基于PC-CRASH的汽车与行人碰撞事故再现仿真研究
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摘要
汽车与行人碰撞事故是道路交通事故的主要类型。事故中人的伤亡率往往很高,因此,此类事故也越来越受到人们的重视。作为事故鉴定的重要工具,人车碰撞事故再现已经在汽车安全领域引起越来越多的关注。基于计算机仿真的人车碰撞事故再现具有成本低、准确性高、客观性强和内容丰富的优点,能够为事故鉴定、汽车安全设计和损伤生物力学研究提供科学依据。因此汽车与行人碰撞交通事故的再现研究具有重要的社会价值和意义。
本文以研究计算机仿真再现汽车与行人碰撞事故的方法为目的,以多刚体动力学和生物力学为基础,通过对汽车与行人碰撞事故的特点进行总结,对行人运动特点和事故中行人的致伤机理与评价指标进行分析,使用PC-Crash软件建立汽车与行人碰撞事故的仿真模型,分析了行人的碰撞运动轨迹和其抛距模型。通过调整车辆的各项参数进行仿真分析,确定影响行人损伤严重程度的关键因素。
通过对仿真试验结果的分析,探讨了不同情况下人体抛距、头部最大加速度及小腿最大受力等信息的规律性,从而可以为交通事故责任鉴定提供理论依据和数值参考。
提出了在缺失大量事故信息的情况下再现人车碰撞事故的仿真方法,结合典型的案例,对仿真方法进行了实际运用,完成了事故过程再现。根据仿真结果分析了事故过程和事故发生原因及行人损伤严重程度,并通过调整车辆及行人的位置、速度等参数,进行多次仿真试验,使仿真更加精准,验证了事故再现方法的可行性。
The vehicle-pedestrian collision is the main types of road traffic accidents. The rate of deaths and injuries in vehicle-pedestrian collision usually are often very high, so the vehicle-pedestrian collision are attracting increasing attention. Accident reconstruction as an important tool for identification of accidents, and the vehicle-human collision reconstruction has aroused more and more attention. Based on computer simulation of the vehicle-pedestrian collision reconstruction with low cost,high accuracy, objectivity and the advantages of rich contents, can provide scientific basis for the accident identification, the auto safety design and the research of damage biology mechanics. So the vehicle-pedestrian collision reconstruction has important social value and significance.
In this paper, for the purpose of study the method of vehicle-pedestrian collision reconstruction, based on the multi-body dynamics and the biology mechanics, through summarizing the characteristics of vehicle-pedestrian collision and pedestrian’s injuries in the accident, analyze the characteristics of pesdestrian’s activies and injury mechanism and evaluation index.Using PC-Crash software, establish of vehicle -pedestrian collision simulation model, and analyze the pedestrian collision trajectory and its throw distance model. By adjusting the parameters of the vehicle to simulate, indentify the key factors of impacting the pedestrian’s injuries.
Through the results of simulation,discuss the regularity of throwing distance from the body , the maximum acceleration of the head and the maximum leg force etc in the different circumstances. It can provide a theoretical basis and numerical references for traffic accident.
Put forward the missing information in case of a large number of accidents reproduction vehicle collision accident simulation method. With a typical case, apply the simulation’s method and complete the restruction of the accident.based on the result of simulation, anlyze the process and the reason of the accident, and by changing the parameters of the location, the speed of vehicles and pedestrians, to simulate, improve simulation accuracy, verify the feasibility of the method of accident reconstruction.
本文以研究计算机仿真再现汽车与行人碰撞事故的方法为目的,以多刚体动力学和生物力学为基础,通过对汽车与行人碰撞事故的特点进行总结,对行人运动特点和事故中行人的致伤机理与评价指标进行分析,使用PC-Crash软件建立汽车与行人碰撞事故的仿真模型,分析了行人的碰撞运动轨迹和其抛距模型。通过调整车辆的各项参数进行仿真分析,确定影响行人损伤严重程度的关键因素。
通过对仿真试验结果的分析,探讨了不同情况下人体抛距、头部最大加速度及小腿最大受力等信息的规律性,从而可以为交通事故责任鉴定提供理论依据和数值参考。
提出了在缺失大量事故信息的情况下再现人车碰撞事故的仿真方法,结合典型的案例,对仿真方法进行了实际运用,完成了事故过程再现。根据仿真结果分析了事故过程和事故发生原因及行人损伤严重程度,并通过调整车辆及行人的位置、速度等参数,进行多次仿真试验,使仿真更加精准,验证了事故再现方法的可行性。
The vehicle-pedestrian collision is the main types of road traffic accidents. The rate of deaths and injuries in vehicle-pedestrian collision usually are often very high, so the vehicle-pedestrian collision are attracting increasing attention. Accident reconstruction as an important tool for identification of accidents, and the vehicle-human collision reconstruction has aroused more and more attention. Based on computer simulation of the vehicle-pedestrian collision reconstruction with low cost,high accuracy, objectivity and the advantages of rich contents, can provide scientific basis for the accident identification, the auto safety design and the research of damage biology mechanics. So the vehicle-pedestrian collision reconstruction has important social value and significance.
In this paper, for the purpose of study the method of vehicle-pedestrian collision reconstruction, based on the multi-body dynamics and the biology mechanics, through summarizing the characteristics of vehicle-pedestrian collision and pedestrian’s injuries in the accident, analyze the characteristics of pesdestrian’s activies and injury mechanism and evaluation index.Using PC-Crash software, establish of vehicle -pedestrian collision simulation model, and analyze the pedestrian collision trajectory and its throw distance model. By adjusting the parameters of the vehicle to simulate, indentify the key factors of impacting the pedestrian’s injuries.
Through the results of simulation,discuss the regularity of throwing distance from the body , the maximum acceleration of the head and the maximum leg force etc in the different circumstances. It can provide a theoretical basis and numerical references for traffic accident.
Put forward the missing information in case of a large number of accidents reproduction vehicle collision accident simulation method. With a typical case, apply the simulation’s method and complete the restruction of the accident.based on the result of simulation, anlyze the process and the reason of the accident, and by changing the parameters of the location, the speed of vehicles and pedestrians, to simulate, improve simulation accuracy, verify the feasibility of the method of accident reconstruction.
引文
[1]公安部交通管理局,中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报(2008年),公安部交通管理局,北京,2009.
[2]许洪国.汽车事故工程[M].人民交通出版社,2004:2-4.
[3]中国公安部交通管理局.2008年全国道路交通安全情况报告,北京,2009.
[4]申杰,金先龙.人车碰撞事故再现研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2006,Vol.14(2).
[5]黄世霖,张金换,王晓冬.汽车碰撞与安全[M].清华大学出版社,2000.
[6] Robertson,J.S.,McLean,A.J.,and Ryan,G.A.Traffic Accidents in Adelaide,South Australia.Canberra:Special Rrport Number 1,Australia Road Research Board,1966
[7] Pritz,H.B.,Hassler,C.R.,Herridge,J.T.,et al.Experimental study of pedestrian injury minimization through vehicle design.Proc.of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference.November 17-19,1975.California,SAE Warrendale PA,725-751.
[8] Cheng H,Rizer A.L.Articulated Total Body Model VersionⅤUser’s Manual.USA: United States Air Force Research Laboratory,1998.
[9] McHenry R.R.Analysis of the dynamics of automobile passenger restraint systems. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash Conference,1963.
[10] Appel,H.,Stürtz,G.,Gotzen,L.Influence of impact speed and vehicle parameter on injuries of children and adults in pedestrian accidents,Proc.2ndIRCOBI Conf.83-100,1975.
[11] Severy,D.M.Auto-pedestrian collision experiments,SAE660080,1966.
[12]许洪国,高延令,陈礼璠.玻璃碎片抛距理论模型用于推算汽车碰撞速度的研究[J].汽车工程,1995,17(4):246-251.
[13]许洪国,任有,王利芳.交通事故抛物地面碰撞力学参数的确定[J].公路交通科技,2003,20(2):00-107.
[14]陆秋明,黄世霖.汽车撞行人模拟计算研究[J].汽车工程,1999,21(3):177-183.
[15]袁泉.车辆碰撞事故再现技术研究的现状和发展方向[J].公路交通科技.2002,119(12).
[16]许洪国,高延令,陈礼璠.用玻璃碎片抛距推算交通事故碰撞速度的理论和应用[J].中国公路学报,1994,7(2),75-81.
[17]许洪国,任有,王利芳.交通事故抛物地面碰撞力学参数的确定[J].公路交通科技,2003,20(2),00-107.
[18]林庆峰等.汽车碰撞独立散落物再现模型研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2005(8).
[19]许骏.基于PVB夹层风挡玻璃破损信息的人车事故再现研究[D].北京,清华大学,2008.
[20]李莉,杨济匡.汽车与行人碰撞的动力学响应仿真研究[J].计算机仿真,2003,7(20):49～51.
[21]申杰,金先龙,郭磊等.人车碰撞事故的行人初始状态研究[J].上海交通大学学报,2007,41(2):268-271.
[22]李莉,杨济匡,李伟强等.汽车碰撞行人交通伤害特点分析[J].汽车工程,2005, (1):44-46.
[23]王正国.交通医学.天津:天津科学技术出版社,1997.
[24]李莉.汽车与行人碰撞事故调查分析及仿真研究[D].湖南,湖南大学,2006.
[25] Neilson L.D.Pedestrian and cyclist protection on road vehicles with high or flat fronts.Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicle(ESV),Amsterdam,Netherlands,June,2001.
[26] Lefler D.,Gable H.C.The fatality and injury risk of light truck impacts with pedestrians in United States,Accident Analysis and Prevention,2004,36:295-304.
[27] Longhitano D.,Ivarsson J.,Henary B.,et al.Torso injury trends for pedestrians struck by cars and LTVs.Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicle (ESV),Washington D.C.,USA,June 6-9,2005.
[28] Otte,D.Use of throw distances of pedestrians and bicyclists as part of a scientific accident reconstruction method,SAE2004-01-1216,2004.
[29] Ashton S.J.,Pedder J.B.,Mackay G.M.Pedestrian injuries and the car exterior.SAE Paper No.770092,1977.
[30]重庆2007年道路交通事故情况盘点.中国交通技术网.2008.
[31]周继红,赵新才,简华刚,朱佩芳,刘大维,周金玲,刘蕾,王原,尹志勇.重庆市行人交通伤调查分析[J].创伤外科杂志.2004,6(5):345-347.
[32]丁同强.道路交通事故再现理论模型及方法研究[D].吉林,吉林大学,2005.
[33]赵子琴,陈玉川,张益鹄等.法医病理学[J].北京,人民卫生出版社,2004.
[34] Lissner H.R.,Lebow M.,Evans F.G.Experimental studies on the relation because acceleration and intracranial pressure changes in man.Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics,1960,111:329-338.
[35] Versace J.A review of the severity index.SAE Paper No.710881,1971.
[36] Kuppa S.Injury criteria for side impact dummies.USA:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,2004.
[37]王成焘.中国力学虚拟人[J].医用生物力学,2006,21(3):172-178.
[38]袁泉,李一兵.车辆碰撞事故再现技术研究的现状与发展方向[J].公路交通科技.2002,4.
[39] Searle,J.A.,Searle,A.The trajectories of pedestrians, motorcycles, motorcyclists, etc.,following a road accident,SAE Paper No.831622,1983.
[40] Stcherbatcheff,G.,Tarriere,C.,Duclos,P.,Fayon,A.,“Simulation of Collisions Between Pedestrians and Vehicles Using Adult and Child Dummies,”751167,Society of Automotive Engineers,Inc.,Warrendale,PA.1975.
[41] Eubanks,J.J.,Pedestrian Accident Reconstruction,Lawyers&Judges Publishing Company,USA,1994.
[42] PC-Crash.A Simulation Program for Vehicle accidents.Manual.Version6.2, Dr.Steffan Datentechnik,Linz,2001.
[43]刘延柱,洪嘉振,杨海兴著.多刚体系统动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989.
[44]许洪国,任有,王利芳.交通事故抛物地面碰撞力学参数的确定[J].公路交通科技,2003,20(2),00-107.
[45]王国林,鲁砚,周孔亢.基于PC-Crash的汽车与行人碰撞的仿真研究[J].拖拉机与农用运输车.2008,35(1):3-6.
[46]华晓敏.基于PC-Crash人-车碰撞事故再现结果的误差分析[J].上海汽车.2009,6.
[47]王宏雁,王勇,何宇桐.汽车与行人碰撞事故再现及行人致伤特点分析[J].技术与方法.2008,8(5):37-41.
[48]申杰.汽车-行人碰撞事故再现研究与应用[D].上海,上海交通大学,2007.
[2]许洪国.汽车事故工程[M].人民交通出版社,2004:2-4.
[3]中国公安部交通管理局.2008年全国道路交通安全情况报告,北京,2009.
[4]申杰,金先龙.人车碰撞事故再现研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2006,Vol.14(2).
[5]黄世霖,张金换,王晓冬.汽车碰撞与安全[M].清华大学出版社,2000.
[6] Robertson,J.S.,McLean,A.J.,and Ryan,G.A.Traffic Accidents in Adelaide,South Australia.Canberra:Special Rrport Number 1,Australia Road Research Board,1966
[7] Pritz,H.B.,Hassler,C.R.,Herridge,J.T.,et al.Experimental study of pedestrian injury minimization through vehicle design.Proc.of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference.November 17-19,1975.California,SAE Warrendale PA,725-751.
[8] Cheng H,Rizer A.L.Articulated Total Body Model VersionⅤUser’s Manual.USA: United States Air Force Research Laboratory,1998.
[9] McHenry R.R.Analysis of the dynamics of automobile passenger restraint systems. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash Conference,1963.
[10] Appel,H.,Stürtz,G.,Gotzen,L.Influence of impact speed and vehicle parameter on injuries of children and adults in pedestrian accidents,Proc.2ndIRCOBI Conf.83-100,1975.
[11] Severy,D.M.Auto-pedestrian collision experiments,SAE660080,1966.
[12]许洪国,高延令,陈礼璠.玻璃碎片抛距理论模型用于推算汽车碰撞速度的研究[J].汽车工程,1995,17(4):246-251.
[13]许洪国,任有,王利芳.交通事故抛物地面碰撞力学参数的确定[J].公路交通科技,2003,20(2):00-107.
[14]陆秋明,黄世霖.汽车撞行人模拟计算研究[J].汽车工程,1999,21(3):177-183.
[15]袁泉.车辆碰撞事故再现技术研究的现状和发展方向[J].公路交通科技.2002,119(12).
[16]许洪国,高延令,陈礼璠.用玻璃碎片抛距推算交通事故碰撞速度的理论和应用[J].中国公路学报,1994,7(2),75-81.
[17]许洪国,任有,王利芳.交通事故抛物地面碰撞力学参数的确定[J].公路交通科技,2003,20(2),00-107.
[18]林庆峰等.汽车碰撞独立散落物再现模型研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2005(8).
[19]许骏.基于PVB夹层风挡玻璃破损信息的人车事故再现研究[D].北京,清华大学,2008.
[20]李莉,杨济匡.汽车与行人碰撞的动力学响应仿真研究[J].计算机仿真,2003,7(20):49～51.
[21]申杰,金先龙,郭磊等.人车碰撞事故的行人初始状态研究[J].上海交通大学学报,2007,41(2):268-271.
[22]李莉,杨济匡,李伟强等.汽车碰撞行人交通伤害特点分析[J].汽车工程,2005, (1):44-46.
[23]王正国.交通医学.天津:天津科学技术出版社,1997.
[24]李莉.汽车与行人碰撞事故调查分析及仿真研究[D].湖南,湖南大学,2006.
[25] Neilson L.D.Pedestrian and cyclist protection on road vehicles with high or flat fronts.Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicle(ESV),Amsterdam,Netherlands,June,2001.
[26] Lefler D.,Gable H.C.The fatality and injury risk of light truck impacts with pedestrians in United States,Accident Analysis and Prevention,2004,36:295-304.
[27] Longhitano D.,Ivarsson J.,Henary B.,et al.Torso injury trends for pedestrians struck by cars and LTVs.Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicle (ESV),Washington D.C.,USA,June 6-9,2005.
[28] Otte,D.Use of throw distances of pedestrians and bicyclists as part of a scientific accident reconstruction method,SAE2004-01-1216,2004.
[29] Ashton S.J.,Pedder J.B.,Mackay G.M.Pedestrian injuries and the car exterior.SAE Paper No.770092,1977.
[30]重庆2007年道路交通事故情况盘点.中国交通技术网.2008.
[31]周继红,赵新才,简华刚,朱佩芳,刘大维,周金玲,刘蕾,王原,尹志勇.重庆市行人交通伤调查分析[J].创伤外科杂志.2004,6(5):345-347.
[32]丁同强.道路交通事故再现理论模型及方法研究[D].吉林,吉林大学,2005.
[33]赵子琴,陈玉川,张益鹄等.法医病理学[J].北京,人民卫生出版社,2004.
[34] Lissner H.R.,Lebow M.,Evans F.G.Experimental studies on the relation because acceleration and intracranial pressure changes in man.Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics,1960,111:329-338.
[35] Versace J.A review of the severity index.SAE Paper No.710881,1971.
[36] Kuppa S.Injury criteria for side impact dummies.USA:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,2004.
[37]王成焘.中国力学虚拟人[J].医用生物力学,2006,21(3):172-178.
[38]袁泉,李一兵.车辆碰撞事故再现技术研究的现状与发展方向[J].公路交通科技.2002,4.
[39] Searle,J.A.,Searle,A.The trajectories of pedestrians, motorcycles, motorcyclists, etc.,following a road accident,SAE Paper No.831622,1983.
[40] Stcherbatcheff,G.,Tarriere,C.,Duclos,P.,Fayon,A.,“Simulation of Collisions Between Pedestrians and Vehicles Using Adult and Child Dummies,”751167,Society of Automotive Engineers,Inc.,Warrendale,PA.1975.
[41] Eubanks,J.J.,Pedestrian Accident Reconstruction,Lawyers&Judges Publishing Company,USA,1994.
[42] PC-Crash.A Simulation Program for Vehicle accidents.Manual.Version6.2, Dr.Steffan Datentechnik,Linz,2001.
[43]刘延柱,洪嘉振,杨海兴著.多刚体系统动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989.
[44]许洪国,任有,王利芳.交通事故抛物地面碰撞力学参数的确定[J].公路交通科技,2003,20(2),00-107.
[45]王国林,鲁砚,周孔亢.基于PC-Crash的汽车与行人碰撞的仿真研究[J].拖拉机与农用运输车.2008,35(1):3-6.
[46]华晓敏.基于PC-Crash人-车碰撞事故再现结果的误差分析[J].上海汽车.2009,6.
[47]王宏雁,王勇,何宇桐.汽车与行人碰撞事故再现及行人致伤特点分析[J].技术与方法.2008,8(5):37-41.
[48]申杰.汽车-行人碰撞事故再现研究与应用[D].上海,上海交通大学,2007.