基于FPGA的JPEG2000图像压缩系统的嵌入式开发
摘要
随着多媒体技术和网络的发展,人们对数字图像在质量、大小和应用方面提出了更高的要求,希望能够用有限的空间和带宽资源存储与传输大幅图像,并且,根据实际需要,获得不同分辨率或质量的重构图像。这就要求图像压缩技术不仅要有良好的压缩比,而且还可以灵活处理压缩码率。目前的JPEG图像压缩标准,在中高码率上压缩效果较好,然而在低码率情况下,重构图像存在严重的方块效应,不能很好的适应网络传输的要求。为了解决上述问题,由国际标准组织(ISO)和国际电信联盟(ITU)联合制定了新一代静止图像压缩标准——JPEG2000。与JPEG标准相比,JPEG2000具有良好的低比特压缩性能、良好的复合图像压缩性能、信噪比和分辨率的可分级特性、感兴趣区域编码、更好的错误稳健性等。凭借上述的各种优点,JPEG2000逐渐成为了静止图像压缩的主流。
FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)即现场可编程门阵列,是在PAL、GAL、EPLD等可编程器件的基础上进一步发展的产物。作为专用集成电路(ASIC)领域中的一种半定制电路而出现的,既解决了定制电路的不足,又克服了原有可编程器件门电路数有限的缺陷,具有非常灵活的可使用性。FPGA在通信、数据处理、网络、工业控制等众多领域都得到了广泛的应用。
随着当前各种可编程器件的硬件性能(如运算速度、内存空间等)不断提升,人们现在更多的希望能够利用嵌入式开发的办法,在不改动硬件结构和不增加硬件设备的基础上,将一些应用以软件模块的方式融入到可编程器件中,这样做可以大大节省硬件开发所需要的开销,为此,本文基于这个想法,利用C语言在FPGA平台上进行嵌入式开发,对JPEG2000图像压缩系统进行实现。
With the development of the multi-medium and networks technology, people has put forward the higher requirement at quality dimension and application in digital image, wanting to use limited space and bandwidth resources to transmit a big image and according to the real needs to gain the reconfiguration image of different resolution or qualities. This will be begged that the image compression technology not only have good compression efficiency but also can handle nimbly the compression code rate. At present, the JPEG still image compressing standard has a good compressing effect on middle and high code rate. But there exists a serious diamond effect at low code rate. The JPEG standard can not fulfill the need of network transmission. In order to solve the mentioned above issue, the international standard organization (ISO) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) laid down the new generation stationary picture compression standard——JPEG2000. Compared with former JPEG standard, JPEG2000 provides a set of features, such as superior low bit-rate performance, excellent compound image performance, progressive transmission by pixel accuracy and resolution, Region of Interests coding, robustness of bit errors and so on. Because of these features, JPEG2000 standard has become major standard of still image compression.
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is on the basis of development of PAL, GAL, EPLD. In the ASIC field, FPGA not only solve the shortage of custom circuit, and also overcome the shortcomings of former programmable device’s circuit limits. FPGA also has flexible usage. In the field of communication, data-processing, Internet, industrial control, FPGA has been widely used.
With the development of hardware performance of programmable device, people more and more hope to use embedded development method to combine applications in hardware device in software module mode. It can greatly reduce the hardware development spending by doing this. Based on this idea, we will implement the JPEG2000 Image Compression System on FPGA platform using the C programming language.
FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)即现场可编程门阵列,是在PAL、GAL、EPLD等可编程器件的基础上进一步发展的产物。作为专用集成电路(ASIC)领域中的一种半定制电路而出现的,既解决了定制电路的不足,又克服了原有可编程器件门电路数有限的缺陷,具有非常灵活的可使用性。FPGA在通信、数据处理、网络、工业控制等众多领域都得到了广泛的应用。
随着当前各种可编程器件的硬件性能(如运算速度、内存空间等)不断提升,人们现在更多的希望能够利用嵌入式开发的办法,在不改动硬件结构和不增加硬件设备的基础上,将一些应用以软件模块的方式融入到可编程器件中,这样做可以大大节省硬件开发所需要的开销,为此,本文基于这个想法,利用C语言在FPGA平台上进行嵌入式开发,对JPEG2000图像压缩系统进行实现。
With the development of the multi-medium and networks technology, people has put forward the higher requirement at quality dimension and application in digital image, wanting to use limited space and bandwidth resources to transmit a big image and according to the real needs to gain the reconfiguration image of different resolution or qualities. This will be begged that the image compression technology not only have good compression efficiency but also can handle nimbly the compression code rate. At present, the JPEG still image compressing standard has a good compressing effect on middle and high code rate. But there exists a serious diamond effect at low code rate. The JPEG standard can not fulfill the need of network transmission. In order to solve the mentioned above issue, the international standard organization (ISO) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) laid down the new generation stationary picture compression standard——JPEG2000. Compared with former JPEG standard, JPEG2000 provides a set of features, such as superior low bit-rate performance, excellent compound image performance, progressive transmission by pixel accuracy and resolution, Region of Interests coding, robustness of bit errors and so on. Because of these features, JPEG2000 standard has become major standard of still image compression.
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is on the basis of development of PAL, GAL, EPLD. In the ASIC field, FPGA not only solve the shortage of custom circuit, and also overcome the shortcomings of former programmable device’s circuit limits. FPGA also has flexible usage. In the field of communication, data-processing, Internet, industrial control, FPGA has been widely used.
With the development of hardware performance of programmable device, people more and more hope to use embedded development method to combine applications in hardware device in software module mode. It can greatly reduce the hardware development spending by doing this. Based on this idea, we will implement the JPEG2000 Image Compression System on FPGA platform using the C programming language.
引文
1吴乐南编著.数据压缩.东南大学出版社, 2000:27~40
2 David S. Taubman. JPEG2000图像压缩基础、标准和实践.魏江力译.电子工业出版社. 2004:40~55,328~412
3张晓娣,刘贵忠等. JPEG2000图像压缩编码系统及其关键技术.电视技术, 2001,(8):13~17
4 ISO/IECJTC1/SC29/WG1N1646R-2000,JPEG2000 part 1 final committee draft version 1.0[S].
5 Taubman D. High performance scalable image compression with EBCOT[J].IEEE Tran on Image Processing, 2000, 9(7): 1158~1170
6 Daubechies I, Swedens W.Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting schemes [J]. J Fourier Anal Appl, 1998, 4:247~269
7李德建,孟鸿鹰等. JPEG2000标准的特点及应用.电视技术,2001,(1):22~23
8华林,朱轲等.一种适用于JPEG2000的高速MQ编码器的实现.固体电子学研究与进展.2003,(11),Vol.23,No.4:421~426
9吴宗泽,朱悦心,郑南宁.一种新的JPEG2000多图像片压缩率与分配算法.西安交通大学学报.2003,(10),Vol.37,No.10:1020~1024
10 Mallat, S. Atheory for multiresolution signal decompssition:the wavelet representation[J],IEEE Trans,Pattern Analysis and machine Intelligence,1989,Vol.11,pp.674~693
11 Calderbank,A.R., Daubechies I., Sweldens W., Yeo, Boon-Lock. Lossless image compression using integer to integer wavelet transforms[J], AT&T-Labs, Tech.Rep.1996.
12小野定康,铃木纯司著.JPEG2000技术.强增幅译. 2004:130~156
13张旭东,卢国栋,冯建.图像编码基础和小波压缩技术——原理、算法和标准.清华大学出版社. 2004,(3):135~140
14颜彦.新一代静止图像压缩标准JPEG2000的算法研究和实现.上海交通大学2002年硕士论文.2002:15~17
15成礼智,王红霞,罗永.小波的理论与应用.科学出版社. 2004:214~230
16胡栋.静止图像编码的基本方法与国际标准.北京邮电大学出版社. 2003:136~140
17 David Taubman, Erik Ordentlich, Marcelo Weiberger. Embedded Block Coding in JPEG2000, Image Processing 2000. Proceedings.2000 International Conference on.2,2000:33~36
18 Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods. Digital Image Processing. Second Edition. Prentice Hall. 2002:402~430
19刑培育、崔克清.给予小波理论的图像压缩算法.南京化工大学学报第23卷第4期. 2001:45~46
20张益贞,刘滔. Visual C++实现MPEG/JPEG编解码技术.人民邮电出版社. 2002:624~700
21白友利.静态图像压缩标准——JPEG2000分析与应用.大连理工大学. 2003.3.
22 D.Taubman. Directionality and scalability in image and video compression. Ph.D.dissertation. Univ.Calif. Berkeley. 1994
23 Shapiro JM. Embedded image coding using zerotree of wavelet coefficients. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing. 1993,41(12):3445~3462.
24 D.Taubman and A.Zakhor, Multi-rate 3-D subband coding of video. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol.3.1994:572~588.
25 D. Le Gall and A. Tabatabai. Subband coding of digital images using symmetric short kernel filters and arithmetic coding techniques. IEEE International Conference On Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, New York,NY.1988:761~765.
26 Michael W. Marcellina, Margaret A. Lepleyb, Ali Bilgina, Thomas J. Flohrc, Troy T. Chinend, James H. Kasenre. An overview of quantization in JPEG2000. Signal Processing: Image Communication.2002:73~84.
27 Diego Santa-Cruz, Rapha.el Grosbois, Touradj Ebrahimi. JPEG2000 performance evaluation and assessment. Signal Processing:Image Communication.2002:113~130.
28 J. Scott Houchina, David W. Singerb. File format technology in JPEG2000 enables flexible use of still and motion sequences. Signal Porcessing: Image Communication.2002 131~144.
29 A.N. Skodras, C.A. Christopoulos and T. Ebrahimi. JPEG2000: The Upcoming Still Image Compression Standard. The Portuguese Conference on Pattern Recognition, Porto, Portugal. 2000,5:359~366.
30 Athanassios Skadras, Charilaos Christopoulos, Touradj Ebrahimi.The JPEG2000 Still Image Compression Standard. IEEE Signal Procession Magazine. 2001:36~58.
31 Te-Hao Chang, Li-Lin Chen, Chung-Jr Lian etc. Computation reduction technique for lossy JPEG2000 encoding through EBCOT tier-2 feedback processing. Image Processing.International Conference.2002,6:24~28.
32 Amir Said, William A. Pearlman, A New Fast and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System for Video Technology. 1996,6.
33 D.Santa-Cruz, T. Ebrahimi. JPEG2000 Still Image Coding Versus Other Standards. In Proc. Of the SPIE’s 45th annual meeting, Applications of Digital Image ProcessingХХШ, volume 4115, San Diego, California, Jul.30-Aug.4, 2000:446~454.
34 Tsung-Han Tsai, Kuei-Lan Lin. A High Speed and Low Complexity Integrated Framework for JPEG2000. IEEE ICCS.2002:493~496.
35刘正光,刘子小,申旭刚.JPEG2000算法原理及实现框架.计算机工程.2004,30(20):161~165.
36杨方洲,刘锐. JPEG2000中的EBCOT算法简介.信息技术.2004,28(5):38~41.
37蒋科,徐新,孙洪,沈芸,陈李廷.JPEG2000熵编码模块的FPGA实现.武汉大学学报(理学版).2004,50(3):360~364.
38刘方敏,吴永辉,俞建新. JPEG2000图像压缩过程及原理概述.计算机辅助设计与图像学学报. 2002,14(10):906~916.
39董世都,杨小帆,刘国金.用于图像压缩的小波系数的上下文模型.重庆大学学报. 2003,26(4):49~53.
40 .Xilinx University Program Virtex-ⅡPro Development System. Hardware Reference Manual.2005:10~15
41章振平. JPEG2000码率控制算法研究.上海交通大学.硕士学位论文. 2007,1: 25~29.
42李萱. JPEG2000系统架构研究及EBCOT中算术编码器的硬件实现.上海交通大学.硕士学位论文. 2007,1: 36~32.
2 David S. Taubman. JPEG2000图像压缩基础、标准和实践.魏江力译.电子工业出版社. 2004:40~55,328~412
3张晓娣,刘贵忠等. JPEG2000图像压缩编码系统及其关键技术.电视技术, 2001,(8):13~17
4 ISO/IECJTC1/SC29/WG1N1646R-2000,JPEG2000 part 1 final committee draft version 1.0[S].
5 Taubman D. High performance scalable image compression with EBCOT[J].IEEE Tran on Image Processing, 2000, 9(7): 1158~1170
6 Daubechies I, Swedens W.Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting schemes [J]. J Fourier Anal Appl, 1998, 4:247~269
7李德建,孟鸿鹰等. JPEG2000标准的特点及应用.电视技术,2001,(1):22~23
8华林,朱轲等.一种适用于JPEG2000的高速MQ编码器的实现.固体电子学研究与进展.2003,(11),Vol.23,No.4:421~426
9吴宗泽,朱悦心,郑南宁.一种新的JPEG2000多图像片压缩率与分配算法.西安交通大学学报.2003,(10),Vol.37,No.10:1020~1024
10 Mallat, S. Atheory for multiresolution signal decompssition:the wavelet representation[J],IEEE Trans,Pattern Analysis and machine Intelligence,1989,Vol.11,pp.674~693
11 Calderbank,A.R., Daubechies I., Sweldens W., Yeo, Boon-Lock. Lossless image compression using integer to integer wavelet transforms[J], AT&T-Labs, Tech.Rep.1996.
12小野定康,铃木纯司著.JPEG2000技术.强增幅译. 2004:130~156
13张旭东,卢国栋,冯建.图像编码基础和小波压缩技术——原理、算法和标准.清华大学出版社. 2004,(3):135~140
14颜彦.新一代静止图像压缩标准JPEG2000的算法研究和实现.上海交通大学2002年硕士论文.2002:15~17
15成礼智,王红霞,罗永.小波的理论与应用.科学出版社. 2004:214~230
16胡栋.静止图像编码的基本方法与国际标准.北京邮电大学出版社. 2003:136~140
17 David Taubman, Erik Ordentlich, Marcelo Weiberger. Embedded Block Coding in JPEG2000, Image Processing 2000. Proceedings.2000 International Conference on.2,2000:33~36
18 Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods. Digital Image Processing. Second Edition. Prentice Hall. 2002:402~430
19刑培育、崔克清.给予小波理论的图像压缩算法.南京化工大学学报第23卷第4期. 2001:45~46
20张益贞,刘滔. Visual C++实现MPEG/JPEG编解码技术.人民邮电出版社. 2002:624~700
21白友利.静态图像压缩标准——JPEG2000分析与应用.大连理工大学. 2003.3.
22 D.Taubman. Directionality and scalability in image and video compression. Ph.D.dissertation. Univ.Calif. Berkeley. 1994
23 Shapiro JM. Embedded image coding using zerotree of wavelet coefficients. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing. 1993,41(12):3445~3462.
24 D.Taubman and A.Zakhor, Multi-rate 3-D subband coding of video. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol.3.1994:572~588.
25 D. Le Gall and A. Tabatabai. Subband coding of digital images using symmetric short kernel filters and arithmetic coding techniques. IEEE International Conference On Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, New York,NY.1988:761~765.
26 Michael W. Marcellina, Margaret A. Lepleyb, Ali Bilgina, Thomas J. Flohrc, Troy T. Chinend, James H. Kasenre. An overview of quantization in JPEG2000. Signal Processing: Image Communication.2002:73~84.
27 Diego Santa-Cruz, Rapha.el Grosbois, Touradj Ebrahimi. JPEG2000 performance evaluation and assessment. Signal Processing:Image Communication.2002:113~130.
28 J. Scott Houchina, David W. Singerb. File format technology in JPEG2000 enables flexible use of still and motion sequences. Signal Porcessing: Image Communication.2002 131~144.
29 A.N. Skodras, C.A. Christopoulos and T. Ebrahimi. JPEG2000: The Upcoming Still Image Compression Standard. The Portuguese Conference on Pattern Recognition, Porto, Portugal. 2000,5:359~366.
30 Athanassios Skadras, Charilaos Christopoulos, Touradj Ebrahimi.The JPEG2000 Still Image Compression Standard. IEEE Signal Procession Magazine. 2001:36~58.
31 Te-Hao Chang, Li-Lin Chen, Chung-Jr Lian etc. Computation reduction technique for lossy JPEG2000 encoding through EBCOT tier-2 feedback processing. Image Processing.International Conference.2002,6:24~28.
32 Amir Said, William A. Pearlman, A New Fast and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System for Video Technology. 1996,6.
33 D.Santa-Cruz, T. Ebrahimi. JPEG2000 Still Image Coding Versus Other Standards. In Proc. Of the SPIE’s 45th annual meeting, Applications of Digital Image ProcessingХХШ, volume 4115, San Diego, California, Jul.30-Aug.4, 2000:446~454.
34 Tsung-Han Tsai, Kuei-Lan Lin. A High Speed and Low Complexity Integrated Framework for JPEG2000. IEEE ICCS.2002:493~496.
35刘正光,刘子小,申旭刚.JPEG2000算法原理及实现框架.计算机工程.2004,30(20):161~165.
36杨方洲,刘锐. JPEG2000中的EBCOT算法简介.信息技术.2004,28(5):38~41.
37蒋科,徐新,孙洪,沈芸,陈李廷.JPEG2000熵编码模块的FPGA实现.武汉大学学报(理学版).2004,50(3):360~364.
38刘方敏,吴永辉,俞建新. JPEG2000图像压缩过程及原理概述.计算机辅助设计与图像学学报. 2002,14(10):906~916.
39董世都,杨小帆,刘国金.用于图像压缩的小波系数的上下文模型.重庆大学学报. 2003,26(4):49~53.
40 .Xilinx University Program Virtex-ⅡPro Development System. Hardware Reference Manual.2005:10~15
41章振平. JPEG2000码率控制算法研究.上海交通大学.硕士学位论文. 2007,1: 25~29.
42李萱. JPEG2000系统架构研究及EBCOT中算术编码器的硬件实现.上海交通大学.硕士学位论文. 2007,1: 36~32.