半夏高产栽培技术研究
|
摘要
本课题通过田间栽培试验,研究了半夏播前催芽、薄膜覆盖、播种量、施肥水平、采收时期、以及玉米密度对半夏产量的影响。
结果表明:催芽并覆盖地膜的栽培方式可大幅度提高半夏产量(增产约30%);最合理的用种量为120 kg/667m~2;随着施肥量的增加,半夏产量显著提高,当每667m~2施肥水平达到N、P_2O_5、K_2O分别为52.74 kg、16.70 kg、28.72 kg时,半夏产量最高,增产效果最好(比不施肥处理增产50%以上);当地半夏适宜的采收期在9月中下旬至10月上旬;增加玉米密度虽然能够增产,但增产效果不明显。
研究得出,在催芽、盖膜、催芽盖膜、用种量、施肥水平、采收期和玉米间作密度7个试验因子中,对半夏产量有明显影响的因素主要是施肥水平和播种量,但是在产量、投入产出比和经济效益同时兼顾的条件下,半夏播种量以每667 m~2播种120 kg为宜,在半夏的一个生育过程中,以每667 m~2施用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的总量分别为52.74 kg、16.70 kg、28.72 kg为宜。播种量对半夏产量的影响大于施肥水平。
在本实验的基础上总结相关资料,提出半夏间作玉米的高产栽培技术要点为:选择肥沃、疏松、保水保肥能力较强的土壤,冬翻20-25 cm;播种前用5%的草木灰或50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1000倍液浸种消毒2小时,捞出晾干后移入大棚内或用火坑、电炕催芽15-20天,温度宜控制在20-25℃;盖膜前要先浇足水,保证土壤湿润,盖膜要做到紧、平、严;整地时每667 m~3施2000 kg腐熟厩肥、25 kg钙镁磷肥和25 kg硫酸钾作为基肥。齐苗和第一次、第二次倒苗之后各追施一次肥料,每次追肥以每667 m~2用20 kg油饼兑500 kg人粪尿追施为宜。半夏的整个生育过程中氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的施用量分别控制在N为52.74、P_2O_5为16.79、K_2O为28.72 kg为宜;播种量应掌握在120 kg/667 m~2,玉米密度以40 cm×50 cm的株行距为宜;松土、培土宜进行3次,分别在苗齐和第1次、第2次倒苗后,先施追肥再培土。松土时用小锄头在畦面上浅锄5-8 cm(以不超过播种深度为宜),松土后从畦沟内取碎土均匀撒于畦面,厚约1.5厘米左右;及时浇水以保持土壤湿润,土壤含水量以28-40%为宜,若土壤含水量过高,要及时排水;病虫害防治要做到早发现、早处理、措施得当;采收的最佳时期为9月下旬至10月上旬,苗枯后及时采挖。
This study focuses on how sprouting,biodegradable mulch film covering,seeding rate,levels of fertilizer application and different picking times effected on Pinellas ternate(Thurnb.) Bruit yield through field-planting experiments.
Conclusion:sprouting along with biodegradable mulch film covering could increase production in a great extent(increase approximately 30);the most suitable seeding rate was 120kg/667 m~2;though adjustment of corn density could increase production,the effect wasn't so significant.The yield increased remarkably as the fertilizer application increase,it reached its peak when the Nitrogen,N、P_2O_5、K_2O use at a level of 52.74 kg,16.70 kg,28.72 kg per 667 m~2 respectively;as far as local Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit is concerned,middle Sept.to early Oct.was the best picking time.
The technique points of Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit are as fallows:selected nutrients-rich,porous,water-holding,fertilizer-holding soil and plowed deep to 20-25cm before the planting year;immersed seeds with 5%plant ash or 50%carbonados wet table powder for 2 hours,moved them into great tent or heated them under 20-25℃by fire or electrical heater after draining and drying;watered soil enough before covering mulch film,made sure the mulch film tight,plain and sealed;fertilize 2500 kg rotted manure,50 kg FCMP and 50 kg Potassium soleplate per 667 m~2 as basal fertilizers when mounded the earth.Added 50 kg oil seeds scum plus 1000 kg human faces per 667 m~2,of which was the most suitable level,when sprouting,the first and the second sprout-tumbling time came respectively.The reasonable NPK utilization in the whole reproductive process of Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit should be respectively controlled at a level of 116.1 kg,28.35 kg,48.8kg per 667 m~2;and the seeding rate be controlled at a capacity of 120 kg per 667 m~2,while corn density be kept at a 40 cm×50 cm row spacing;decomposed, mounded topsoil 3 times respectively when sprouting,the first and the second sprout-tumbling time arrived,then fertilized and mounded in turn.Made a 5-8 cm shallow ditch on the top of the mound with a small hoe when made the topsoil porous(within the sowing depth),then took some earth from the bottom of the mound and spread evenly in a 1.5 cm layer on the top of the mound;watered it in time to make sure soil humid within a level of 28-40%,drained it in time when the soil contains too much water;kept an eye on pest and fungi,then took suitable measures and dealt with it as soon as possible;the best harvest time began from middle of Sept.to early Oct.,dug them out shortly after their leaves and stalks began to decompose.
In summation,of all the seven factor:sprouting,mulch film covering,seeding rate, corn density,levels of fertilizer use and picking time,the most significant factors for Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit yield were levels of fertilizer application and seeding rate through experiments.Considering its production,cost-effectiveness and economic efficiency,the best seeding rate was 120 kg per 667 m~2,while the most suitable N,P,K use was 52.74 kg、16.70 kg、28.72 kg per 667 m~2 respectively in a life-death circle of Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit.Seeding rate played a relatively more important role upon Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit than fertilizer use.
结果表明:催芽并覆盖地膜的栽培方式可大幅度提高半夏产量(增产约30%);最合理的用种量为120 kg/667m~2;随着施肥量的增加,半夏产量显著提高,当每667m~2施肥水平达到N、P_2O_5、K_2O分别为52.74 kg、16.70 kg、28.72 kg时,半夏产量最高,增产效果最好(比不施肥处理增产50%以上);当地半夏适宜的采收期在9月中下旬至10月上旬;增加玉米密度虽然能够增产,但增产效果不明显。
研究得出,在催芽、盖膜、催芽盖膜、用种量、施肥水平、采收期和玉米间作密度7个试验因子中,对半夏产量有明显影响的因素主要是施肥水平和播种量,但是在产量、投入产出比和经济效益同时兼顾的条件下,半夏播种量以每667 m~2播种120 kg为宜,在半夏的一个生育过程中,以每667 m~2施用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的总量分别为52.74 kg、16.70 kg、28.72 kg为宜。播种量对半夏产量的影响大于施肥水平。
在本实验的基础上总结相关资料,提出半夏间作玉米的高产栽培技术要点为:选择肥沃、疏松、保水保肥能力较强的土壤,冬翻20-25 cm;播种前用5%的草木灰或50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1000倍液浸种消毒2小时,捞出晾干后移入大棚内或用火坑、电炕催芽15-20天,温度宜控制在20-25℃;盖膜前要先浇足水,保证土壤湿润,盖膜要做到紧、平、严;整地时每667 m~3施2000 kg腐熟厩肥、25 kg钙镁磷肥和25 kg硫酸钾作为基肥。齐苗和第一次、第二次倒苗之后各追施一次肥料,每次追肥以每667 m~2用20 kg油饼兑500 kg人粪尿追施为宜。半夏的整个生育过程中氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的施用量分别控制在N为52.74、P_2O_5为16.79、K_2O为28.72 kg为宜;播种量应掌握在120 kg/667 m~2,玉米密度以40 cm×50 cm的株行距为宜;松土、培土宜进行3次,分别在苗齐和第1次、第2次倒苗后,先施追肥再培土。松土时用小锄头在畦面上浅锄5-8 cm(以不超过播种深度为宜),松土后从畦沟内取碎土均匀撒于畦面,厚约1.5厘米左右;及时浇水以保持土壤湿润,土壤含水量以28-40%为宜,若土壤含水量过高,要及时排水;病虫害防治要做到早发现、早处理、措施得当;采收的最佳时期为9月下旬至10月上旬,苗枯后及时采挖。
This study focuses on how sprouting,biodegradable mulch film covering,seeding rate,levels of fertilizer application and different picking times effected on Pinellas ternate(Thurnb.) Bruit yield through field-planting experiments.
Conclusion:sprouting along with biodegradable mulch film covering could increase production in a great extent(increase approximately 30);the most suitable seeding rate was 120kg/667 m~2;though adjustment of corn density could increase production,the effect wasn't so significant.The yield increased remarkably as the fertilizer application increase,it reached its peak when the Nitrogen,N、P_2O_5、K_2O use at a level of 52.74 kg,16.70 kg,28.72 kg per 667 m~2 respectively;as far as local Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit is concerned,middle Sept.to early Oct.was the best picking time.
The technique points of Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit are as fallows:selected nutrients-rich,porous,water-holding,fertilizer-holding soil and plowed deep to 20-25cm before the planting year;immersed seeds with 5%plant ash or 50%carbonados wet table powder for 2 hours,moved them into great tent or heated them under 20-25℃by fire or electrical heater after draining and drying;watered soil enough before covering mulch film,made sure the mulch film tight,plain and sealed;fertilize 2500 kg rotted manure,50 kg FCMP and 50 kg Potassium soleplate per 667 m~2 as basal fertilizers when mounded the earth.Added 50 kg oil seeds scum plus 1000 kg human faces per 667 m~2,of which was the most suitable level,when sprouting,the first and the second sprout-tumbling time came respectively.The reasonable NPK utilization in the whole reproductive process of Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit should be respectively controlled at a level of 116.1 kg,28.35 kg,48.8kg per 667 m~2;and the seeding rate be controlled at a capacity of 120 kg per 667 m~2,while corn density be kept at a 40 cm×50 cm row spacing;decomposed, mounded topsoil 3 times respectively when sprouting,the first and the second sprout-tumbling time arrived,then fertilized and mounded in turn.Made a 5-8 cm shallow ditch on the top of the mound with a small hoe when made the topsoil porous(within the sowing depth),then took some earth from the bottom of the mound and spread evenly in a 1.5 cm layer on the top of the mound;watered it in time to make sure soil humid within a level of 28-40%,drained it in time when the soil contains too much water;kept an eye on pest and fungi,then took suitable measures and dealt with it as soon as possible;the best harvest time began from middle of Sept.to early Oct.,dug them out shortly after their leaves and stalks began to decompose.
In summation,of all the seven factor:sprouting,mulch film covering,seeding rate, corn density,levels of fertilizer use and picking time,the most significant factors for Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit yield were levels of fertilizer application and seeding rate through experiments.Considering its production,cost-effectiveness and economic efficiency,the best seeding rate was 120 kg per 667 m~2,while the most suitable N,P,K use was 52.74 kg、16.70 kg、28.72 kg per 667 m~2 respectively in a life-death circle of Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit.Seeding rate played a relatively more important role upon Pinellas ternate(Thumb.) Bruit than fertilizer use.
引文
[1]冯剑波.中药研究与知识产权保护[J],山东医药工业,2000,35(3):335-337.
[2]郭爱娣.中草药资源在国际市场的发展趋势[N],京华时报,2003.10.11
[3]陈凤凰.半夏、核桃树皮的化学成分分析及其生物活性的研究[D].贵阳:贵州大学,2006
[4]郭巧生.半夏研究进展[J].中药研究与信息,2002,2(10):46-47
[5]毕胜,于崇田等.半夏的丰产栽培技术[J].时珍国药研究,1997,6(8):552-553
[6]张国泰,郭巧生,王康才.半夏生态研究[J].中国中药杂志,1995,20(7):395-397
[7]刘伯坤,李华芬.半夏的休眠观察[J].中药材,1989,12(4):9-10
[8]刘合刚.药用植物优质高效栽培技术[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2001
[9]张小斌.浅析半夏的炮制方法[J].商洛师范专科学校学报,2005,19(2):37-39
[10]张小斌.商洛半夏块茎腐烂病的原因初探及防治对策[J].商洛师范专科学校学报,2006,2(19):37-38
[11]Zhao L.Comparative analysis of Pinellas temate alkaloid elements between Pinellas ternate cultures and artificial cultivated Pinellas ternate[J].China Journal of Chinese Mater Medical,Volumel 5,Issue 3,June 1990,Pages 18-20.
[12]Mao Z Coping Z Spores on research of Pinellas ternate[J].JiangxiSci.Volume20,Issue 10,April 2002,Pages 42-46.
[13]Chen J Shone J.Dasheen mosaic cirrus causing mosaic disease of Pinellas cordite[J].Act Phytopathol Sin,Volume26,Issue 1,February 1996,Pages 87-91.
[14]Chen J P.Molecular Diagnosis Maps of P lent Viruses[M].Beijing Science In Press,September 2001.
[15]江苏新医学院.中药大词典(上册)[Z].上海科学技术出版社,1986.776-778.
[16]张明,马开森,丁季春,等.不同海拔合生长时间对半夏块茎腐烂病发生影响[J].时珍国医国药,2004,15(1):62.
[17]梁玉勇,谢光新.旱半夏与甜玉米药粮套作无公害高产栽培新技术[J].安徽农业科学,2005,33(8):1365.
[18]《六盘水市农业局2005年工作总结》[Z]
[19]董源.《万物》中部分植物名称古今考[J].中国科技史料,1995,16(4):77-79.
[20]何道文,黄雪菊.半夏栽培生态学研究[J].中草药,2003,34(12):1133-1135
[21]孙素琴,周军,刘军等.真伪半夏二维相关红外光谱法的鉴别研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2004,24(4):427-430
[22]夏纬瑛.植物名释札记[M].北京.农业出版社,1990
[23]方坚,俞旭平,徐秀瑛等.超低温贮藏对半夏种子寿命的影响.现代应用药学,1992,1:8-10
[24]魏淑红,彭正松.半夏类药材研究概况[J].中药材,2003,26(11):828-832
[25]蔡世珍,邹忠梅,徐丽珍等.半夏属药用植物的研究进展[J].国外医学中医中药分册,2004,26(1):17-23
[26]Liu YP.Application of gene technology in quality control of Chinese drugs Identifyaction of Camellia ternate species from Yen Cheng,Shandong using DNA sequencing[J].Chin J Pham Anal,Volume 21,Issue 6,July 2007,Pages 623.
[27]赵正荣.半夏、山珠半夏与水半夏的紫外光谱鉴别[J].中草药,1994,25(12):649
[28]黄秀兰.掌叶半夏、半夏、天南星的比较研究[J].中药材,1986,10(9):673
[29]孙红祥.浙江省天南星族药用植物块茎的蛋白质电泳分析[J].中草,2002,33(6):548
[30]虞文妹.半夏与水半夏的鉴别特真[J].中华现代临床医学杂志,2003,1(8):725-726
[31]唐建宁,吴建宏,许强.半夏人工驯化与栽培技术研究进展[J].农业科学研究,2005,26(3):71-72
[32]六盘水市乡企局.《2003～2010年六盘水农业优势特色产业发展规划》[Z]
[33]《六盘水市医药产业发展规划(2005—2015)》[Z]
[34]张明,钟国跃,马开森,丁香春.半夏倒苗原因的试验观察研究[J].中国要用杂志2004,29(3):273-274
[35]肖杰易,宋廷杰等.半夏地膜覆盖栽培技术研究[J].基层中药杂志,2002,16(10):41
[36]王焕章.半夏高产栽培技术[J].中草药研究与信息,2002,4(10):60-61
[2]郭爱娣.中草药资源在国际市场的发展趋势[N],京华时报,2003.10.11
[3]陈凤凰.半夏、核桃树皮的化学成分分析及其生物活性的研究[D].贵阳:贵州大学,2006
[4]郭巧生.半夏研究进展[J].中药研究与信息,2002,2(10):46-47
[5]毕胜,于崇田等.半夏的丰产栽培技术[J].时珍国药研究,1997,6(8):552-553
[6]张国泰,郭巧生,王康才.半夏生态研究[J].中国中药杂志,1995,20(7):395-397
[7]刘伯坤,李华芬.半夏的休眠观察[J].中药材,1989,12(4):9-10
[8]刘合刚.药用植物优质高效栽培技术[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2001
[9]张小斌.浅析半夏的炮制方法[J].商洛师范专科学校学报,2005,19(2):37-39
[10]张小斌.商洛半夏块茎腐烂病的原因初探及防治对策[J].商洛师范专科学校学报,2006,2(19):37-38
[11]Zhao L.Comparative analysis of Pinellas temate alkaloid elements between Pinellas ternate cultures and artificial cultivated Pinellas ternate[J].China Journal of Chinese Mater Medical,Volumel 5,Issue 3,June 1990,Pages 18-20.
[12]Mao Z Coping Z Spores on research of Pinellas ternate[J].JiangxiSci.Volume20,Issue 10,April 2002,Pages 42-46.
[13]Chen J Shone J.Dasheen mosaic cirrus causing mosaic disease of Pinellas cordite[J].Act Phytopathol Sin,Volume26,Issue 1,February 1996,Pages 87-91.
[14]Chen J P.Molecular Diagnosis Maps of P lent Viruses[M].Beijing Science In Press,September 2001.
[15]江苏新医学院.中药大词典(上册)[Z].上海科学技术出版社,1986.776-778.
[16]张明,马开森,丁季春,等.不同海拔合生长时间对半夏块茎腐烂病发生影响[J].时珍国医国药,2004,15(1):62.
[17]梁玉勇,谢光新.旱半夏与甜玉米药粮套作无公害高产栽培新技术[J].安徽农业科学,2005,33(8):1365.
[18]《六盘水市农业局2005年工作总结》[Z]
[19]董源.《万物》中部分植物名称古今考[J].中国科技史料,1995,16(4):77-79.
[20]何道文,黄雪菊.半夏栽培生态学研究[J].中草药,2003,34(12):1133-1135
[21]孙素琴,周军,刘军等.真伪半夏二维相关红外光谱法的鉴别研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2004,24(4):427-430
[22]夏纬瑛.植物名释札记[M].北京.农业出版社,1990
[23]方坚,俞旭平,徐秀瑛等.超低温贮藏对半夏种子寿命的影响.现代应用药学,1992,1:8-10
[24]魏淑红,彭正松.半夏类药材研究概况[J].中药材,2003,26(11):828-832
[25]蔡世珍,邹忠梅,徐丽珍等.半夏属药用植物的研究进展[J].国外医学中医中药分册,2004,26(1):17-23
[26]Liu YP.Application of gene technology in quality control of Chinese drugs Identifyaction of Camellia ternate species from Yen Cheng,Shandong using DNA sequencing[J].Chin J Pham Anal,Volume 21,Issue 6,July 2007,Pages 623.
[27]赵正荣.半夏、山珠半夏与水半夏的紫外光谱鉴别[J].中草药,1994,25(12):649
[28]黄秀兰.掌叶半夏、半夏、天南星的比较研究[J].中药材,1986,10(9):673
[29]孙红祥.浙江省天南星族药用植物块茎的蛋白质电泳分析[J].中草,2002,33(6):548
[30]虞文妹.半夏与水半夏的鉴别特真[J].中华现代临床医学杂志,2003,1(8):725-726
[31]唐建宁,吴建宏,许强.半夏人工驯化与栽培技术研究进展[J].农业科学研究,2005,26(3):71-72
[32]六盘水市乡企局.《2003～2010年六盘水农业优势特色产业发展规划》[Z]
[33]《六盘水市医药产业发展规划(2005—2015)》[Z]
[34]张明,钟国跃,马开森,丁香春.半夏倒苗原因的试验观察研究[J].中国要用杂志2004,29(3):273-274
[35]肖杰易,宋廷杰等.半夏地膜覆盖栽培技术研究[J].基层中药杂志,2002,16(10):41
[36]王焕章.半夏高产栽培技术[J].中草药研究与信息,2002,4(10):60-61