暴雨诱发的地质灾害遥感监测与评估
|
摘要
暴雨诱发的崩塌地质灾害,常具有突发性和山区不易实地调查的特点。因此,这种在暴雨恶劣天气下突发的崩塌灾害,若用传统的调查和监测方法,不仅难以做到实时性,也很难保证真实性和准确性。随着遥感技术、GIS技术的迅猛发展,利用多时相的高分辨率遥感影像可以实时监测地质灾害的发生状况,在此基础上结合地质环境背景等数据分析和GIS技术,找出地质灾害发生的空间规律,可以提高地质灾害发生的可预见性,为防灾和救灾工作提供准确资料,促进国民经济建设与可持续发展。三峡库区地处渝鄂交接的山地峡谷区,多陡坡,地少人密,地质条件复杂,尤其是处于暴雨频繁的亚热带气候区,这对崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害的孕育和发生起到至关重要的作用。本文以三峡库区重庆主城段作为研究区域,通过大量翔实的空间数据和属性数据,对研究区的崩塌地质灾害危险性进行了分析预测,主要取得了以下研究成果：
(1)详细论述了崩塌地质灾害遥感解译研究中所涉及的关键遥感技术,探讨了遥感数据源的选取、图像的波段组合、图像增强、几何校正和三维遥感影像模型的建立等遥感图像处理技术及其实现方法。
(2)借鉴前人研究成果,建立了适合研究区内崩塌地质灾害的遥感解译标志,以2009年8月2日-8月6日重庆主城所发生的强降雨过程作为解译时间点,以QuickBird高分辨率遥感影像为主,中巴地球资源卫星CBERS-02为辅,对比暴雨前后遥感影像,解译出此次暴雨诱发的崩塌灾害,得到研究区内崩塌灾害空间分布情况。
(3)简单分析了重庆主城区暴雨诱发因子与崩塌灾害的关系,结合研究区内地质环境特征主要选取了海拔高度、坡度、地层岩性、地质构造、水系、道路、植被覆盖度七项崩塌孕灾因子作为评价因子,借助GIS分区统计得出各个因子与崩塌灾害的相关性,进而利用信息量模型,紧密结合崩塌地质灾害发育的工程地质条件及形成机理,找出各因子特定属性区间对崩塌灾害的贡献程度,对研究区的崩塌灾害进行了区域危险性评价,分析结果与地质灾害发育现状吻合较好,说明该评价模型较为可靠,研究成果有一定的利用价值。
Rockslide induced by rainstorm often has the characteristic of suddenness and is difficult to suvey in the mountain area.Therefore,it is not only difficult to achieve real-time,but also difficult to ensure authenticity and accuracy if we use the the traditional methods of investigation and monitoring in this case.With the rapid development of RS technology and GIS technology,it is possible to use multi-temporal RS images to monitor the real-time condition of geological hazard.On this basis,combined with the geological environment,data analysis and GIS technology,we can improve the predictability of the geological hazard by identifying the spatial discipline of geological hazard,so as to provide accurate information for the prevention and relief work of geological hazard,further more,promoting national economic construction and sustainable development.Three Gorges reservoir area is located in the transition of the mountain canyon area between Chongqing and Hubei province which has more steep slope,arable land and dense population,complex geological conditions,especially is in the subtropical zone of frequent rainstorm.These factors play a vital role to the preparation and occurrence of rockslide and landslide.In this paper,we made Chongqing City Zone of Three Gorges reservoir area as the study area,analyzed and forecasted the hazard of rockslide with a large number of detailed spatial data and attribute data in this area.The research mainly obtained following achivements:
(1)Discoursed in detail the key RS technology involved in the rockslide interpretation research.Discussed the selection of RS image,band combination,image enhancement,geometric correction and three-dimensional modeling of such image processing technology and its implementation methods.
(2) The study area was established for the interpretation signs of rockslide by the reference of previous research.It made August 2,2009-August 6,2009 this heavy rain process occurred in Chongqing city as the interpretation time and was interpreted maily by the QuickBird high-resolution RS image and CBERS-02 as auxiliary image.The paper interpreted rockslide induced by the rainstorm in the heavy rain process and found the the spatial distribution condition of rockslide by comparing RS images before and after the rainstorm in the study area.
(3) Simply analyzed the relationship between the rockslide and rainstorm.Considering with the geological environment,the paper maily selected elevation,slope,stratum and lithology,geological structure,rivers,roads,vegetation cover these (?) pregnant hazard factors as evaluation factors,then got the correlation between these factors and rockslide with the help of GIS zonal statistics.Afterwards,combined closely with the engineering geological conditions and formation mechanism of rockslide,this research.applied the information quantity model to the rockslide hazard assessment to find the contribution degree for the specific attribute zone of each factor to the rockslide.The analysis result conincide with the development status of geological hazards which Shows that the evaluation model is reliable and the research achievements have a certain use value.
(1)详细论述了崩塌地质灾害遥感解译研究中所涉及的关键遥感技术,探讨了遥感数据源的选取、图像的波段组合、图像增强、几何校正和三维遥感影像模型的建立等遥感图像处理技术及其实现方法。
(2)借鉴前人研究成果,建立了适合研究区内崩塌地质灾害的遥感解译标志,以2009年8月2日-8月6日重庆主城所发生的强降雨过程作为解译时间点,以QuickBird高分辨率遥感影像为主,中巴地球资源卫星CBERS-02为辅,对比暴雨前后遥感影像,解译出此次暴雨诱发的崩塌灾害,得到研究区内崩塌灾害空间分布情况。
(3)简单分析了重庆主城区暴雨诱发因子与崩塌灾害的关系,结合研究区内地质环境特征主要选取了海拔高度、坡度、地层岩性、地质构造、水系、道路、植被覆盖度七项崩塌孕灾因子作为评价因子,借助GIS分区统计得出各个因子与崩塌灾害的相关性,进而利用信息量模型,紧密结合崩塌地质灾害发育的工程地质条件及形成机理,找出各因子特定属性区间对崩塌灾害的贡献程度,对研究区的崩塌灾害进行了区域危险性评价,分析结果与地质灾害发育现状吻合较好,说明该评价模型较为可靠,研究成果有一定的利用价值。
Rockslide induced by rainstorm often has the characteristic of suddenness and is difficult to suvey in the mountain area.Therefore,it is not only difficult to achieve real-time,but also difficult to ensure authenticity and accuracy if we use the the traditional methods of investigation and monitoring in this case.With the rapid development of RS technology and GIS technology,it is possible to use multi-temporal RS images to monitor the real-time condition of geological hazard.On this basis,combined with the geological environment,data analysis and GIS technology,we can improve the predictability of the geological hazard by identifying the spatial discipline of geological hazard,so as to provide accurate information for the prevention and relief work of geological hazard,further more,promoting national economic construction and sustainable development.Three Gorges reservoir area is located in the transition of the mountain canyon area between Chongqing and Hubei province which has more steep slope,arable land and dense population,complex geological conditions,especially is in the subtropical zone of frequent rainstorm.These factors play a vital role to the preparation and occurrence of rockslide and landslide.In this paper,we made Chongqing City Zone of Three Gorges reservoir area as the study area,analyzed and forecasted the hazard of rockslide with a large number of detailed spatial data and attribute data in this area.The research mainly obtained following achivements:
(1)Discoursed in detail the key RS technology involved in the rockslide interpretation research.Discussed the selection of RS image,band combination,image enhancement,geometric correction and three-dimensional modeling of such image processing technology and its implementation methods.
(2) The study area was established for the interpretation signs of rockslide by the reference of previous research.It made August 2,2009-August 6,2009 this heavy rain process occurred in Chongqing city as the interpretation time and was interpreted maily by the QuickBird high-resolution RS image and CBERS-02 as auxiliary image.The paper interpreted rockslide induced by the rainstorm in the heavy rain process and found the the spatial distribution condition of rockslide by comparing RS images before and after the rainstorm in the study area.
(3) Simply analyzed the relationship between the rockslide and rainstorm.Considering with the geological environment,the paper maily selected elevation,slope,stratum and lithology,geological structure,rivers,roads,vegetation cover these (?) pregnant hazard factors as evaluation factors,then got the correlation between these factors and rockslide with the help of GIS zonal statistics.Afterwards,combined closely with the engineering geological conditions and formation mechanism of rockslide,this research.applied the information quantity model to the rockslide hazard assessment to find the contribution degree for the specific attribute zone of each factor to the rockslide.The analysis result conincide with the development status of geological hazards which Shows that the evaluation model is reliable and the research achievements have a certain use value.
引文
[1]冯东霞,余德清,龙解冰.地质灾害调查的应用前景[J].湖南地质,2002,21(4)：314-318.
[2]汪洋.3S架构下的地质灾害灾情风险评估原理、方法与系统集成技术研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆师范大学,2004.
[3]中华人民共和国国土资源部.三峡库区地质灾害防治总体规划[S].2001.
[4]张文君.滑坡灾害遥感动态特征监测及其预测分析研究[D]:[博士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2007.
[5]Ellen S.D.et.al.Landslide,Floods and Natine Effects of the Storm of January 1982,in the San Francisco Bay Region[Z].Califonia,V.S.S,1988.3-5.
[6]R.Guillande & 6 others.Automated mapping of the landslide hazard on the island of Tahiti based on digital satellite data[J].Mapping Sciences & Remote Sensing,1995,32(l):59-70.
[7]GuPta P,Anbalagan R.Slope stability of Theri Dam Reservoir Area,India,using landslide hazard zonation(LHZ) mapping[J].Quarterly Journal of Eng Geology,1997,30:27-36.
[8]E.Garcia-MelCndez,I.Molina,M.Ferre-Julia,J.Aguimet.Multisensor data integration and GIS analysis for natural hazard mapping in a semiarid area[J].Advances in Space Research,1998,21(3):493-499.
[9]H.L.Perotto-Baldiviezo,T.L.Thurow,C.T.Smith,R.F.Fisher,X.B.Wu.GIS-based spatial analysis and modeling for landslide hazard assessment in steeplands,southern Honduras[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2004,103:165-176.
[10]H.Go'mez,T.Kavzoglu.Assessment of shallow landslide susceptibility using artificial neural networks in Jabonosa River Basin,Venezuela[J].Engineering Geology,2005,78:11-27.
[11]Janet E.Nichol,Ahmed Shaker,Man-Sing Wong.Application of high-resolution stereo satellite images to detailed landslide hazard assessment[J].Geomorphology,2006,76:68-75.
[12]王治华.面向新世纪的滑坡、泥石流遥感技术[J].地球信息科学,1999,2.
[13]王治华.滑坡、泥石流遥感回顾与新技术展望[J].国上资源遥感,1999,3.
[14]王治华.数字滑坡技术及其在天台乡滑坡调查中的应用[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(4).
[15]刘光.泥石流致灾系数遥感信息模型初探[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(2).
[16]阮沈勇,黄润秋.基于GIS的信息量法模型在地质灾害危险性区划中的应用[J].成都理工学报学报,2001,29(1)：89-92.
[17]高克昌,赵纯勇.基于TM影像的万州主城区崩塌地质灾害研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2003,18(2).
[18]邓嘉农,赵继东,刘丹.陇南陕南滑坡泥石流发育程度及发展趋势研究[J].中国水土保持,2003,9.
[19]赵俊华.舟曲县滑坡泥石流遥感影像判读与灾害防治[J].人民长江,2004,35(12).
[20]唐川,张军,周春花等.城市泥石流易损性评价[J].灾害学,2005,20(2).
[21]杨武年,濮国梁.长江三峡库区地质灾害遥感图像信息处理及其监测和评估[J].地质学 报,2005,79(3).
[22]乔建平,朱阿兴,吴彩燕等.采用本底因子贡献率法的三峡库区滑坡危险度区划[J].山地学报,2006,24(5)：569-573.
[23]张梁.地质灾害风险评估理论与方法[J].中国地质矿产经济,1996,(4)：40-45..
[24]高克昌.基于GIS的万州区滑坡地质灾害危险性评价研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆师范大学,2003.
[25]张梁,张业成,罗元华等.地质灾害灾情评估理论与实践[M].北京：地质出版社,1998,20-27.
[26]张春山,张业成,张立海.中国崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害危险性评价[J].地质力学学报,2004,10(1)：27-32.
[27]三峡库区地质灾害防治工作指挥部.形成崩塌的内在条件有哪些?哪些外界因素可诱发崩塌?[EB/OL].http://www.sxdzfz.gov.cn/kpzs_View.aspx?cid=6bf582b2-939b-4b4c-8b9c-c6e1bd08b89e.
[28]梅安新,彭望禄,秦其明等.遥感导论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001,5-6.
[29]韩宝智,姚智,倪学文.黔西北滑坡、崩塌、泥石流遥感研究[J].贵州地质,1996,13(2)：196-201.
[30]黄杏元,马劲松,汤秦等.地理信息系统概论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001.
[31]李远华.遥感与GIS技术支持下藏东林芝地区地质灾害预警研究[D]：[硕士学位论文].长春：吉林大学,2004.
[32]岳跃.基于GIS的崩塌地质灾害危险性评价研究[D]：[硕士学位论文].上海：同济大学,2008.
[33]三峡库区地质灾害防治工作指挥部.三峡库区地质环境概况[EB／OL].http://www.sxdzfz.gov.cn/kqgk_View.aspx?cid=d0e72046-87d0-46fa-bc5c-9b6cfb4adc90.
[34]刘传正.三峡库区的地质灾害[J].岩土工程界,2003,6(6)：23-24.
[35]张振德,何宇华.遥感技术在长江三峡库区大型地质灾害调查中的应用[J].国土资源遥感,2003,(2)：11-14.
[36]陈正洪,万素琴,毛以伟.三峡库区复杂地形下的降雨时空分布特点分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(9)：623-627.
[37]吴泉源,姜春玲,邹敏等.GIS技术支持下的招远市金矿区崩塌遥感调查[J].山地学报,2006,24(6)：672-677.
[38]曹慧.基于RS与GIS的土地利用与地质灾害相关性分析-以云南新平县为例[D]：[硕士学位论文].成都：成都理工大学,2007.
[39]中国资源卫星应用中心.资源01、02卫星介绍[EB/OL]. http://www.cresda.com/n16/n1130/n1552/8343.html.
[40]戴昌达,姜小光,唐伶俐.遥感图像应用处理与分析[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
[41]党安荣,王晓栋,陈晓峰等.ERDAS EMAGINE遥感图像处理方法[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2003.
[42]汤国安等.遥感数字图像处理.北京：科学出版社,2004.
[43]王爱军,吴景坤.计算机遥感图象复合配准处理技术在崩塌发展变化特征研究中的应用[J].铁路航 测,1994,(4)：30-33.
[44]钟延江.昆明市典型滑坡泥石流的遥感研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].昆明：昆明理工大学,2006.
[45]武利娟.金沙江上游区域地质灾害遥感解译与GIS分析[D]：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国地质大学,2007.
[46]唐小明,冯杭建,赵建康.基于虚拟GIS和空间分析的小流域泥石流地质灾害遥感解译-以嵊州市为例[J].地质科技情报,2008,27(2)：12-16.
[47]邓辉.高精度卫星遥感技术在地质灾害调查与评价中的应用[D]:[博士学位论文].成都：成都理工大学,2007.
[48]刘珺,贾琇明.浅谈遥感技术在地质灾害遥感调查中的应用[J].科技情报开发与经济,2005,15(5)：170-171.
[49]宫鹏,黎夏,徐冰.高分辨率影像解译理论与应用方法中的一些研究问题[J].遥感学报,2006,10(1)：3-7.
[50]李晓.重庆地区的强降雨过程与地质灾害的相关分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1995,6(3)：39-41.
[51]村田重之等.暴雨对陡坡崩塌的影响[J].水土保持科技情报,1991,(2)：33-37.
[52]海香.重庆市奉节县地质灾害风险评价及防灾减灾措施[D]:[硕士学位论文].重庆：西南大学,2008.
[53]殷坤龙.重庆市崩塌滑坡地质灾害规律[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1994,5：18-23,增刊.
[54]王文俊.三峡库区干流崩塌、滑坡的发育特征及危险性评价[J].灾害学,2002,17(4)：54-59.
[55]伊红,吕红梅,杨广斌.基于CBERS02的毕节地区植被覆盖信息提取技术研究[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,27(2)：43-45.
[56]三峡库区地质灾害防治工作指挥部.我国防治崩塌的工程措施有哪些?[EB/OL]. http://www.sxdzfz.gov.cn/kqgk_View.aspx?cid=d0e72046-87d0-46fa-bc5c-9b6cfb4adc90.
[2]汪洋.3S架构下的地质灾害灾情风险评估原理、方法与系统集成技术研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆师范大学,2004.
[3]中华人民共和国国土资源部.三峡库区地质灾害防治总体规划[S].2001.
[4]张文君.滑坡灾害遥感动态特征监测及其预测分析研究[D]:[博士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2007.
[5]Ellen S.D.et.al.Landslide,Floods and Natine Effects of the Storm of January 1982,in the San Francisco Bay Region[Z].Califonia,V.S.S,1988.3-5.
[6]R.Guillande & 6 others.Automated mapping of the landslide hazard on the island of Tahiti based on digital satellite data[J].Mapping Sciences & Remote Sensing,1995,32(l):59-70.
[7]GuPta P,Anbalagan R.Slope stability of Theri Dam Reservoir Area,India,using landslide hazard zonation(LHZ) mapping[J].Quarterly Journal of Eng Geology,1997,30:27-36.
[8]E.Garcia-MelCndez,I.Molina,M.Ferre-Julia,J.Aguimet.Multisensor data integration and GIS analysis for natural hazard mapping in a semiarid area[J].Advances in Space Research,1998,21(3):493-499.
[9]H.L.Perotto-Baldiviezo,T.L.Thurow,C.T.Smith,R.F.Fisher,X.B.Wu.GIS-based spatial analysis and modeling for landslide hazard assessment in steeplands,southern Honduras[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2004,103:165-176.
[10]H.Go'mez,T.Kavzoglu.Assessment of shallow landslide susceptibility using artificial neural networks in Jabonosa River Basin,Venezuela[J].Engineering Geology,2005,78:11-27.
[11]Janet E.Nichol,Ahmed Shaker,Man-Sing Wong.Application of high-resolution stereo satellite images to detailed landslide hazard assessment[J].Geomorphology,2006,76:68-75.
[12]王治华.面向新世纪的滑坡、泥石流遥感技术[J].地球信息科学,1999,2.
[13]王治华.滑坡、泥石流遥感回顾与新技术展望[J].国上资源遥感,1999,3.
[14]王治华.数字滑坡技术及其在天台乡滑坡调查中的应用[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(4).
[15]刘光.泥石流致灾系数遥感信息模型初探[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(2).
[16]阮沈勇,黄润秋.基于GIS的信息量法模型在地质灾害危险性区划中的应用[J].成都理工学报学报,2001,29(1)：89-92.
[17]高克昌,赵纯勇.基于TM影像的万州主城区崩塌地质灾害研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2003,18(2).
[18]邓嘉农,赵继东,刘丹.陇南陕南滑坡泥石流发育程度及发展趋势研究[J].中国水土保持,2003,9.
[19]赵俊华.舟曲县滑坡泥石流遥感影像判读与灾害防治[J].人民长江,2004,35(12).
[20]唐川,张军,周春花等.城市泥石流易损性评价[J].灾害学,2005,20(2).
[21]杨武年,濮国梁.长江三峡库区地质灾害遥感图像信息处理及其监测和评估[J].地质学 报,2005,79(3).
[22]乔建平,朱阿兴,吴彩燕等.采用本底因子贡献率法的三峡库区滑坡危险度区划[J].山地学报,2006,24(5)：569-573.
[23]张梁.地质灾害风险评估理论与方法[J].中国地质矿产经济,1996,(4)：40-45..
[24]高克昌.基于GIS的万州区滑坡地质灾害危险性评价研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆师范大学,2003.
[25]张梁,张业成,罗元华等.地质灾害灾情评估理论与实践[M].北京：地质出版社,1998,20-27.
[26]张春山,张业成,张立海.中国崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害危险性评价[J].地质力学学报,2004,10(1)：27-32.
[27]三峡库区地质灾害防治工作指挥部.形成崩塌的内在条件有哪些?哪些外界因素可诱发崩塌?[EB/OL].http://www.sxdzfz.gov.cn/kpzs_View.aspx?cid=6bf582b2-939b-4b4c-8b9c-c6e1bd08b89e.
[28]梅安新,彭望禄,秦其明等.遥感导论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001,5-6.
[29]韩宝智,姚智,倪学文.黔西北滑坡、崩塌、泥石流遥感研究[J].贵州地质,1996,13(2)：196-201.
[30]黄杏元,马劲松,汤秦等.地理信息系统概论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001.
[31]李远华.遥感与GIS技术支持下藏东林芝地区地质灾害预警研究[D]：[硕士学位论文].长春：吉林大学,2004.
[32]岳跃.基于GIS的崩塌地质灾害危险性评价研究[D]：[硕士学位论文].上海：同济大学,2008.
[33]三峡库区地质灾害防治工作指挥部.三峡库区地质环境概况[EB／OL].http://www.sxdzfz.gov.cn/kqgk_View.aspx?cid=d0e72046-87d0-46fa-bc5c-9b6cfb4adc90.
[34]刘传正.三峡库区的地质灾害[J].岩土工程界,2003,6(6)：23-24.
[35]张振德,何宇华.遥感技术在长江三峡库区大型地质灾害调查中的应用[J].国土资源遥感,2003,(2)：11-14.
[36]陈正洪,万素琴,毛以伟.三峡库区复杂地形下的降雨时空分布特点分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(9)：623-627.
[37]吴泉源,姜春玲,邹敏等.GIS技术支持下的招远市金矿区崩塌遥感调查[J].山地学报,2006,24(6)：672-677.
[38]曹慧.基于RS与GIS的土地利用与地质灾害相关性分析-以云南新平县为例[D]：[硕士学位论文].成都：成都理工大学,2007.
[39]中国资源卫星应用中心.资源01、02卫星介绍[EB/OL]. http://www.cresda.com/n16/n1130/n1552/8343.html.
[40]戴昌达,姜小光,唐伶俐.遥感图像应用处理与分析[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
[41]党安荣,王晓栋,陈晓峰等.ERDAS EMAGINE遥感图像处理方法[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2003.
[42]汤国安等.遥感数字图像处理.北京：科学出版社,2004.
[43]王爱军,吴景坤.计算机遥感图象复合配准处理技术在崩塌发展变化特征研究中的应用[J].铁路航 测,1994,(4)：30-33.
[44]钟延江.昆明市典型滑坡泥石流的遥感研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].昆明：昆明理工大学,2006.
[45]武利娟.金沙江上游区域地质灾害遥感解译与GIS分析[D]：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国地质大学,2007.
[46]唐小明,冯杭建,赵建康.基于虚拟GIS和空间分析的小流域泥石流地质灾害遥感解译-以嵊州市为例[J].地质科技情报,2008,27(2)：12-16.
[47]邓辉.高精度卫星遥感技术在地质灾害调查与评价中的应用[D]:[博士学位论文].成都：成都理工大学,2007.
[48]刘珺,贾琇明.浅谈遥感技术在地质灾害遥感调查中的应用[J].科技情报开发与经济,2005,15(5)：170-171.
[49]宫鹏,黎夏,徐冰.高分辨率影像解译理论与应用方法中的一些研究问题[J].遥感学报,2006,10(1)：3-7.
[50]李晓.重庆地区的强降雨过程与地质灾害的相关分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1995,6(3)：39-41.
[51]村田重之等.暴雨对陡坡崩塌的影响[J].水土保持科技情报,1991,(2)：33-37.
[52]海香.重庆市奉节县地质灾害风险评价及防灾减灾措施[D]:[硕士学位论文].重庆：西南大学,2008.
[53]殷坤龙.重庆市崩塌滑坡地质灾害规律[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1994,5：18-23,增刊.
[54]王文俊.三峡库区干流崩塌、滑坡的发育特征及危险性评价[J].灾害学,2002,17(4)：54-59.
[55]伊红,吕红梅,杨广斌.基于CBERS02的毕节地区植被覆盖信息提取技术研究[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,27(2)：43-45.
[56]三峡库区地质灾害防治工作指挥部.我国防治崩塌的工程措施有哪些?[EB/OL]. http://www.sxdzfz.gov.cn/kqgk_View.aspx?cid=d0e72046-87d0-46fa-bc5c-9b6cfb4adc90.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |