机插条件下稻鸭共作系统的氮素供需与流失特征研究
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摘要
1.本试验中水稻选用武粳15,采用软盘育秧、机械移栽,鸭子选用绍兴鸭。通过比较稻鸭共作处理与单一栽培处理,分析了稻鸭共作对稻田土壤、水体环境及水稻生长的影响,结果表明:稻鸭共作可以提高土壤碱解氮含量和土壤过氧化氢酶活性,使稻田水体中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、总氮以及溶解氧含量提高,增加水体养分。试验结果还显示,稻鸭共作在无氮时可以增加分蘖数量,在常规施氮时则可以控制水稻高峰苗;在无氮和常规施氮情况下均可以提高植株碳氮比、调节植株碳氮平衡,促进水稻的生长,改善机插水稻的群体质量。
2.本试验还通过比较不同氮素基蘖肥处理,分析了氮素基蘖肥用量对机插条件下稻鸭共作水稻群体特征、氮素吸收利用的影响,结果表明:(1)在稻鸭共作系统中,随氮素基蘖肥用量的减少,机插水稻群体最高分蘖数减少,最高分蘖数前后的分蘖发生和消亡速率降低,粒叶比、有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率提高,齐穗期和成熟期干物质积累量降低,各阶段尤其是拔节至齐穗期的吸氮量降低。(2)当氮素基蘖肥用量适宜,基、穗肥比4.5:5.5时,机插水稻群体的分蘖成穗率较高,叶面积指数适宜,齐穗期至成熟期的干物质积累量最大,拔节前氮素基蘖肥利用率、氮肥当季利用率、氮素农学利用率、氮素收获指数和氮肥偏因素生产力总体上协同提高,群体穗数合理,产量最高。
3.此外,本试验分析了对照(灌溉方式与稻鸭共作处理相同,不放鸭)、稻鸭共作(水层灌溉)和单一栽培(干湿交替灌溉)三种稻作方式的稻田氮素渗漏和径流特征,结果表明:(1)与单一栽培相比,稻鸭共作系统稻田渗漏液氮素浓度尤其是NO_3~--N浓度明显减少;与对照相比,稻鸭共作稻田60 cm渗漏液氮素浓度略有增加;(2)稻鸭共作处理在施肥7-9天后,田面水中的NH_4~--N和NO_3~--N的含量略高于单一栽培处理,而由于稻鸭共作处理不用搁田且田埂较高,田间排水量大大减少,氮素径流损失反而远小于单一栽培处理;(3)稻鸭共作处理与单一栽培处理相比,增加了鸭粪的氮素投入、减少了化学氮肥用量、减少了氮素渗漏和径流损失、增加了水稻地上部吸氮量,稻鸭共作系统的氮素输入总量和氮素输出总量均减少,减少值基本相等。
Wujing15(japonica variety) and Shaoxing ducks were used in this study and rice in this study was transplanted by machine.
1.Rice-duck farming system and normal machine-transplanted rice was compared to study the effects of ducks on the condition of paddy field and the growth of rice in rice-duck farming system,the result showed as follows:cluck in complex system increased the content of available nitrogen in soil,and it also increased catalase activity of soil;In rice-duck farming system the water over paddy field had a higher NO_3~-N,NH_4~+-N and total N.Moreover,when no N was applied,rice-duck farming system got a higher top point of tiller number and when normal amount of N was applied,rice-duck farming system got a lower top point of tiller number;When no N was applied,rice-duck farming system had a higher dry matter accumulation in each growth stage of rice,when normal amount of N was applied,rice-duck farming system increase the dry matter accumulation in the stage between heading to maturity;In rice-duck farming system,rice had a reasonable C/N,and,the growth of rice was advanced.
2.Four different amount of basal and tillering nitrogen fertilizer(BN) were conducted to investigate the effects of Nitrogen fertilizer on the population quality and nitrogen utilization of machine-transplanted rice in rice-duck farming system.The results showed as followed:(1) In rice-duck farming system,Along with the reduction of the amount of BN, the maximum number of tillers and the speed of tiller appearance and dying decreased;the proportion of effective leaf area,high effective leaf area and the ratio of spikelets number to leaf area increased;dry matter and nitrogen accumulated from heading to maturity decreased;nitrogen uptake decreased at each stage especially from jointing to heading.(2) when the amount of BN at a suitable level,and the ratio of BN to topdressing Nitrogen was 4.5:5.5 the ratio of panicle number to maximum number of tillers was higher under the machine-transplanted rice-duck farming system which at the same time contained a suitable LAI and reached the highest amount of day matter accumulated from heading to maturity. Moreover,higher BN utilization efficiency before jointing stage,nitrogen utilization efficiency,nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen agricultural efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity were achieved at that point also.(3) machine-transplanted rice-duck farming system not only enhanced the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency before jointing and of the whole planting season,but also improved the population quality and thus strengthen the ability of day matter producing and eventually rice yield.
3.Moreover A field experiment was conducted to study the nitrogen leakage and runoff of check(OK),rice-duck farming system(MRD) and normal paddy field(MR).The result showed as followed:(1) Compared with the check which has the same irrigation, rice-duck farming system,had a higher NO_3~-N and NH_4~+-N concentration in the leakage liquid taken from 60cm depth under the soil however it was still low;Compared with normal paddy field,the leakage liquid from rice-duck system had a lower nitrogen concentration especially NO_3~-N.(2) In rice-duck farming system,the water over paddy field has a higher nitrogen concentration.While,without draining paddy field and having a higher band,rice-duck farming system had a sharp reduction in water runoff which finally resulted in a lower N-element runoff.(3) Compared with normal paddy field,rice-duck farming system has an addition of nitrogen supply in the form of duck's dung,a reduction of N leakage and runoff,a reduction in the dosage of chemical nitrogen fertilizer,and had more nitrogen absorption of rice crop.the reduction of income nitrogen and the reduction of output nitrogen of rice-duck farming system was nearly the same in this study.
2.本试验还通过比较不同氮素基蘖肥处理,分析了氮素基蘖肥用量对机插条件下稻鸭共作水稻群体特征、氮素吸收利用的影响,结果表明:(1)在稻鸭共作系统中,随氮素基蘖肥用量的减少,机插水稻群体最高分蘖数减少,最高分蘖数前后的分蘖发生和消亡速率降低,粒叶比、有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率提高,齐穗期和成熟期干物质积累量降低,各阶段尤其是拔节至齐穗期的吸氮量降低。(2)当氮素基蘖肥用量适宜,基、穗肥比4.5:5.5时,机插水稻群体的分蘖成穗率较高,叶面积指数适宜,齐穗期至成熟期的干物质积累量最大,拔节前氮素基蘖肥利用率、氮肥当季利用率、氮素农学利用率、氮素收获指数和氮肥偏因素生产力总体上协同提高,群体穗数合理,产量最高。
3.此外,本试验分析了对照(灌溉方式与稻鸭共作处理相同,不放鸭)、稻鸭共作(水层灌溉)和单一栽培(干湿交替灌溉)三种稻作方式的稻田氮素渗漏和径流特征,结果表明:(1)与单一栽培相比,稻鸭共作系统稻田渗漏液氮素浓度尤其是NO_3~--N浓度明显减少;与对照相比,稻鸭共作稻田60 cm渗漏液氮素浓度略有增加;(2)稻鸭共作处理在施肥7-9天后,田面水中的NH_4~--N和NO_3~--N的含量略高于单一栽培处理,而由于稻鸭共作处理不用搁田且田埂较高,田间排水量大大减少,氮素径流损失反而远小于单一栽培处理;(3)稻鸭共作处理与单一栽培处理相比,增加了鸭粪的氮素投入、减少了化学氮肥用量、减少了氮素渗漏和径流损失、增加了水稻地上部吸氮量,稻鸭共作系统的氮素输入总量和氮素输出总量均减少,减少值基本相等。
Wujing15(japonica variety) and Shaoxing ducks were used in this study and rice in this study was transplanted by machine.
1.Rice-duck farming system and normal machine-transplanted rice was compared to study the effects of ducks on the condition of paddy field and the growth of rice in rice-duck farming system,the result showed as follows:cluck in complex system increased the content of available nitrogen in soil,and it also increased catalase activity of soil;In rice-duck farming system the water over paddy field had a higher NO_3~-N,NH_4~+-N and total N.Moreover,when no N was applied,rice-duck farming system got a higher top point of tiller number and when normal amount of N was applied,rice-duck farming system got a lower top point of tiller number;When no N was applied,rice-duck farming system had a higher dry matter accumulation in each growth stage of rice,when normal amount of N was applied,rice-duck farming system increase the dry matter accumulation in the stage between heading to maturity;In rice-duck farming system,rice had a reasonable C/N,and,the growth of rice was advanced.
2.Four different amount of basal and tillering nitrogen fertilizer(BN) were conducted to investigate the effects of Nitrogen fertilizer on the population quality and nitrogen utilization of machine-transplanted rice in rice-duck farming system.The results showed as followed:(1) In rice-duck farming system,Along with the reduction of the amount of BN, the maximum number of tillers and the speed of tiller appearance and dying decreased;the proportion of effective leaf area,high effective leaf area and the ratio of spikelets number to leaf area increased;dry matter and nitrogen accumulated from heading to maturity decreased;nitrogen uptake decreased at each stage especially from jointing to heading.(2) when the amount of BN at a suitable level,and the ratio of BN to topdressing Nitrogen was 4.5:5.5 the ratio of panicle number to maximum number of tillers was higher under the machine-transplanted rice-duck farming system which at the same time contained a suitable LAI and reached the highest amount of day matter accumulated from heading to maturity. Moreover,higher BN utilization efficiency before jointing stage,nitrogen utilization efficiency,nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen agricultural efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity were achieved at that point also.(3) machine-transplanted rice-duck farming system not only enhanced the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency before jointing and of the whole planting season,but also improved the population quality and thus strengthen the ability of day matter producing and eventually rice yield.
3.Moreover A field experiment was conducted to study the nitrogen leakage and runoff of check(OK),rice-duck farming system(MRD) and normal paddy field(MR).The result showed as followed:(1) Compared with the check which has the same irrigation, rice-duck farming system,had a higher NO_3~-N and NH_4~+-N concentration in the leakage liquid taken from 60cm depth under the soil however it was still low;Compared with normal paddy field,the leakage liquid from rice-duck system had a lower nitrogen concentration especially NO_3~-N.(2) In rice-duck farming system,the water over paddy field has a higher nitrogen concentration.While,without draining paddy field and having a higher band,rice-duck farming system had a sharp reduction in water runoff which finally resulted in a lower N-element runoff.(3) Compared with normal paddy field,rice-duck farming system has an addition of nitrogen supply in the form of duck's dung,a reduction of N leakage and runoff,a reduction in the dosage of chemical nitrogen fertilizer,and had more nitrogen absorption of rice crop.the reduction of income nitrogen and the reduction of output nitrogen of rice-duck farming system was nearly the same in this study.
引文
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