漳州盆地地震反应分析
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摘要
漳州盆地是福建省最大的陆地断陷盆地,隐伏的九龙江断裂横贯盆地的北部,具有发生强烈地震的危险。本文研究了九龙江断裂上6级地震引起的漳州盆地及周边地区地震动的预测,计算了漳州市强地震场的分布,分析了空间分布特征和规律。
强地震动研究洞察地震中地表震动发生、发展特征和规律性,涉及对震源的了解和模型的建立、传播介质影响的分析和模拟、场地条件影响分析等三方面的一系列基本问题。近断裂地震动更加复杂,受震源的影响十分显著。大型沉积盆地对地震动和震害的影响受到了全球地震工程研究者的广泛关注,牵涉松散软土的放大效应、埋藏基岩表面的聚焦效应和盆地边缘效应等。
分析中,九龙江断裂用有限断层震源模型表达,根据活断层探查结果和半经验标定关系确定走向、倾向、倾角、长度、宽度和平均滑动量等。借助凹凸体和k平方模型结合的混合震源模型估计错动在破裂面上的分布,确定各个子源的滑动量。考虑半经验关系的不确定性引起的全局参数和局部参数的随机性,建立了30个震源模型。破裂起始点确定在九龙江断裂的东南端,破裂速度取剪切波速的0.85倍。
高频地震动借助Atkinson等发展的随机合成方法估计,震源谱中采用动力拐角频率。先估计选定的位于盆地四角和中心的5个点在30个震源作用下基岩地表地震动的平均值,选定一个与平均特征最接近的震源模型。据此,计算地表200×200米的网格上共5796个点的加速度时程和反应谱。盆地内的点,先计算地下50米深度处(相当于漳州盆地松散土层最深处的两倍)地震动的傅氏谱,再乘上该点对应的盆地分区的传递函数,逆变换得到地表地震动。传递函数根据各分区代表性钻孔速度结构,采用等效线性化方法计算。根据各点峰值加速度,归纳、编制了漳州盆地及周边地区地震动峰值加速度分布预测图和分区图。共划分三类区,每一区进一步分为盆地内、外两个子区,对每一个子区提供了平均的加速度反应谱、各子区的标准化的反应谱图及参数表。
低频地震动借助简化的数值格林函数方法计算。本文根据中国地震应急搜救中心提供的数据建立了漳州盆地的三维有限元网格模型,用解析法计算有限断层源引起的盖层底部的位移场,将其作为盖层波动有限元分析的输入。波动有限元计算了5796个点地表长周期加速度时程。
长周期、短周期加速度时程经分别滤波,在时域叠加,合成了各点的加速度时程。按照与各子区平均反应谱最贴近的原则,选取各子区代表性点的时程作为抗震设计验算时程分析用的加速度时程。
The Zhangzhou basin is the largest faulting-subsided basin on land in Fujian Province. The Jiulongjiang blind fault is just beneath the northern part of the basin, which is potential to cause a strong earthquake. Strong ground motion in Zhangzhou basin and its vicinity from an earthquake with magnitude 6 on the Jiulongjiang fault is forecasted in this dissertation. Distribution of ground motion field at Zhangzhou City is calculated, the spatial characteristics and pattern is summarized.
Study on strong ground motion insights into the generation and propagation characteristics and pattern of surface shaking during earthquake and deals with a series of basic problems about the source and source model, the propagation medium effects and the local site effects. Near fault ground motion is much more complex due to the significant effects of the source. Effect of large sediment basin on ground motion and earthquake damage become a highlight topic in earthquake engineering world wide these decades, which involves the amplifying effect of soft soil, the focusing effect of buried rock surface and the basin edge effect.
A finite fault source model (FFM) is adopted to describe the Jiulongjiang fault for the forecasting. Global parameters such as strike, dip, dip angle, length and width of the fault, and the average slip on the fault are determined from the fault exploration data and a set of semi-empirical scaling laws. The slip distribution on the fault plane and then the slip at each sub-source are determined from a hybrid source model, which combines asperity model and k square model. 30 source models are generated taking the randomness into account on global and local parameters from the uncertainty of the semi-empirical scaling laws. The rupture start point is located at the southeast end of the Jiulongjiang fault and the rupture velocity is taken as 0.85 of the shear wave velocity in source area.
High frequency ( f > 1Hz) ground motion is synthesized by a stochastic procedure developed by Atkinson, and the dynamic corner frequency is applied in source spectra. The rock site ground motions at 5 selected points around and in the basin from 30 source models are firstly calculated, and one of the models is chosen from the best fit to the mean response spectra. Acceleration time histories and spectra of motions at 5796 ground points on 200 km×200 km grids that covers the whole region, are calculated one by one. For the points located in basin, the motions at a depth 50 m (the double of the largest soil depth in the basin) are synthesized at first, and then their Fourier spectra are multiplied by the corresponding transfer function, the acceleration time histories are finally obtained from the inverse Fourier transformation. The transfer function is calculated for each zone by means of 1D wave propagation procedure with equivalent linearization, from the velocity structure of representative borehole in the zone. Furthermore, the peak ground acceleration distribution and zoning maps are plotted from the values at 5796 points. The whole region is divided into three zones. Each of them covers two sub-zones, in-basin and out-basin. The average acceleration response spectrum, the normalized response spectrum and corresponding parameters for each sub-zone are presented.
Low frequency ( f < 1Hz) ground motion is calculated by a simplified Numerical Green Function approach. The 3D velocity structure model of Zhangzhou basin is worked out from the data provided by the China Center for Earthquake Disaster Emergency and SAR. The displacement field at the top of crystal rock from the finite fault source is calculated by analytical Green Function method and is taken as the input for 3D wave propagation finite element analysis. Acceleration time histories at the 5796 points are calculated by finite element method.
The acceleration time history of each point is obtained from the superimposition of high and low frequency ground motions after high and low-pass filtering respectively, in time domain. The representative time history of each zone is taken from the point whose spectrum fits the average spectrum of the zone best, for inputs of time history analysis in seismic design.
强地震动研究洞察地震中地表震动发生、发展特征和规律性,涉及对震源的了解和模型的建立、传播介质影响的分析和模拟、场地条件影响分析等三方面的一系列基本问题。近断裂地震动更加复杂,受震源的影响十分显著。大型沉积盆地对地震动和震害的影响受到了全球地震工程研究者的广泛关注,牵涉松散软土的放大效应、埋藏基岩表面的聚焦效应和盆地边缘效应等。
分析中,九龙江断裂用有限断层震源模型表达,根据活断层探查结果和半经验标定关系确定走向、倾向、倾角、长度、宽度和平均滑动量等。借助凹凸体和k平方模型结合的混合震源模型估计错动在破裂面上的分布,确定各个子源的滑动量。考虑半经验关系的不确定性引起的全局参数和局部参数的随机性,建立了30个震源模型。破裂起始点确定在九龙江断裂的东南端,破裂速度取剪切波速的0.85倍。
高频地震动借助Atkinson等发展的随机合成方法估计,震源谱中采用动力拐角频率。先估计选定的位于盆地四角和中心的5个点在30个震源作用下基岩地表地震动的平均值,选定一个与平均特征最接近的震源模型。据此,计算地表200×200米的网格上共5796个点的加速度时程和反应谱。盆地内的点,先计算地下50米深度处(相当于漳州盆地松散土层最深处的两倍)地震动的傅氏谱,再乘上该点对应的盆地分区的传递函数,逆变换得到地表地震动。传递函数根据各分区代表性钻孔速度结构,采用等效线性化方法计算。根据各点峰值加速度,归纳、编制了漳州盆地及周边地区地震动峰值加速度分布预测图和分区图。共划分三类区,每一区进一步分为盆地内、外两个子区,对每一个子区提供了平均的加速度反应谱、各子区的标准化的反应谱图及参数表。
低频地震动借助简化的数值格林函数方法计算。本文根据中国地震应急搜救中心提供的数据建立了漳州盆地的三维有限元网格模型,用解析法计算有限断层源引起的盖层底部的位移场,将其作为盖层波动有限元分析的输入。波动有限元计算了5796个点地表长周期加速度时程。
长周期、短周期加速度时程经分别滤波,在时域叠加,合成了各点的加速度时程。按照与各子区平均反应谱最贴近的原则,选取各子区代表性点的时程作为抗震设计验算时程分析用的加速度时程。
The Zhangzhou basin is the largest faulting-subsided basin on land in Fujian Province. The Jiulongjiang blind fault is just beneath the northern part of the basin, which is potential to cause a strong earthquake. Strong ground motion in Zhangzhou basin and its vicinity from an earthquake with magnitude 6 on the Jiulongjiang fault is forecasted in this dissertation. Distribution of ground motion field at Zhangzhou City is calculated, the spatial characteristics and pattern is summarized.
Study on strong ground motion insights into the generation and propagation characteristics and pattern of surface shaking during earthquake and deals with a series of basic problems about the source and source model, the propagation medium effects and the local site effects. Near fault ground motion is much more complex due to the significant effects of the source. Effect of large sediment basin on ground motion and earthquake damage become a highlight topic in earthquake engineering world wide these decades, which involves the amplifying effect of soft soil, the focusing effect of buried rock surface and the basin edge effect.
A finite fault source model (FFM) is adopted to describe the Jiulongjiang fault for the forecasting. Global parameters such as strike, dip, dip angle, length and width of the fault, and the average slip on the fault are determined from the fault exploration data and a set of semi-empirical scaling laws. The slip distribution on the fault plane and then the slip at each sub-source are determined from a hybrid source model, which combines asperity model and k square model. 30 source models are generated taking the randomness into account on global and local parameters from the uncertainty of the semi-empirical scaling laws. The rupture start point is located at the southeast end of the Jiulongjiang fault and the rupture velocity is taken as 0.85 of the shear wave velocity in source area.
High frequency ( f > 1Hz) ground motion is synthesized by a stochastic procedure developed by Atkinson, and the dynamic corner frequency is applied in source spectra. The rock site ground motions at 5 selected points around and in the basin from 30 source models are firstly calculated, and one of the models is chosen from the best fit to the mean response spectra. Acceleration time histories and spectra of motions at 5796 ground points on 200 km×200 km grids that covers the whole region, are calculated one by one. For the points located in basin, the motions at a depth 50 m (the double of the largest soil depth in the basin) are synthesized at first, and then their Fourier spectra are multiplied by the corresponding transfer function, the acceleration time histories are finally obtained from the inverse Fourier transformation. The transfer function is calculated for each zone by means of 1D wave propagation procedure with equivalent linearization, from the velocity structure of representative borehole in the zone. Furthermore, the peak ground acceleration distribution and zoning maps are plotted from the values at 5796 points. The whole region is divided into three zones. Each of them covers two sub-zones, in-basin and out-basin. The average acceleration response spectrum, the normalized response spectrum and corresponding parameters for each sub-zone are presented.
Low frequency ( f < 1Hz) ground motion is calculated by a simplified Numerical Green Function approach. The 3D velocity structure model of Zhangzhou basin is worked out from the data provided by the China Center for Earthquake Disaster Emergency and SAR. The displacement field at the top of crystal rock from the finite fault source is calculated by analytical Green Function method and is taken as the input for 3D wave propagation finite element analysis. Acceleration time histories at the 5796 points are calculated by finite element method.
The acceleration time history of each point is obtained from the superimposition of high and low frequency ground motions after high and low-pass filtering respectively, in time domain. The representative time history of each zone is taken from the point whose spectrum fits the average spectrum of the zone best, for inputs of time history analysis in seismic design.
引文
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73 G. Atkinson. Earthquake source spectra in the Eastern North America. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 1993, 83(6): 1778-1798
74 G. Atkinson and D. M. Boore. Evaluation of models for earthquake source spectra in eastern North America. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 1998, 88(4): 917-934
75 I. A. Beresenv and G. Atkinson. Source parameters of earthquakes in eastern and western North America based on finite-fault modeling. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 2002, 92(2): 695-710
76 D. Motazedian and G. M. Atkinson. Stochastic Finite-Fault Modeling Based on a Dynamic Corner Frequency. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 2005, 95(3): 995-1010
77 B. Mohammadioum and L. Serva. Stress drop, slip type, earthquake magnitude, and seismic hazard. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 2001, 91(4):694-707
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72 J. G. Boatwright and G. L. Choy. Acceleration source spectra anticipated for large earthquakes in northeastern North America. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 1992, 82(2): 660-682
73 G. Atkinson. Earthquake source spectra in the Eastern North America. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 1993, 83(6): 1778-1798
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75 I. A. Beresenv and G. Atkinson. Source parameters of earthquakes in eastern and western North America based on finite-fault modeling. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 2002, 92(2): 695-710
76 D. Motazedian and G. M. Atkinson. Stochastic Finite-Fault Modeling Based on a Dynamic Corner Frequency. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 2005, 95(3): 995-1010
77 B. Mohammadioum and L. Serva. Stress drop, slip type, earthquake magnitude, and seismic hazard. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 2001, 91(4):694-707
78 G. Atkinson. Attenuation of strong ground motion in Canada from a random vibrations approach. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 1984, 74(6): 2629-2653
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85中华人民共和国国家标准.建筑物抗震设计规范(BG50011-2001).2001
86张冬丽,陶夏新,周正华.近场地震动格林函数的解析法与数值法对比研究.西北地震学报. 2004,26(3):199-205
87 F. Gilbert. Excitation of the normal models of the earth by earthquake source. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1971, 22: 223-226
88 K. Aki and P. G. Richards. Quantitative Seismology Theory and Methods[M]. Vols. 1, 2, Freeman. 1980
89张冬丽,陶夏新,周正华.关于有限断层计算模型的研究——考虑位错时、空不均匀分布的滑动时间函数.西北地震学报. 2005,27(3):193-198
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91 A. Pitarka, K. Irikura, T. Iwata and H. Sekiguchi. Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 1998, 88(2): 428-440
92周正华,廖振鹏.消除多次透射公式飘移失稳的措施.力学学报. 2001,33(4): 550-554