陇南地区土地利用/覆被变化及生态环境效应研究
摘要
土地利用／覆被变化(Land Use and Cover Change, LUCC)是全球环境变化的重要原因,目前已成为全球变化研究的一个重要方面,也是可持续发展研究的关键。
陇南地区在行政区划上,位于甘肃省的南部,东靠陕西,南邻四川,是甘、川、陕的交界地带；地理位置上位于我国第二阶梯向第三阶梯过渡地带,是秦巴山区、黄土高原、青藏高原三大地貌单元的交汇区域；流域上是甘肃省唯一的长江水系,是长江流域和黄河流域的过渡地区；气候上,陇南地区是暖温带向亚热带气候的过渡区,所以陇南地区生态环境复杂。
本文以陇南地区作为研究区域,原因是陇南地区位于气候、流域、地貌的过渡区,具有独特性和代表性。研究目的：揭示陇南地区土地利用／覆被变化的方向和驱动力,以及对生态环境造成的影响,为研究过渡区的土地利用／覆被变化和生态环境变化提供案例参考。研究方法：选取1989年、2000年、2007年三期Landsat TM/ETM+遥感(RS)数据,通过人机交互目视解译与实地考察验证法,建立研究区土地利用／覆被变化(LUCC)数据库,然后结合地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析功能,提取研究区土地利用／覆被变化信息。根据研究区的土地利用／覆被变化(LUCC)过程,结合DEM和相关的统计数据,分析其驱动力,并在此基础上利用景观生态学和层次分析法(AHP),建立土地利用／覆被类型与生态环境之间的耦合关系,从而间接对区域生态环境进行评价。
结果表明：
1)耕地是陇南地区土地利用／覆被类型变化中最为活跃的土地利用类型,耕地与其它各种土地利用类型的变化联系最为密切；
2)1989-2000年,耕地增加25314.62hm2,林地和草地各减少9165.48hm2、16437.23hm2；2000-2007年耕地减少13128.37hm2,林地和草地各增加7007.81hm2,5933.65hm2；水域在整个研究阶段(1989-2007年)一直处于减少状态,共减少162.35hm2；建设用地在整个研究阶段(1989-2007年)增加637.36hm2；未利用地未发生变化；
3)驱动力方面,1989-2000年耕地增加,林草面积减少的驱动力是人类活动,其中包括：人口增长、经济增长、人民生活水平提高；2000-2007年耕地减少,林草面积增加的主要驱动力是国家退耕还林还草政策；水域面积持续减少和建设用地持续增加的原因是人类活动。在整个研究阶段,气候变化对土地利用／覆被变化起间接作用；地貌因素中高程和坡度对土地利用／覆被变化起重要作用；
4)生态环境方面,陇南地区在整个研究阶段的环境是先恶化(1989-2000年),后有所好转(2000-2007年)。
LUCC is important because changes in land use and land cover are inputs and consequences of global environmental change, which is related with global change and global warming, and plays a key role in sustainable development research.
Longnan region lies in the south of Gansu Province, bordering Shaanxi in the east and Sichuan in the south, covering one urban district and eight counties.In geographical location, it situates on the transition zone between the second and the third terrace in China; and connects the North China craton, Qilian and Qaidam, and the Sonpan-Ganzi block on the north, on the west, and on the south, respectively; and is the Yangtze River Basin, and the transition area of Yangtze River and Yellow River Basin; and places in warm temperate/sub-tropical transition region. In which mountain areas account for above 90 percent, and Hilly Basin less than 10 percent, and its elevation range from 800 to 4200m a.s.l. In a word, Longnan region is a complex terrain and environment zone.
In this paper, Longnan region is the study area, mainly because it is the representative of the transition zone of climate, valley, and terrain unit. The objectives of this paper are that to reveal the LUCC and its driving force in Longnan region, and the impact of LUCC on the ecological environment, and to provide the basis for the study of LUCC and its eco-environment effects in the transitional zones.The study used time-series Landsat TM/ETM+images which are acquired in 1989,2000, and 2007 to produce the data of land-cover/use types by using visual on-screen interpretation and verification of fieldwork supervision, then the author used ArcGIS software to extract spatial information by overlaying maps. According to the process of LUCC in the study area, combining with DEM and related statistical data, the author analyzed the driving force of LUCC. Besides, the author used AHP and landscape ecology to bridge the connection between LUCC and ecological environment, and analyzed the process of ecological environment change.
The results show that:
1) The cropland in Longnan region was the most active type, the change of the cropland in the study area directly leaded into changes of others land-use and land-cover types;
2) During 1989-2000, the cropland increased (about 25314.63hm2), while woodland and grassland decreased (about 9165.48hm2 and 16437.23hm2, respectively); During 2000-2007, the cropland decreased (about 13128.37hm2), while woodland and grassland increased (about 7007.81hm2 and 5933.65hm2, respectively); During 1989-2007, water area still reduced (about 162.35hm2), the built-up land increased (about 637.36hm2), and unused land had not changed.
3) During 1989-2000 the cropland increased, while woodland and grassland decreased, the driving factors were human activities, such as population growth, economic growth and the improvement of the average living standards; During 2000-2007 the cropland increased, while woodland and grassland increased, the national land policy played a key role in LUCC; During 2000-2007, the main reason that water area reduced and the built-up land increased were human activities; the change of climate only played background role in the LUCC, and not directly affected LUCC; Elevation and slope factors played a prominent role in LUCC;
4) Longnan region's environment underwent the trend of degradation firstly and improved later during the 18-year study period from the viewpoint of ecology and environment.
陇南地区在行政区划上,位于甘肃省的南部,东靠陕西,南邻四川,是甘、川、陕的交界地带；地理位置上位于我国第二阶梯向第三阶梯过渡地带,是秦巴山区、黄土高原、青藏高原三大地貌单元的交汇区域；流域上是甘肃省唯一的长江水系,是长江流域和黄河流域的过渡地区；气候上,陇南地区是暖温带向亚热带气候的过渡区,所以陇南地区生态环境复杂。
本文以陇南地区作为研究区域,原因是陇南地区位于气候、流域、地貌的过渡区,具有独特性和代表性。研究目的：揭示陇南地区土地利用／覆被变化的方向和驱动力,以及对生态环境造成的影响,为研究过渡区的土地利用／覆被变化和生态环境变化提供案例参考。研究方法：选取1989年、2000年、2007年三期Landsat TM/ETM+遥感(RS)数据,通过人机交互目视解译与实地考察验证法,建立研究区土地利用／覆被变化(LUCC)数据库,然后结合地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析功能,提取研究区土地利用／覆被变化信息。根据研究区的土地利用／覆被变化(LUCC)过程,结合DEM和相关的统计数据,分析其驱动力,并在此基础上利用景观生态学和层次分析法(AHP),建立土地利用／覆被类型与生态环境之间的耦合关系,从而间接对区域生态环境进行评价。
结果表明：
1)耕地是陇南地区土地利用／覆被类型变化中最为活跃的土地利用类型,耕地与其它各种土地利用类型的变化联系最为密切；
2)1989-2000年,耕地增加25314.62hm2,林地和草地各减少9165.48hm2、16437.23hm2；2000-2007年耕地减少13128.37hm2,林地和草地各增加7007.81hm2,5933.65hm2；水域在整个研究阶段(1989-2007年)一直处于减少状态,共减少162.35hm2；建设用地在整个研究阶段(1989-2007年)增加637.36hm2；未利用地未发生变化；
3)驱动力方面,1989-2000年耕地增加,林草面积减少的驱动力是人类活动,其中包括：人口增长、经济增长、人民生活水平提高；2000-2007年耕地减少,林草面积增加的主要驱动力是国家退耕还林还草政策；水域面积持续减少和建设用地持续增加的原因是人类活动。在整个研究阶段,气候变化对土地利用／覆被变化起间接作用；地貌因素中高程和坡度对土地利用／覆被变化起重要作用；
4)生态环境方面,陇南地区在整个研究阶段的环境是先恶化(1989-2000年),后有所好转(2000-2007年)。
LUCC is important because changes in land use and land cover are inputs and consequences of global environmental change, which is related with global change and global warming, and plays a key role in sustainable development research.
Longnan region lies in the south of Gansu Province, bordering Shaanxi in the east and Sichuan in the south, covering one urban district and eight counties.In geographical location, it situates on the transition zone between the second and the third terrace in China; and connects the North China craton, Qilian and Qaidam, and the Sonpan-Ganzi block on the north, on the west, and on the south, respectively; and is the Yangtze River Basin, and the transition area of Yangtze River and Yellow River Basin; and places in warm temperate/sub-tropical transition region. In which mountain areas account for above 90 percent, and Hilly Basin less than 10 percent, and its elevation range from 800 to 4200m a.s.l. In a word, Longnan region is a complex terrain and environment zone.
In this paper, Longnan region is the study area, mainly because it is the representative of the transition zone of climate, valley, and terrain unit. The objectives of this paper are that to reveal the LUCC and its driving force in Longnan region, and the impact of LUCC on the ecological environment, and to provide the basis for the study of LUCC and its eco-environment effects in the transitional zones.The study used time-series Landsat TM/ETM+images which are acquired in 1989,2000, and 2007 to produce the data of land-cover/use types by using visual on-screen interpretation and verification of fieldwork supervision, then the author used ArcGIS software to extract spatial information by overlaying maps. According to the process of LUCC in the study area, combining with DEM and related statistical data, the author analyzed the driving force of LUCC. Besides, the author used AHP and landscape ecology to bridge the connection between LUCC and ecological environment, and analyzed the process of ecological environment change.
The results show that:
1) The cropland in Longnan region was the most active type, the change of the cropland in the study area directly leaded into changes of others land-use and land-cover types;
2) During 1989-2000, the cropland increased (about 25314.63hm2), while woodland and grassland decreased (about 9165.48hm2 and 16437.23hm2, respectively); During 2000-2007, the cropland decreased (about 13128.37hm2), while woodland and grassland increased (about 7007.81hm2 and 5933.65hm2, respectively); During 1989-2007, water area still reduced (about 162.35hm2), the built-up land increased (about 637.36hm2), and unused land had not changed.
3) During 1989-2000 the cropland increased, while woodland and grassland decreased, the driving factors were human activities, such as population growth, economic growth and the improvement of the average living standards; During 2000-2007 the cropland increased, while woodland and grassland increased, the national land policy played a key role in LUCC; During 2000-2007, the main reason that water area reduced and the built-up land increased were human activities; the change of climate only played background role in the LUCC, and not directly affected LUCC; Elevation and slope factors played a prominent role in LUCC;
4) Longnan region's environment underwent the trend of degradation firstly and improved later during the 18-year study period from the viewpoint of ecology and environment.
引文
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