, and the relationships with mother-infant attachment. The main conclusions were drawn as follow:
1. The ability to self-recognition occurred and developed between 15 months and 23 months, and it showed a developmental tendency with the increase of age.
2. The general occurring time of visual self-recognition was the 17~(th) month; and no gender differences was shown in the occurring process of visual self-recognition.
3. The indices of visual self-recognition occurred successively: the mirror self-recognition was the earliest sign of visual self-recognition, and it was followed by the ability of object-locating from its mirror image, and photo identification emerged last.
4. The general occurring time of verbal self-recognition was 21st month. There were significant gender differences as a whole. More girls were found to have the abilities of verbal self-recognition than boys; but there were no significant gender differences in verbal self-recognition.
5. Infants' verbal self-recognition experienced the development from using names to represent themselves to using the first pronouns to represent themselves.
6. Visual self-recognition could predict verbal self-recognition. The earlier was the occurring time of infants' visual self-recognition appeared, the earlier their verbal self-recognition was occurred later.
7. The ability of self-recognition showed a developmental tendency with the increase of age. The older they became and the more complex task they passed, the higher the complexity level of self-recognition was achieved.
8. There were individual differences in the development rate. Some developed quickly, some developed slowly, and some developed gently.
9. Gender differences in the development of infants' self-recognition were changed with the increase of age. Girls were higher in the level of self-recognition than boys at 18 months, but there were no significant gender differences at the point of 21 months and 24 months.
10. There were significant positive correlations between the security of mother-infant attachment at 18 months and infants' self-recognition at 18 to 24 months. The security of mother-infant attachment at 18 months could predict the development of self-recognition at 18 to 24 months. Compared to those with low attachment security, the secure infants showed higher development complexity in self-recognition.
11. Both high and low groups with security of attachment progressed well in their abilities of self-recognition, only that the high group infants showed level of self-recognition than the low group.
引文
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