快速原型制造中反求工程关键技术的研究
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摘要
快速原型制造技术(RPM)是现代技术的前沿，在RPM中引入反求工程(RE)，具有十分重要的意义，实现了RE／RPM间的信息集成，从而形成了一个集设计、制造、检验于一体的快速反馈设计系统。所以，随着现代计算机技术及测试技术的发展，利用CAD／CAM技术、先进制造技术来实现产品实物的反求工程，已成为CAD／CAM领域的一个研究热点，并成为反求工程技术应用的主要内容。
本论文以扫描线点云数据为研究对象，着重在点云数据的处理、反求工程与快速原型制造的集成和曲面重构等几个关键技术环节进行了深入的研究和讨论。本论文主要完成的工作有以下几点：
(1)点云数据的处理：主要从点云数据的获取、点云数据的分类及点云数据的预处理等几个方面进行了深入研究。提出了非定最小距离数据精简算法与中值滤波和加权中值滤波相结合的混合滤波数据平滑算法。并通过实例说明了整个数据预处理过程的算法原理和数据处理，且验证了其有效性。
(2)反求工程(RE)与快速原型制造(RPM)的集成：针对目前CAD模型与快速原型制造技术的接口文件STL格式存在的不足，本文提出一种由点云数据直接实现自适应分层的处理方法；不但可以避免表面网格化所带来的误差，而且无需借助中介的文件转换格式，提高了RPM的效率和精度。
(3)曲面重构：NURBS曲面重构，可以精确地表示二次规则曲线曲面，从而能用统一的数学形式表示规则曲面与自由曲面，而其它非有理方法无法做到这一点。国际标准化组织(ISO)于1991年颁布了关于工业产品数据交换的STEP国际标准，将NURBS方法作为定义工业产品几何形状的唯一数学描述方法。从而使NURBS方法成为曲面造型技术发展趋势中最重要的基础。本文主要研究NURBS曲面的重构。
(4)软件实现及实例验证：首先说明了软件开发对计算机的基本要求；然后概述了软件的整体设计以及各模块的功能；通过实例说明了自适应分层在快速原型制造方面的有效性。
Rapid prototype manufacturing (RPM) is the advancement of the modern technology, so it has very important meaning for quoting reversing engineering (RE) in PRM:completed the information integration between RPM and RE,and formed a fast feedback design system including designing,manufacturing and inspecting.So with the devolepment of modern compute technology and test technology, RE using CAD/CAM technology and modern manufacture technology to complete part's prototype, has becoming a study hotpoint in CAD\CAM field,and the main content of RE technical application.
In this paper, some key technologies of RE based on the point cloud data obtained from laser scanner are deeply studied and discussed, including the preprocessing of data points, the intetation of RE and RPM and the methods of surface reconstruction.
This paper chiefly has finished the tasks as follows:
(1) Processing of data points: The study for processing of data points in this paper is mainly concentrated capturing, classifying and preprocessing of the data point .Mainly, through deeply analyzing and studying in removement of the noisy, caculating and analyzing of data point, reduction and smoothing of cloud point data, a kind of changeable minmum distance method and a kind of fixture filtering- median filtering and weighed-median filtering are imposed in this paper. And the algorithm principle and data processing of the whole data processing process has been described by a practical example, also verified its validity.
(2) The integration of RE and RPM: To the shortage of the interface file of RE and RPM—STL style, in this paper a kind of adaptive slicing method is proposed,which not only avoids the error form grid melts approximate,but doesn't need the intermediary file to converse;So tthe precision and efficiency of RPM is improved.
(3) Surface reconstruction: NURBS surface reconstruction may express twice regular curve and curved surface accurately, so it can express regular curved surface and freeform curved surface using unified mathematics form,and other non-rationed method can't do this. ISO has promulgated the STEP international standard about industrial product data exchange, and looked NURBS method as only mathematics description method defined industrial product geometry shape, which makes NURBS method the most important foundation in the modelling technical development tendency of curved surface. NURBS surface reconstruction is mainly studied in this paper.
(4) Software completing and example testing: Firstly, system developed for the basic requirement of computer is explanated; Later, the whole designs of software and the function of every module are illustrated;Last, the effectivity of adaptive slicing is testified in RPM by an example .
本论文以扫描线点云数据为研究对象，着重在点云数据的处理、反求工程与快速原型制造的集成和曲面重构等几个关键技术环节进行了深入的研究和讨论。本论文主要完成的工作有以下几点：
(1)点云数据的处理：主要从点云数据的获取、点云数据的分类及点云数据的预处理等几个方面进行了深入研究。提出了非定最小距离数据精简算法与中值滤波和加权中值滤波相结合的混合滤波数据平滑算法。并通过实例说明了整个数据预处理过程的算法原理和数据处理，且验证了其有效性。
(2)反求工程(RE)与快速原型制造(RPM)的集成：针对目前CAD模型与快速原型制造技术的接口文件STL格式存在的不足，本文提出一种由点云数据直接实现自适应分层的处理方法；不但可以避免表面网格化所带来的误差，而且无需借助中介的文件转换格式，提高了RPM的效率和精度。
(3)曲面重构：NURBS曲面重构，可以精确地表示二次规则曲线曲面，从而能用统一的数学形式表示规则曲面与自由曲面，而其它非有理方法无法做到这一点。国际标准化组织(ISO)于1991年颁布了关于工业产品数据交换的STEP国际标准，将NURBS方法作为定义工业产品几何形状的唯一数学描述方法。从而使NURBS方法成为曲面造型技术发展趋势中最重要的基础。本文主要研究NURBS曲面的重构。
(4)软件实现及实例验证：首先说明了软件开发对计算机的基本要求；然后概述了软件的整体设计以及各模块的功能；通过实例说明了自适应分层在快速原型制造方面的有效性。
Rapid prototype manufacturing (RPM) is the advancement of the modern technology, so it has very important meaning for quoting reversing engineering (RE) in PRM:completed the information integration between RPM and RE,and formed a fast feedback design system including designing,manufacturing and inspecting.So with the devolepment of modern compute technology and test technology, RE using CAD/CAM technology and modern manufacture technology to complete part's prototype, has becoming a study hotpoint in CAD\CAM field,and the main content of RE technical application.
In this paper, some key technologies of RE based on the point cloud data obtained from laser scanner are deeply studied and discussed, including the preprocessing of data points, the intetation of RE and RPM and the methods of surface reconstruction.
This paper chiefly has finished the tasks as follows:
(1) Processing of data points: The study for processing of data points in this paper is mainly concentrated capturing, classifying and preprocessing of the data point .Mainly, through deeply analyzing and studying in removement of the noisy, caculating and analyzing of data point, reduction and smoothing of cloud point data, a kind of changeable minmum distance method and a kind of fixture filtering- median filtering and weighed-median filtering are imposed in this paper. And the algorithm principle and data processing of the whole data processing process has been described by a practical example, also verified its validity.
(2) The integration of RE and RPM: To the shortage of the interface file of RE and RPM—STL style, in this paper a kind of adaptive slicing method is proposed,which not only avoids the error form grid melts approximate,but doesn't need the intermediary file to converse;So tthe precision and efficiency of RPM is improved.
(3) Surface reconstruction: NURBS surface reconstruction may express twice regular curve and curved surface accurately, so it can express regular curved surface and freeform curved surface using unified mathematics form,and other non-rationed method can't do this. ISO has promulgated the STEP international standard about industrial product data exchange, and looked NURBS method as only mathematics description method defined industrial product geometry shape, which makes NURBS method the most important foundation in the modelling technical development tendency of curved surface. NURBS surface reconstruction is mainly studied in this paper.
(4) Software completing and example testing: Firstly, system developed for the basic requirement of computer is explanated; Later, the whole designs of software and the function of every module are illustrated;Last, the effectivity of adaptive slicing is testified in RPM by an example .
引文
[1] 杨继全，朱玉芳．先进制造技术．[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2004
[2] 金涛，童水光．逆向工程技术．机械工业出版社．2003．8
[3] 王宵．逆向工程技术及其应用[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2004：3-4．
[4] 刘德平，陈建军．逆向工程关键技术研究．机械制造．(2005)06
[5] 周立萍，陈平．逆向工程发展现状研究．计算机工程与设计．(2004)10
[6] 唐炳涛．基于反求工程的数据处理与曲面重构．山东大学硕士学位论文．2002
[7] 郑康平．基于点云数据的曲面重构关键技术的研究[D]．西安：西安交通大学博士学位论文，2002．
[8] 许智钦，闫明，张宝峰等．逆向工程技术三维激光扫描测量[J]．天津大学学报，2001，34(3)：404～407．
[9] 张畅，张祥林，黄树槐．快速造型技术中的逆向工程[J]．计量技术，1998(1)：12～90．
[10] J Ye, R Qu. Fairing of Parametric Cubic Splines[J]. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 1999, 30(5～6): 121～131.
[11] Zhiwen Zhao, Luc Laperriere. Adaptive direct slicing of the solid model for rapid prototyping. Proceedings of the first international conference on RP&M' 98, Beijing 272-278
[12] 洪军，丁玉成，曹亮等．逆向工程中的测量数据精简技术研究[J]．西安交通大学学报，2004，38(7)：661～664．
[13] 季劲松．逆向工程中三坐标测量数据处理的研究及系统开发[J]．浙江：浙江大学硕士学位论文，2002．
[14] 黄国珍，卢章平．逆向工程的点云数据精简方法．机械设计与研究．(2005)03—059—03
[15] 田竹友，简斌．逆向工程中数据的处理．北京机械工业学院学报．(04)02-0001-05
[16] 戴静．逆向工程数据处理关键技术研究．南京理工大学硕士学位论文．2003-03
[17] M.C.Huang,C.C.Tai.The pre-processing of data points for curve fitting in Reversng Engineering. Int. J.Adv. Manuf. Technol. 16(2000) 635-642
[18] I.Budak,J.Hodolic,M.Sokovic. Developmert of a programme system for data-point pre-processing in Reversing Engineering. Jounal of Materials Processing Technology. 162-163(2005) 730-735
[19] Ming-Chih Huang, Ming-Chin Tai.The pre-processing of data points or curve fitting in Reversing Engineering. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. (2000)16: 635-642.
[20] 刘丽梅，孙玉荣，李莉．中值滤波技术发展研究．云南师范大学学报．2004年
[21] 范宜艳．基于NURBS的自由曲面重构技术研究及开发．天津大学硕士论文．2004年1月
[22] 包晓敏，张云华，汪亚明，罗一平．基于离散高斯滤波器的纺织品图像增强．纺织学报．2005年
[23] 吴军．轮廓曲线数据的采集与处理．西南交通大学硕士学位论文．2005年
[24] 赵立兴．基于模糊算法的数字图像处理技术研究．燕山大学硕士学位论文．2004年
[25] 吴建华，李迟生，周卫星．中值滤波与均值滤波的去噪性能比较[J]．南昌大学学报(工科版)，1998，(1)．
[26] 杜培军．RADARSAT图像滤波的研究．中国矿业大学学报．(2002) 02-0132-06
[27] 孙玉文．面向快速原型制造的反求工程关键技术研究．大连理工大学博士论文．2000年4月
[28] 陈伟卿．面向RPM的点云数据直接分层处理技术及其软件实现[P]．大连理工大学硕士论文，2002
[29] 李仲阳，谢存禧，邵明，成晓阳．快速成型的精度分析与自适应分层的研究．广东工业大学学报．(2000)02-0215-05
[30] D.Y.Chang,Y.M.Chang. A freeform surface modeling system based on laser scan data for Reversing Engineering. Int. J.Adv. Manuf. Technol. 20/1(July 2002)9-19,ISSN1443-3015
[31] Weishi Li,Shuhong Xu, Gang Zhao,Liping Goh. Adaptive knot placement in B-spline curve approximation .Computer-Aided Design. 37(2005) 791-797
[32] Yin Zhongwei. Direct ingtegration of reverse engineering and rapid prototyping based on the properties of NURBS or B-spline. Precision Engineering. 28(2004) 293-301
[33] Weiyin Ma,Peiren He. An adaptive slicing selective hatching strategy for layered magufacturing. Jounal of Materials Processing Technology. 89-90(1999) 191-197
[34] Weiyin Ma,Wing-Chung But, Peiren He. NUTBS-based adaptive slicing for efficient rapid prototyping. Computer-Aided Design. 36(2004) 1309-1325
[35] B.Starly, A.Lau,W.Sun,W.lau,T.Bradbury. Direct slicing of STEP based NURBS models for layered manufacturing. Computer-Aided Design. 37(2005) 387-397
[36] Y.F. Wu,Y. S.Wong,H.T.Loh,Y. F.Zhang. Modelling cloud data using an adaptive slicing approach. Computer-Aided Design. 36(2004) 231-240
[37] K.Mani,P.Kulkarni,D.Dutta. Region-based adaptive slicing.Computer-Aided Design. 33(1999) 317-333
[38] K. H. Lee, H. Woo. Direct integration & Industrial of reverse engineering and rapid prototyping. Computers Engineering, 2000, Vol.38:21-38
[39] Anne L. Marsan, Seth Allen, Prashant Kulkarni, Deba Dutta. Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings.1997, 661-668
[40] Terry K Chang, Mathew M F. Direct slicing of surface model for RP of thin-wall objects. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on RP&M' 98, Beijing, 612-617
[41] 任朴林，周来水，安鲁陵，吴敏．基于散乱数据截面线的曲面重构算法研究．中国制造业信息化．2003年3月
[42] 潘洋宇，李东波，慈瑞梅．点云数据曲面重构和小波分解研究．计算机集成制造系统．2005年10月
[43] 彭伟．逆向工程中的NURBS曲面重构研究[D]．南京：南京理工大学硕士学位论文，2003．
[44] 施法中．计算机辅助几何设计与非均匀有理B样条[M]．北京：北京航空航天出版社，1994
[45] 朱心雄．自由曲线曲面造型技术[M]．北京：科学出版社，1999．
[46] 和平鸽工作室．OpenGL三维图形系统开发与实用技术(基础编程篇)[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2003．
[47] 查雪梅．基于激光360度回转测量和Pro/Scan-Tools的集成逆向工程系统研究．四川大学硕士学位论文．2003年5月
[2] 金涛，童水光．逆向工程技术．机械工业出版社．2003．8
[3] 王宵．逆向工程技术及其应用[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2004：3-4．
[4] 刘德平，陈建军．逆向工程关键技术研究．机械制造．(2005)06
[5] 周立萍，陈平．逆向工程发展现状研究．计算机工程与设计．(2004)10
[6] 唐炳涛．基于反求工程的数据处理与曲面重构．山东大学硕士学位论文．2002
[7] 郑康平．基于点云数据的曲面重构关键技术的研究[D]．西安：西安交通大学博士学位论文，2002．
[8] 许智钦，闫明，张宝峰等．逆向工程技术三维激光扫描测量[J]．天津大学学报，2001，34(3)：404～407．
[9] 张畅，张祥林，黄树槐．快速造型技术中的逆向工程[J]．计量技术，1998(1)：12～90．
[10] J Ye, R Qu. Fairing of Parametric Cubic Splines[J]. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 1999, 30(5～6): 121～131.
[11] Zhiwen Zhao, Luc Laperriere. Adaptive direct slicing of the solid model for rapid prototyping. Proceedings of the first international conference on RP&M' 98, Beijing 272-278
[12] 洪军，丁玉成，曹亮等．逆向工程中的测量数据精简技术研究[J]．西安交通大学学报，2004，38(7)：661～664．
[13] 季劲松．逆向工程中三坐标测量数据处理的研究及系统开发[J]．浙江：浙江大学硕士学位论文，2002．
[14] 黄国珍，卢章平．逆向工程的点云数据精简方法．机械设计与研究．(2005)03—059—03
[15] 田竹友，简斌．逆向工程中数据的处理．北京机械工业学院学报．(04)02-0001-05
[16] 戴静．逆向工程数据处理关键技术研究．南京理工大学硕士学位论文．2003-03
[17] M.C.Huang,C.C.Tai.The pre-processing of data points for curve fitting in Reversng Engineering. Int. J.Adv. Manuf. Technol. 16(2000) 635-642
[18] I.Budak,J.Hodolic,M.Sokovic. Developmert of a programme system for data-point pre-processing in Reversing Engineering. Jounal of Materials Processing Technology. 162-163(2005) 730-735
[19] Ming-Chih Huang, Ming-Chin Tai.The pre-processing of data points or curve fitting in Reversing Engineering. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. (2000)16: 635-642.
[20] 刘丽梅，孙玉荣，李莉．中值滤波技术发展研究．云南师范大学学报．2004年
[21] 范宜艳．基于NURBS的自由曲面重构技术研究及开发．天津大学硕士论文．2004年1月
[22] 包晓敏，张云华，汪亚明，罗一平．基于离散高斯滤波器的纺织品图像增强．纺织学报．2005年
[23] 吴军．轮廓曲线数据的采集与处理．西南交通大学硕士学位论文．2005年
[24] 赵立兴．基于模糊算法的数字图像处理技术研究．燕山大学硕士学位论文．2004年
[25] 吴建华，李迟生，周卫星．中值滤波与均值滤波的去噪性能比较[J]．南昌大学学报(工科版)，1998，(1)．
[26] 杜培军．RADARSAT图像滤波的研究．中国矿业大学学报．(2002) 02-0132-06
[27] 孙玉文．面向快速原型制造的反求工程关键技术研究．大连理工大学博士论文．2000年4月
[28] 陈伟卿．面向RPM的点云数据直接分层处理技术及其软件实现[P]．大连理工大学硕士论文，2002
[29] 李仲阳，谢存禧，邵明，成晓阳．快速成型的精度分析与自适应分层的研究．广东工业大学学报．(2000)02-0215-05
[30] D.Y.Chang,Y.M.Chang. A freeform surface modeling system based on laser scan data for Reversing Engineering. Int. J.Adv. Manuf. Technol. 20/1(July 2002)9-19,ISSN1443-3015
[31] Weishi Li,Shuhong Xu, Gang Zhao,Liping Goh. Adaptive knot placement in B-spline curve approximation .Computer-Aided Design. 37(2005) 791-797
[32] Yin Zhongwei. Direct ingtegration of reverse engineering and rapid prototyping based on the properties of NURBS or B-spline. Precision Engineering. 28(2004) 293-301
[33] Weiyin Ma,Peiren He. An adaptive slicing selective hatching strategy for layered magufacturing. Jounal of Materials Processing Technology. 89-90(1999) 191-197
[34] Weiyin Ma,Wing-Chung But, Peiren He. NUTBS-based adaptive slicing for efficient rapid prototyping. Computer-Aided Design. 36(2004) 1309-1325
[35] B.Starly, A.Lau,W.Sun,W.lau,T.Bradbury. Direct slicing of STEP based NURBS models for layered manufacturing. Computer-Aided Design. 37(2005) 387-397
[36] Y.F. Wu,Y. S.Wong,H.T.Loh,Y. F.Zhang. Modelling cloud data using an adaptive slicing approach. Computer-Aided Design. 36(2004) 231-240
[37] K.Mani,P.Kulkarni,D.Dutta. Region-based adaptive slicing.Computer-Aided Design. 33(1999) 317-333
[38] K. H. Lee, H. Woo. Direct integration & Industrial of reverse engineering and rapid prototyping. Computers Engineering, 2000, Vol.38:21-38
[39] Anne L. Marsan, Seth Allen, Prashant Kulkarni, Deba Dutta. Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings.1997, 661-668
[40] Terry K Chang, Mathew M F. Direct slicing of surface model for RP of thin-wall objects. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on RP&M' 98, Beijing, 612-617
[41] 任朴林，周来水，安鲁陵，吴敏．基于散乱数据截面线的曲面重构算法研究．中国制造业信息化．2003年3月
[42] 潘洋宇，李东波，慈瑞梅．点云数据曲面重构和小波分解研究．计算机集成制造系统．2005年10月
[43] 彭伟．逆向工程中的NURBS曲面重构研究[D]．南京：南京理工大学硕士学位论文，2003．
[44] 施法中．计算机辅助几何设计与非均匀有理B样条[M]．北京：北京航空航天出版社，1994
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