13种鹭科（Aves：Ardeidae）鸟类系统关系及黄嘴白鹭遗传多样性的研究
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摘要
本文分别通过线粒体的14个基因和粒体控制区5'端的DNA序列研究13种鹭类(白鹭Egrett garzetta、黄嘴白鹭E.eulophotes、岩鹭E.sacra、白脸鹭E.novaehollandiae、苍鹭Ardea cinerea、大白鹭A.alba、牛背鹭Bubulcusibis、池鹭Ardeola bacchus、夜鹭Nycticorax nycticorax、海南(?)Gorsachiusmagnificus、黄苇(?)Ixobrychus sinensis、黑(?)flavicollis和大麻(?)Botaurus stellaris)的系统关系和黄嘴白鹭的遗传多样性。
设计通用引物直接从总DNA中PCR扩增线粒体DNA,获得的12种鹭类从12SrRNA基因到Cytb基因的DNA片段,序列长度在14737-14764 bp之间,基因排列顺序和已知的其他鸟类线粒体基因组的一致。结合来自GenBank的白脸鹭、黑脸琵鹭Platalea minor和朱鹮Nipponia nippon的序列,2个rRNA基因和12个蛋白编码基因的DNA序列分别进行比对后拼接用于系统关系分析。15种鸟类DNA序列的比对结果显示,13325个位点中共有4875个变异位点,其中3384个为简约信息位点,平均转换和颠换分别为1186和463,R值为2.6。外群和内群之间的未校正的遗传距离在0.153-0.166之间,内群中未校正的遗传距离在0.018-0.139。
不同分析方法构建的系统树中,NJ树、ML树和BI树拓扑结构完全一致,13种鹭科鸟类最早分化成两支,一支由大麻(?)、黑(?)和黄苇(?)组成,其中黑(?)和黄苇(?)先聚在一起。剩下的10种鹭类组成另一支,其中池鹭最早分化出来独自形成一个分支。海南(?)、白脸鹭、白鹭、黄嘴白鹭和岩鹭聚成一个分支,其中黄嘴白鹭和岩鹭先聚在一起,然后依次是白鹭、白脸鹭和海南(?)。夜鹭、牛背鹭、大白鹭及苍鹭聚成一个分支,其中大白鹭和苍鹭先聚在一起,然后依次是牛背鹭和夜鹭。
3种MP树中,非加权MP树和密码子第3位点赋权0.5的MP树拓扑结构一致,和NJ树、ML树及BI树的差别是大白鹭和牛背鹭先聚在一起,然后才和苍鹭形成姐妹群,而海南(?)则和池鹭聚在一起。第3位点转换和颠换赋权1:2.2的MP树也是大白鹭和牛背鹭先聚在一起,但池鹭和其他两个分支是平行关系。
在黄嘴白鹭遗传多样性研究方面,以线粒体控制区DNA5'端433 bp长的DNA序列进行分析,90个个体序列的比对结果共检测到30个变异位点,定义了31种单倍型,其中3种为3个种群所共有,11种为两个种群所共有,17种为各个种群所特有。单倍型之间的序列差异(p-distance)变化范围为0.0023-0.0208,平均为0.0111。最简约网络图分析结果表明单倍型之间的关系和各自种群没有明显的相关。
小菜屿、日屿和杏仁砣的单倍型多样性分别为0.860±0.057、0.878±0.036和0.961±0.022,核苷酸多样性分别为0.0076±0.0010、0.0096±0.0008和0.0086±0.0006,核苷酸差异均数分别为3.274、4.138和3.720。和白鹭(h=0.954±0.022、π=0.0145±0.0014、k=6.297)比较,两者之间单倍型多样性差异不大,但黄嘴白鹭3个种群的核苷酸多样性和核苷酸差异均数显然都低于白鹭,最低的(小菜屿)都只有白鹭的52%左右,最高的(日屿)也都只有66%左右。中性检验和歧点分布检验(SSD=0.0081,P=0.12)均表明黄嘴白鹭历史上曾发生过显著的种群扩张,时间约在13000至64000年前。
分子变异分析(analysis of molecular variance, AMOVA)的结果表明,黄嘴白鹭的遗传变异95%以上发生在种群内,种群间的遗传差异小于5%,但差Φ异显著(distance-basedΦ_(ST)=0.0419,P<0.05;haplotype-basedΦ_(ST)=0.03267,P<0.01)。成对比较分析的结果表明小菜屿和杏仁砣的种群遗传分化显著(distance-based Fst=0.0743,P<0.01;haplotype-based Fst=0.0316,P<0.05),而小菜屿和日屿的种群遗传分化不显著(distance-based Fst=0.0148,P>0.05;haplotype-based Fst=0.0212,P>0.05)。日屿和杏仁砣的种群只有在基于单倍型频率的分析方法中才显示遗传分化显著(Fst=0.0444,P<0.01),基于遗传距离的分析方法中则不显著(Fst=0.0397,P>0.05)。
综上所述,(1)本文对13种鹭类系统关系研究的结论是:(?)类为单系发生,并最早分化出来;夜鹭类不是单系发生,其中海南(?)和白鹭属关系最近,夜鹭和鹭属的关系最近;支持白脸鹭置于白鹭属的分类结果,4种白鹭属鹭类中黄嘴白鹭和岩鹭的关系最近,白脸鹭最早分化出来;大白鹭和牛背鹭都与鹭属系统关系最近,支持把大白鹭和牛背鹭置于鹭属的分类观点;池鹭是10种鹭类中最早分化出来的一支,但支持度较低,因此需要更进一步的研究。(2)黄嘴白鹭线粒体控制区遗传多样性的研究结论为:黄嘴白鹭种群的遗传多样性相对较低;种群历史上曾发生过扩张;不同繁殖种群之间存在显著的遗传结构,但没有明显的地理结构;建议制定保护策略时将小菜屿和日屿种群作为共同的管理单元,杏仁砣种群作为另一个管理单元。
The present study studied the phylogenetic relationships among 13 ardeids (Little Egret E. garzetta, Chinese Egret E. eulophotes, Eastern Reef Egret E. sacra, White-faced Egret E. novaehollandiae, Grey Heron A. cinerea, Great Egret A. alba, Cattle Egret B. ibis, Chinese Pond-Heron A. bacchus, Black-crowned Night-Heron N. nycticorax, White-eared Night-Heron G. magnificus, Yellow Bittern I. sinensis、BlackBittern I. flavicollis and Great Bittern B. stellaris) and the genetic diversity of the E. eulophotes, based on the 14 mitochondrial genes and 5'-end of the mitochondrial control region, respectively.
Mitochondrial fragments from 12S rRNA to Cytb of each ardeids were amplified directly from the total DNA using 13 pairs of universal primers designed by present study. The obtained mtDNA sequences of the 12 ardeids were ranged from 14737 to 14764 bp in length and had gene order consistent with those of other avian. After downloaded sequences of White-faced Egret E. novaehollandiae, Black-faced Spoonbill P. minor and Crested Ibis N. nippon from Genbank, the sequences of two rRNA genes and 12 protein coding genes were aligned individual before used in phylogenetic analysis. The results of the alignment of 13325 bp sequences of all the 15 species indicated that there were 4875 variable sites, of which 3384 were parsimony-informative sites. The average transition (Ts) and transversion (Tv) were 1186 and 463, respectively, with value of R (Ts/Tv) being 2.6. The uncorrected p distances ranged from 0.153 to 0.166 between outgroup and ingroup, and from 0.018 to 0.139 among the ingroup species.
In the phylogenetic trees of 13 ardeids, the NJ, ML and BI tree were identical in tree topologies, which all indicated that 13 ardeids first spilt into two clades, one was formed by B. stellaris, I. Jlavicollis and I. sinensis and the later two grouped firstly. The remaining ten ardeids formed anther clade and A. bacchus spilt at the base. G. magnificus, E. novaehollandiae, E. garzetta, E. eulophotes, and E. sacra formed a cluster and the later two grouped firstly and then the E. garzetta, E. novaehollandiae, G .magnificus in turn. N. nycticorax, B. ibis, A. alba and A. cinerea formed another cluster and the later two grouped firstly and then B. ibis, A. cinerea in turn.
In the three MP trees, the tree with equally weighted and the tree weighted 0.5 of third position were identical in tree topologies, which different to NJ, ML and BI trees in A. alba grouping with B. ibis, G magnificus grouping with A. bacchus firstly.The MP tree with Ts:Tv in the third position weighted 1:2.2 also indicated that support A. alba grouped with B. ibis firstly, but A. bacchus and the other two clusters were parallel relationships.
In genetic diversity of E eulophotes, a 433 bp DNA fragment at 5' end of the mitochondrial control region was surveyed. Among 90 individual samples, 31 haplotypes were defined by 30 polymorphic sites, of which three were found across all populations, eleven were shared by two populations and seventeen were unique for single population. The p-distances among haplotypes ranged from 0.0023 to 0.0208, with average of 0.0111. The parsimony network indicated the relationships among haplotypes were not apparent correlated to their populations.
Haplotype diversity (h) of populations in Xiaocaiyu, Riyu and Xingrentuo were 0.860±0.057、0.878±0.036 and 0.961±0.022, respectively, while nucleotide diversity (π) were 0.0076±0.0010、0.0096±0.0008 and 0.0086±0.0006, respectively. Average number of nucleotide differences (k) of populations in Xiaocaiyu, Riyu and Xingrentuo were 3.27、4.138 and 3.720, respectively. With respect to those in E. garzetta population (h = 0.954±0.022,π= 0.0145±0.0014 and k = 6.297), haplotype diversity was no significant different between them but theπand k were related low in E. eulophotes, the lowest n and k in E. eulophotes (Xiaocaiyu) were both only about 52% of that in E. garzetta and the highst n and k in E. eulophotes (Xiaocaiyu) were both only about 66% of that in E. garzetta. The result of neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis (SSD = 0.0081, P = 0.12) both revealed population expansion in E. eulophotes, which happened in about 13000 -64000 year ago.
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that more than 95% variation was within populations, and differentiation among populations was less than 5% but statistic significant (distance-basedΦ_(st) = 0.0419, P < 0.05; haplotype-basedΦ_(st) = 0.03267, P < 0.01). Pairwise comparisons indicated that significant differentiation was between populations of Xiaocaiyu and Xingrentuo (distance-based F_(st) = 0.0743, P<0.01; haplotype-based Fst = 0.0316, P < 0.05), but no between Xiaocaiyu and Riyu (distance-based Fst = 0.0148, P > 0.05; haplotype-based Fst = 0.0212, P > 0.05). Significant differentiation was found between populations of Riyu and Xingrentuo only based on haplotype frequence estimated (Fst = 0.0444, P < 0.01) but no based on distance estimated (Fst = 0.0397, P > 0.05).
In conclusion, (1) the phylogenetic relationships among 13 ardeids in present study were: bitterns were monophyletic and first divergen; night herons were not monophyletic, of which G. magnificus had close related to the genus of Egretta and N. nycticorax had close related to the genus of Ardea; E. novaehollandiae belonging to the genus of Egretta was supported; among the four egrets, E. sacra had close related to E. eulophotes and E. novaehollandiae was more diverge; A. alba and B. ibis had close related to the genus of Ardea and they belonged to the genus of Ardea was supported; A. bacchus was the first divergen from the ten ardeinae but needed further researches, because of low support values. (2) The genetic divergences of E. eulophotes were relatively low; population expansion ever happened in demographic history of E. eulophotes; E. eulophotes had a significant population genetic structure but limited geographic structure; implications for conservation strategies were that the populations of Xiaocaiyu and Riyu formed a management unit and the population of Xingrentuo formed another management unit.
设计通用引物直接从总DNA中PCR扩增线粒体DNA,获得的12种鹭类从12SrRNA基因到Cytb基因的DNA片段,序列长度在14737-14764 bp之间,基因排列顺序和已知的其他鸟类线粒体基因组的一致。结合来自GenBank的白脸鹭、黑脸琵鹭Platalea minor和朱鹮Nipponia nippon的序列,2个rRNA基因和12个蛋白编码基因的DNA序列分别进行比对后拼接用于系统关系分析。15种鸟类DNA序列的比对结果显示,13325个位点中共有4875个变异位点,其中3384个为简约信息位点,平均转换和颠换分别为1186和463,R值为2.6。外群和内群之间的未校正的遗传距离在0.153-0.166之间,内群中未校正的遗传距离在0.018-0.139。
不同分析方法构建的系统树中,NJ树、ML树和BI树拓扑结构完全一致,13种鹭科鸟类最早分化成两支,一支由大麻(?)、黑(?)和黄苇(?)组成,其中黑(?)和黄苇(?)先聚在一起。剩下的10种鹭类组成另一支,其中池鹭最早分化出来独自形成一个分支。海南(?)、白脸鹭、白鹭、黄嘴白鹭和岩鹭聚成一个分支,其中黄嘴白鹭和岩鹭先聚在一起,然后依次是白鹭、白脸鹭和海南(?)。夜鹭、牛背鹭、大白鹭及苍鹭聚成一个分支,其中大白鹭和苍鹭先聚在一起,然后依次是牛背鹭和夜鹭。
3种MP树中,非加权MP树和密码子第3位点赋权0.5的MP树拓扑结构一致,和NJ树、ML树及BI树的差别是大白鹭和牛背鹭先聚在一起,然后才和苍鹭形成姐妹群,而海南(?)则和池鹭聚在一起。第3位点转换和颠换赋权1:2.2的MP树也是大白鹭和牛背鹭先聚在一起,但池鹭和其他两个分支是平行关系。
在黄嘴白鹭遗传多样性研究方面,以线粒体控制区DNA5'端433 bp长的DNA序列进行分析,90个个体序列的比对结果共检测到30个变异位点,定义了31种单倍型,其中3种为3个种群所共有,11种为两个种群所共有,17种为各个种群所特有。单倍型之间的序列差异(p-distance)变化范围为0.0023-0.0208,平均为0.0111。最简约网络图分析结果表明单倍型之间的关系和各自种群没有明显的相关。
小菜屿、日屿和杏仁砣的单倍型多样性分别为0.860±0.057、0.878±0.036和0.961±0.022,核苷酸多样性分别为0.0076±0.0010、0.0096±0.0008和0.0086±0.0006,核苷酸差异均数分别为3.274、4.138和3.720。和白鹭(h=0.954±0.022、π=0.0145±0.0014、k=6.297)比较,两者之间单倍型多样性差异不大,但黄嘴白鹭3个种群的核苷酸多样性和核苷酸差异均数显然都低于白鹭,最低的(小菜屿)都只有白鹭的52%左右,最高的(日屿)也都只有66%左右。中性检验和歧点分布检验(SSD=0.0081,P=0.12)均表明黄嘴白鹭历史上曾发生过显著的种群扩张,时间约在13000至64000年前。
分子变异分析(analysis of molecular variance, AMOVA)的结果表明,黄嘴白鹭的遗传变异95%以上发生在种群内,种群间的遗传差异小于5%,但差Φ异显著(distance-basedΦ_(ST)=0.0419,P<0.05;haplotype-basedΦ_(ST)=0.03267,P<0.01)。成对比较分析的结果表明小菜屿和杏仁砣的种群遗传分化显著(distance-based Fst=0.0743,P<0.01;haplotype-based Fst=0.0316,P<0.05),而小菜屿和日屿的种群遗传分化不显著(distance-based Fst=0.0148,P>0.05;haplotype-based Fst=0.0212,P>0.05)。日屿和杏仁砣的种群只有在基于单倍型频率的分析方法中才显示遗传分化显著(Fst=0.0444,P<0.01),基于遗传距离的分析方法中则不显著(Fst=0.0397,P>0.05)。
综上所述,(1)本文对13种鹭类系统关系研究的结论是:(?)类为单系发生,并最早分化出来;夜鹭类不是单系发生,其中海南(?)和白鹭属关系最近,夜鹭和鹭属的关系最近;支持白脸鹭置于白鹭属的分类结果,4种白鹭属鹭类中黄嘴白鹭和岩鹭的关系最近,白脸鹭最早分化出来;大白鹭和牛背鹭都与鹭属系统关系最近,支持把大白鹭和牛背鹭置于鹭属的分类观点;池鹭是10种鹭类中最早分化出来的一支,但支持度较低,因此需要更进一步的研究。(2)黄嘴白鹭线粒体控制区遗传多样性的研究结论为:黄嘴白鹭种群的遗传多样性相对较低;种群历史上曾发生过扩张;不同繁殖种群之间存在显著的遗传结构,但没有明显的地理结构;建议制定保护策略时将小菜屿和日屿种群作为共同的管理单元,杏仁砣种群作为另一个管理单元。
The present study studied the phylogenetic relationships among 13 ardeids (Little Egret E. garzetta, Chinese Egret E. eulophotes, Eastern Reef Egret E. sacra, White-faced Egret E. novaehollandiae, Grey Heron A. cinerea, Great Egret A. alba, Cattle Egret B. ibis, Chinese Pond-Heron A. bacchus, Black-crowned Night-Heron N. nycticorax, White-eared Night-Heron G. magnificus, Yellow Bittern I. sinensis、BlackBittern I. flavicollis and Great Bittern B. stellaris) and the genetic diversity of the E. eulophotes, based on the 14 mitochondrial genes and 5'-end of the mitochondrial control region, respectively.
Mitochondrial fragments from 12S rRNA to Cytb of each ardeids were amplified directly from the total DNA using 13 pairs of universal primers designed by present study. The obtained mtDNA sequences of the 12 ardeids were ranged from 14737 to 14764 bp in length and had gene order consistent with those of other avian. After downloaded sequences of White-faced Egret E. novaehollandiae, Black-faced Spoonbill P. minor and Crested Ibis N. nippon from Genbank, the sequences of two rRNA genes and 12 protein coding genes were aligned individual before used in phylogenetic analysis. The results of the alignment of 13325 bp sequences of all the 15 species indicated that there were 4875 variable sites, of which 3384 were parsimony-informative sites. The average transition (Ts) and transversion (Tv) were 1186 and 463, respectively, with value of R (Ts/Tv) being 2.6. The uncorrected p distances ranged from 0.153 to 0.166 between outgroup and ingroup, and from 0.018 to 0.139 among the ingroup species.
In the phylogenetic trees of 13 ardeids, the NJ, ML and BI tree were identical in tree topologies, which all indicated that 13 ardeids first spilt into two clades, one was formed by B. stellaris, I. Jlavicollis and I. sinensis and the later two grouped firstly. The remaining ten ardeids formed anther clade and A. bacchus spilt at the base. G. magnificus, E. novaehollandiae, E. garzetta, E. eulophotes, and E. sacra formed a cluster and the later two grouped firstly and then the E. garzetta, E. novaehollandiae, G .magnificus in turn. N. nycticorax, B. ibis, A. alba and A. cinerea formed another cluster and the later two grouped firstly and then B. ibis, A. cinerea in turn.
In the three MP trees, the tree with equally weighted and the tree weighted 0.5 of third position were identical in tree topologies, which different to NJ, ML and BI trees in A. alba grouping with B. ibis, G magnificus grouping with A. bacchus firstly.The MP tree with Ts:Tv in the third position weighted 1:2.2 also indicated that support A. alba grouped with B. ibis firstly, but A. bacchus and the other two clusters were parallel relationships.
In genetic diversity of E eulophotes, a 433 bp DNA fragment at 5' end of the mitochondrial control region was surveyed. Among 90 individual samples, 31 haplotypes were defined by 30 polymorphic sites, of which three were found across all populations, eleven were shared by two populations and seventeen were unique for single population. The p-distances among haplotypes ranged from 0.0023 to 0.0208, with average of 0.0111. The parsimony network indicated the relationships among haplotypes were not apparent correlated to their populations.
Haplotype diversity (h) of populations in Xiaocaiyu, Riyu and Xingrentuo were 0.860±0.057、0.878±0.036 and 0.961±0.022, respectively, while nucleotide diversity (π) were 0.0076±0.0010、0.0096±0.0008 and 0.0086±0.0006, respectively. Average number of nucleotide differences (k) of populations in Xiaocaiyu, Riyu and Xingrentuo were 3.27、4.138 and 3.720, respectively. With respect to those in E. garzetta population (h = 0.954±0.022,π= 0.0145±0.0014 and k = 6.297), haplotype diversity was no significant different between them but theπand k were related low in E. eulophotes, the lowest n and k in E. eulophotes (Xiaocaiyu) were both only about 52% of that in E. garzetta and the highst n and k in E. eulophotes (Xiaocaiyu) were both only about 66% of that in E. garzetta. The result of neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis (SSD = 0.0081, P = 0.12) both revealed population expansion in E. eulophotes, which happened in about 13000 -64000 year ago.
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that more than 95% variation was within populations, and differentiation among populations was less than 5% but statistic significant (distance-basedΦ_(st) = 0.0419, P < 0.05; haplotype-basedΦ_(st) = 0.03267, P < 0.01). Pairwise comparisons indicated that significant differentiation was between populations of Xiaocaiyu and Xingrentuo (distance-based F_(st) = 0.0743, P<0.01; haplotype-based Fst = 0.0316, P < 0.05), but no between Xiaocaiyu and Riyu (distance-based Fst = 0.0148, P > 0.05; haplotype-based Fst = 0.0212, P > 0.05). Significant differentiation was found between populations of Riyu and Xingrentuo only based on haplotype frequence estimated (Fst = 0.0444, P < 0.01) but no based on distance estimated (Fst = 0.0397, P > 0.05).
In conclusion, (1) the phylogenetic relationships among 13 ardeids in present study were: bitterns were monophyletic and first divergen; night herons were not monophyletic, of which G. magnificus had close related to the genus of Egretta and N. nycticorax had close related to the genus of Ardea; E. novaehollandiae belonging to the genus of Egretta was supported; among the four egrets, E. sacra had close related to E. eulophotes and E. novaehollandiae was more diverge; A. alba and B. ibis had close related to the genus of Ardea and they belonged to the genus of Ardea was supported; A. bacchus was the first divergen from the ten ardeinae but needed further researches, because of low support values. (2) The genetic divergences of E. eulophotes were relatively low; population expansion ever happened in demographic history of E. eulophotes; E. eulophotes had a significant population genetic structure but limited geographic structure; implications for conservation strategies were that the populations of Xiaocaiyu and Riyu formed a management unit and the population of Xingrentuo formed another management unit.
引文
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