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北京延庆西屯墓地人骨研究
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摘要
西屯墓地位于居庸关和八达岭长城以北,属于塞外。从地理位置上看,该地区是内蒙古高原和华北平原的接壤地带,是中原农业文明与北方草原文明发生碰撞、融合的重要区域。按照中国古代文献的记载,燕山南麓冀北地区在夏商以来,便是古代北方各族栖息繁衍之地,西周初,周武王封召公于燕,汉武帝破匈奴后,将乌桓迁至塞外,北京地区在汉代已成为中原王朝的控制范围。受中原政治、经济、文化等因素的影响,汉人和汉文化的扩散,势必给当地土著人群和文化带来强烈冲击。西屯墓地是迄今为止在中国北方地区发现的数量最多、人骨保存情况最好的一批汉代墓葬群,因此,对西屯墓地出土人骨资料的体质人类学的研究,将为探讨汉代北京地区族群间的交流与融合,提供一份颇有价值的参考资料。
     本文分别从性别、年龄、身高、病理以及颅骨形态等方面对西屯墓地古代居民进行了较为全面的体质人类学研究。并结合已有研究成果,对北京及周边地区古代居民人种特征进行了归纳和总结,为全面的认识该地区的人种地理变迁提供了详实的参考数据。全文共分八章。第一章绪论
     简要的介绍了西屯墓地的自然地理位置,概述了西屯墓地的考古学背景和历史背景,并阐述了本文的研究目的和相关问题。第二章古人口学研究
     通过性别和年龄鉴定,对西屯墓地汉代至明清性别比例构成和平均死亡年龄的分布进行了全面的分析,理清了西屯墓地古代居民口寿命的时代变化规律。第三章身高的研究
     依据西屯墓地古代居民的肢骨最大长,对其进行了身高的推算,发现西屯墓地汉代至明清居民的身高处于一个相对稳定的状态,没有明显的提升和下降。在与其他组对比研究中,可以看出西屯三个时代组男性组身高处于中等的位置,女性北朝组身高明显高于其他对比组和现代组。第四章古病理学研究
     对西屯墓地古代居民骨骼的创伤、疾病和口腔疾病进行了较为细致大观察和分析,并对龋齿和牙周病的发病率进行了统计和分析。第五章颅骨非测量性状的研究
     对颅骨连续性形态特征的观察与分析表明,西屯墓地汉代组古代居民和北朝组古代居民,在颅骨形态上具有较为明显的一致性,颅骨形态特征显示出较为强烈的亚洲蒙古人种东亚类型特点;在对颅骨非连续性形态特征的研究中,选择较少受性别和年龄影响的性状与其他古代组和现代组进行了比较,西屯汉代组与姜家梁组、陶家寨组以及东亚现代组接近。第六章颅骨测量性状的研究
     种系纯度检验显示,西屯汉代组古代居民应该是属于一个同种系的群体,人种学研究显示,西屯汉代组古代居民与代表东亚蒙古人种的华北组和华南组关系最为密切,与代表东北亚蒙古人种的爱斯基摩人群存在一定相似性,与代表北亚蒙古人种的蒙古组和通古斯组的关系最为疏远;西屯北朝组古代居民与代表东亚蒙古人种的抚顺组以及代表东北亚类型的爱斯基摩组接近,与代表北亚类型的蒙古组及通古斯组关系疏远。第七章与相关人群之比较
     西屯汉代组古代居民体质特征与玉皇庙东周时期古代居民非常接近,同时也与关中地区周代居民、汉唐居民存在着较近的遗传学距离,表明西屯汉代居民一方面传承了本地东周时期戎狄族群的基因,另一方面,其体质特征也受到了来自陕西周人族群的影响,从而表现出二者混合的性状。
     通过对北京及周边地区先秦两汉时期人种地理分布的梳理,作者认为新石器时代至夏商时期,长城沿线冀北地区是“古华北类型”的核心分布区,晚商时期,“古东北类型”人群扩散至冀中地区,至东周时期,“古华北类型”和“古东北类型”开始大规模的交流与融合,秦汉以降,来自关中、晋中地区的“古中原类型”北上,加快了该地区的汉化进程,冀北地区原著民“古华北类型”族群基因,在汉代以后便逐渐沉淀在以“古中原类型”为主体的民族大融合中去了。西屯墓地汉代居民对现代汉民族人群地理分布格局的形成与发展起到了基因奠基者效应。第八章结语
     对前七章内容进行概括和总结
Xitun graveyard is located in the north of Juyongguan Pass and Badaling GreatWall. It's beyond the Great Wall. Geographically, Xitun graveyard is in the transitionof central plain area and minority area situated in the north of Great Wall. Moreover, itbelongs to the contiguous area of Inner Mongolia Plateau and North China Plain.Based on some archaeological and historical materials, during Xia and Shang period,Rongdi minorities lived in the north of Hebei Province, more specifically, in thesouthern foot of Yanshan Mountain. In Western Zhou dynasty, as one of thesuccessors of Jifa, Yan Zhaogong enfeoffed in Yan. Since then, Beijing District isgradually brought into the ruling range of the dynasties in the Central Plains. AfterEmperor Wu defeated Xiongnu, Wuhuan Minotiry was moved beyond Shanggu andYuyang. Owing to the large number of Han migration and the centralized rule ofCentral Plains, the local inhabitants and inhabited culture are influenced a lot.Exploring the clan belonging in Xitun graveyard seems quite important.
     The paper examines ancient residents in Xitun graveyard from aspects of gender,age, height, pathology and skull formation, etc. Generally, the author makes acomprehensive research on physical anthropology. What's more, combining withrelative results the author has achieved, he summarizes ethnic characteristics ofancient residents in Beijing and surrounding areas and hope to provide a detailedreference data for the study of geographical changes of races in this district. The paperconsists of eight chapters.ChapterⅠIntroduction
     In this chapter, the author gives a brief introduction to the natural geographicallocation of Xitun graveyard, describes its geographical and historical background andexpounds the purpose of research.Chapter Ⅱ Ancient Demography Research
     According to information of age and gender, the author analyzes the gender and average life span structure of ancient residents in Xitun graveyard from Han to Mingand Qing dynasties. After that, change rules of the times in life expectancy in Xitungraveyard are discovered.Chapter Ⅲ Study on Height
     According to the information of maximum of limb, the author evaluates theheight of ancient residents in Xitun graveyard. It turns out that ancient residents'height is relatively stable. No obvious change has been found. Compared with othergroups, the height of three male groups of Xitun is in a middle position. While theheight of female Beichao group is much taller than modern group and other groups.Chapter Ⅳ Study on Paleopathology
     In this chapter, the author observes and analyzes wounds, diseases and oraldiseases reflected in ancient residents' bones. Besides, the paper also researches theincidence of dental caries and periodontal disease.ChapterⅤ Study Non-metrical Morphology
     After observing continuous morphological trait of the skulls, the authorconcludes that residents of Han group is rather similar to Beichao group. Both of themindicates relatively strong Asian Mongoloid features of the East Asian type. In theresearch of discontinuous morphological trait, the author chooses characteristics lessaffected by gender and age group to compare with other ancient and modern groups.Han group of Xitun is close to Jiang Jialiang group, Tao Jiazhai group and moderngroup of East Asia.Chapter Ⅵ Study on Metrical Morphology
     According to characters of the skeletons, ancient residents in Xitun belong to thesame stirps. The research of ethnology shows that Han group of Xitun is most closelyto Huabei group and Huanan group which represents East Asian Mongolians. There isa certain similarity between Han group of Xitun and Eskimos which representNortheast Asians. Moreover, the relationship between Han group and Mongolia groupand Turgus group which represent North Mongoloid is the most distant. Han group issimilar to Fushun group that represents East Asian Mongolians and Eskimos whichrepresent Northeast Asians. It's distant to Mongolia group and Turgus group whichrepresents North Mongoloid.Chapter Ⅶ Comparison between Relevant Groups
     It seems that the physical characteristics of Han group residents is very closely to residents of East Zhou period in Yuhuang Temple. At the same time, Han groupresidents has a short distance of genetics with residents of Zhou dynasty inGuanzhong Area and residents of Han and Tang dynasties. The results indicates thatresidents of Han dynasty inherited the gene of local barbarians in East Zhou dynastyon one hand, on the other hand, they are influenced by residents of Zhou dynasty inShan Xi Province.
     By collecting information of the ancient race in Beijing and surrounding areas,the author holds that races of "ancient north China type" lived in the north of HebeiProvince, more exactly, along the Great Wall. In Eastern Zhou period, both "ancientNorth China type" and "ancient northeast type " races coexisted here. After Qin andHan dynasty,"ancient central plain type" races originating from Guanzhong Area andJinxi Area immigrated in the north and speeded up the process of sinicization in thisregion. Genes of "ancient North China type" disappeared gradually after Han dynastybecause of national fusion. In conclusion, residents of Han dynasty in Xitun graveyardmakes a foundation for the formation of modern Han nationality.
引文
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