蓖麻油脉冲绝缘性能及其在Tesla型脉冲发生器中的应用研究
|
摘要
介质的绝缘性能对脉冲功率系统的性能起着关键作用。本论文对蓖麻油在不同电极条件、不同脉冲重复频率以及不同液体静压强等条件下对蓖麻油在微秒脉冲尺度下的绝缘性能进行了研究,并分析了蓖麻油在Tesla型脉冲发生器中的应用。论文主要包括以下几个方面:
1、蓖麻油击穿系统的设计与仿真
设计制作了一套液体介质耐压性能测试试件,试件结构合理,可以0.01 mm精度调节电极间距,并包含击穿电压、电流测量探头。对实验中经常出现的干扰、击穿试件高压端表面放电以及电极间介质状态的保持等问题,分别采用了屏蔽、浸油以及采用油循环等方法予以解决。仿真结果与实验结果趋势一致。
2、蓖麻油击穿影响因素统计分析
采用Weibull分布模型研究了击穿的概率分布。在均匀场作用下,测得蓖麻油的直流击穿场强约为20 kV/mm,单脉冲击穿场强约为73.5 kV/mm;极不均匀场情况下,针电极为正电极时击穿电压高于针电极为负电极情况,并且得到了击穿场强分别正比于正、负电极有效面积的-0.27及-0.18次幂。随着重复频率增加,蓖麻油的击穿电压呈下降趋势,击穿场强正比于重复频率的-0.12次幂。在液体加压情况下,击穿场强正比于所受静压强的1/4次幂关系,表明压强对蓖麻油的影响比对去离子水的影响更加显著。
3、蓖麻油在Telsa型脉冲发生器的应用
传统Tesla型发生器采用变压器油绝缘,根据蓖麻油的特性分析了系统参量的优化,并开展了实验研究。实验测得单次脉冲条件下负载输出电压为332.6 kV,输出脉宽10 ns,PFL最大充电电压为397.8 kV,负载输出功率为1.08 GW。重频条件下输出电压稳定,负载平均输出电压为250.4 kV,输出脉宽10 ns,重频电压离散程度为11%,负载输出功率为0.55 GW。与变压器油PFL相比,在尺寸保持不变的情况下蓖麻油PFL输出功率基本相同,脉宽提高40%,实现了装置的小型化。
The insulating property of dielectric plays an important role in the performance of pulsed power generators. In this thesis, the microsecond pulse insulating properties of castor oil are studied, under different electrode conditions, pulse repetition rates and the hydrostatic pressures. The application of castor oil in a Tesla pulse generator system is analyzed. The detailed work includes the followings:
1. Design and simulation of a breakdown test system for castor oil
A test cell is designed, in which the electrode gap can be fine-tuned, with the precision of 0.01 mm. There are voltage and current sensors in the cell. Common problems during the experiments, such as the electromagnetic interference, the surface flashover on high-voltage side of cell and maintaining the state of the dielectric between the electrodes, were solved by means of shielding, immersing the cell in insulating oil and circulating the oil respectively. The experiment results agree with the numerical simulation.
2. The statistical analysis of the factors affecting the castor oil breakdown
Weibull distribution model is selected to analysis the results of castor oil breakdown. Under near uniform fields, the experiment results show breakdown field for castor oil is about 20 kV/mm for DC and 73.5 kV/mm for single pulse condition. Under non-uniform fields castor oil shows higher breakdown field when the needle electrode is positive. The relation of breakdown field with the effective electrode area obeys the 0.27 and 0.18 power law when the needle electrode is positive and negative, respectively. With increasing rep-rate, the breakdown voltage decreases, while the jitter increases; the breakdown electric field of castor oil is increases with the repetitive rate to the -0.12 power. With increasing hydrostatic pressure, the breakdown strength increases with the hydrostatic pressure to the one four power. The impact of hydrostatic pressure on castor oil is greater than that on the deionized water.
3. The application of castor oil in the Telsa–type pulse generator
Traditionally transformer oil is used in a Tesla pulse generator. The application of castor oil requires different optimizations. The experiment results show that the output voltage of the load of the single pulse mode is 332.6 kV, and the output pulse width is 10 ns, and the maximum charging voltage of the PFL is 397.8 kV, and the output electric power is 1.08 GW. Under the repetition conditions, the output voltage of the load is 250.4 kV, and the output pulse width is 10 ns, and the data variance is 11%. Compared with the transformer oil PFL, the output pulse width of the castor oil PFL is increased by 40%. This proves that castor oil can be used for compact generators.
1、蓖麻油击穿系统的设计与仿真
设计制作了一套液体介质耐压性能测试试件,试件结构合理,可以0.01 mm精度调节电极间距,并包含击穿电压、电流测量探头。对实验中经常出现的干扰、击穿试件高压端表面放电以及电极间介质状态的保持等问题,分别采用了屏蔽、浸油以及采用油循环等方法予以解决。仿真结果与实验结果趋势一致。
2、蓖麻油击穿影响因素统计分析
采用Weibull分布模型研究了击穿的概率分布。在均匀场作用下,测得蓖麻油的直流击穿场强约为20 kV/mm,单脉冲击穿场强约为73.5 kV/mm;极不均匀场情况下,针电极为正电极时击穿电压高于针电极为负电极情况,并且得到了击穿场强分别正比于正、负电极有效面积的-0.27及-0.18次幂。随着重复频率增加,蓖麻油的击穿电压呈下降趋势,击穿场强正比于重复频率的-0.12次幂。在液体加压情况下,击穿场强正比于所受静压强的1/4次幂关系,表明压强对蓖麻油的影响比对去离子水的影响更加显著。
3、蓖麻油在Telsa型脉冲发生器的应用
传统Tesla型发生器采用变压器油绝缘,根据蓖麻油的特性分析了系统参量的优化,并开展了实验研究。实验测得单次脉冲条件下负载输出电压为332.6 kV,输出脉宽10 ns,PFL最大充电电压为397.8 kV,负载输出功率为1.08 GW。重频条件下输出电压稳定,负载平均输出电压为250.4 kV,输出脉宽10 ns,重频电压离散程度为11%,负载输出功率为0.55 GW。与变压器油PFL相比,在尺寸保持不变的情况下蓖麻油PFL输出功率基本相同,脉宽提高40%,实现了装置的小型化。
The insulating property of dielectric plays an important role in the performance of pulsed power generators. In this thesis, the microsecond pulse insulating properties of castor oil are studied, under different electrode conditions, pulse repetition rates and the hydrostatic pressures. The application of castor oil in a Tesla pulse generator system is analyzed. The detailed work includes the followings:
1. Design and simulation of a breakdown test system for castor oil
A test cell is designed, in which the electrode gap can be fine-tuned, with the precision of 0.01 mm. There are voltage and current sensors in the cell. Common problems during the experiments, such as the electromagnetic interference, the surface flashover on high-voltage side of cell and maintaining the state of the dielectric between the electrodes, were solved by means of shielding, immersing the cell in insulating oil and circulating the oil respectively. The experiment results agree with the numerical simulation.
2. The statistical analysis of the factors affecting the castor oil breakdown
Weibull distribution model is selected to analysis the results of castor oil breakdown. Under near uniform fields, the experiment results show breakdown field for castor oil is about 20 kV/mm for DC and 73.5 kV/mm for single pulse condition. Under non-uniform fields castor oil shows higher breakdown field when the needle electrode is positive. The relation of breakdown field with the effective electrode area obeys the 0.27 and 0.18 power law when the needle electrode is positive and negative, respectively. With increasing rep-rate, the breakdown voltage decreases, while the jitter increases; the breakdown electric field of castor oil is increases with the repetitive rate to the -0.12 power. With increasing hydrostatic pressure, the breakdown strength increases with the hydrostatic pressure to the one four power. The impact of hydrostatic pressure on castor oil is greater than that on the deionized water.
3. The application of castor oil in the Telsa–type pulse generator
Traditionally transformer oil is used in a Tesla pulse generator. The application of castor oil requires different optimizations. The experiment results show that the output voltage of the load of the single pulse mode is 332.6 kV, and the output pulse width is 10 ns, and the maximum charging voltage of the PFL is 397.8 kV, and the output electric power is 1.08 GW. Under the repetition conditions, the output voltage of the load is 250.4 kV, and the output pulse width is 10 ns, and the data variance is 11%. Compared with the transformer oil PFL, the output pulse width of the castor oil PFL is increased by 40%. This proves that castor oil can be used for compact generators.
引文
[1]刘锡三,高功率脉冲技术,北京:国防工业出版社, 2005.
[2] G. A. Mesyats, Pulsed power, New York: Kluwer Plenum Publishers, 2005.
[3] J. C. Martin, The prehistory of pulsed power, IEEE, 1995: 1-3.
[4] H. Bluhm,“Pulsed power systems: Principles and Applications”, Springer, pp.157-192(2006).
[5] T. H. Martin, A. H. Guenther et al, J. C. Martin on pulsed power, Plenum press, 1996
[6]刘炳尧,高电压绝缘基础,长沙:湖南大学出版社1986.7第一版,ISBN:15412.8
[7] J. C. Martin, Nanosecond pulse techniques, Proceedings of the IEEE, 1992, 80(6): 934-945.
[8] E.O.Forster, C.Mazzetti, M.Pompili and R.Cecere, The effect of Molecular Structure on the Properties of Dielectric Fluids, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation Vol. 26 No.4, August 1991
[9] Y. N. Rao and T.S.Ramu, Determination of the loss factor of mixture of liquid dielectrics, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-7, No.4, December 1972
[10] T.S.Ramu and Y. N. Rao, On the evaluation of conductivity of mixtures of liquid dielectric, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-8, No.2, June 1973
[11] E.O.Forster, H.Yamashita and C.Mazzetti, The effect of the electrode gap on breakdown in liquid dielectrics. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol.1, No.3, June 1994
[12]徐君,张贤明,韩敏,绝缘油击穿电压实验研究,重庆工商大学学报(自然科学版),Vol.25,No.1,2008
[13] Mirza J S, Smith C W, Calderwood J H. Bubbles, Pressure and Pre-Breakdown in Insulating Liquid. Proceedings of the 4th Internatioal Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids. 1972.
[14] Miller A R. High Energy Density, Low Impedence Capacitors Using Pressured Water as a Dielectric. Fifth Symposium on Engineering Problems of Fusion Research. 1973
[15]张自成,水介质耐高电压击穿技术的进一步研究,长沙:国防科技大学硕士论文,2004
[16]张自成,杨建华,张建德,抛光电极表面对加压水介质耐压的影响,高电压技术,Vol.31,No.10,Oct. 2005
[17] T. S. Ramu, On the high frequency dielectric behavior of castor oil, IEEETransactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-14, No.3, June 1979
[18] V. A. Nieberlein, Some experiences with the use of castor oil as a dielectric, AD Technical Report, AD-A102348.
[19] K. P. Mammootty, Properties of castor oil impregnated all-polypropylene and polypropylene-paper capacitors, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., Vol. EI-18 No.5. Oct. 1983
[20]张晓萍,脉冲功率及其诊断技术讲义,长沙:国防科技大学,2008
[21]欧阳佳,折叠型平板Blumlein线及其应用研究,长沙:国防科技大学博士学位论文, 2007.
[22]张华,张自成,杨汉武,绝缘介质耐压实验装置的设计与制作,第十二届高功率粒子束学术交流会文集,海拉尔,2010年8月
[23]贺元吉.一种测量亚ns级脉冲高电压的电容分压器.哈尔滨理工大学学报,2004,9(3):41-43.
[24] Edson W A, Oetzel G N. Capacitance voltage divider for high-voltage pulse measurement. Rev. Sci. Instrum, 1981, 52(4):604-606.
[25] Wong C S. Simple nanosecond capacitive voltage divider. Rev. Sci. Instrum, 1985, 56(5):767-769
[26]张自成,紧凑重频Tesla变压器型吉瓦脉冲发生器,长沙:国防科技大学博士论文,2008
[27]张自成,杨汉武,张建德,紧凑型Tesla变压器的参数测量,国防科技大学学报,Vol.30, No.4, 2008
[28]张自成,杨汉武,张建德,紧凑重频Tesla变压器型调制器的实验研究,强激光与粒子束,Vo1.20, No.8 Aug. 2008
[29] Barlow RE, Proscan F, Statisical theory of reliability of life testing. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. 1975
[30]赵雅兴, PSpice与电子器件模型,北京:北京邮电大学出版社, 2004.
[31]苏宏宇, PSpice电路编辑程序设计,北京:国防工业出版社, 2004
[32]高燕梅,房蔓楠, Spice/PSpice编程技术,北京:电子工业出版社, 2002.
[33]李强,赵伟. MATLAB数据处理与应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001.
[34] Ushakov, V.Ya., Pulsed electrical breakdown of liquids. Tomsk State University Publishers, Tomsk, 1975
[35]贾伟,邱爱慈,孙凤举,等.加压去离子水短脉冲击穿特性的初步研究.强激光与粒子束,2006,18(4): 693-696.
[36]梁川,章林文,李欣,等.压力水介质脉冲击穿实验研究.强激光与粒子束,2004,16(6): 787-790.
[37] Vandevender J P. Short pulse electrical breakdown strength of H2O. Proc. Int.Pulsed Power Conference, Lubbock TX: 1976.
[38]刘正云,一种新型的高功率微波源的设计及加工,长沙:国防科技大学硕士学位论文, 1993
[39]柯罗文(Korovin S. D.),用在强脉冲重复频率加速器中的特斯拉变压器,国外核实验技术, 1996, 19(1): 1–23
[40] Adler R. J., Pulse power formulary, Albuquerque, New Mexico: North Star Research Corporation, 2001
[41] Tesla N., System of electric lighting: USA Patens, 454622, 1891-07-23
[42] Mesyats G. A., Korovin S. D., Gunin A. V., et al., Repetitively pulsed high-current accelerators with transformer charging of forming lines, Laser and Particle Beams, 2003, 21: 197–209.
[43] Sarjeant W. G., and Rohwein G. J., A review of repetitive pulse power component technology, 4th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conf., 1983: 303–308
[44] O'Loughlin J. P., Sidler J. D., and Rohwein G. J., Air core pulse transformer design, power modulator symposium, IEEE Conference Record of the 1988 Eighteenth: 325–330
[45] J.mankowski, J.Dickens and M.Kristiansen, High voltage sub-nanosecond dielectric breakdown. International Workshop on High Power Microwave Generation and Pulse Shortening, June 1997
[46] J.Mankowski, High voltage Sub-nanosecond breakdown. IEEE Transactions on plasma science, vol.26, No.3, June 1998
[47] J. M. Lehr, F. J. Agee, R. Copeland and W. D. Prather, Measurement of the electric breakdown, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol.5 No.6, December 1998
[48] J.Mankowski, J.Dickens and M.Kristiansen. A sub-nanosecond high voltage pulser for the investigation of dielectric breakdown, IEEE 1997
[49] Miller A.R., High energy density, low impedance capacitors using pressurized as a dielectric, 5th Symposium on Engineering Problems of Fusion Research. San Diego, California, 1973.
[50]张子生,冯小军,白谏平,高压强电场电源绝缘系统分析,河北大学学报(自然科学版),Vol.28,No.5,Sep. 2008
[51]王珏,邵涛,袁伟群,等.重频纳秒高压脉冲下变压器油击穿特性的实验研究[J].强激光与粒子束,2005,17(2): 268-270.
[52]张仁豫,陈昌渔,王昌长.高电压实验技术.北京:清华大学出版社,2003:258-261.
[53] Kolb J F, Minamitani Y, Xiao S, Electrical breakdown in polar liquids. PlasmaScience, ICOPS 2004. IEEE Conference Record. The 31st IEEE International Conference 2007:271-276.
[54] Hua zhang, Zicheng Zhang, Hanwu Yang, Repetitive pulses insulating properties of castor oil in microsecond range, The 13th International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics. Suzhou, China. July, 2010
[55] M. M. Mohsin, Mahfoozur Rehman. Measurment of transformer oil dielectric strength. Tencon 2004. 2004 IEEE region 10 conference Vol. 3, 436-439
[56] A. I. Gerasimov. Water as an insulator in pulsed facilities (Review). Instruments and experimental techniques, Vol. 48, No.2, 2005, 141-167
[57] H. M. Jones, E. E. Kunhardt. Development of pulsed dielectric breakdown in liquds. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 28 (1995) 178-188.
[58]清华大学电力系,冲击大电流技术,北京:科学出版社, 1978.
[59] Vasily Y.Ushakov et al. Impulse breakdown of liquids, Springer. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.
[60]王珏,严萍,张适昌,纳秒级高压脉冲下绝缘击穿特性的研究, High voltage Engineering Vol.30, No.6, June 2004
[2] G. A. Mesyats, Pulsed power, New York: Kluwer Plenum Publishers, 2005.
[3] J. C. Martin, The prehistory of pulsed power, IEEE, 1995: 1-3.
[4] H. Bluhm,“Pulsed power systems: Principles and Applications”, Springer, pp.157-192(2006).
[5] T. H. Martin, A. H. Guenther et al, J. C. Martin on pulsed power, Plenum press, 1996
[6]刘炳尧,高电压绝缘基础,长沙:湖南大学出版社1986.7第一版,ISBN:15412.8
[7] J. C. Martin, Nanosecond pulse techniques, Proceedings of the IEEE, 1992, 80(6): 934-945.
[8] E.O.Forster, C.Mazzetti, M.Pompili and R.Cecere, The effect of Molecular Structure on the Properties of Dielectric Fluids, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation Vol. 26 No.4, August 1991
[9] Y. N. Rao and T.S.Ramu, Determination of the loss factor of mixture of liquid dielectrics, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-7, No.4, December 1972
[10] T.S.Ramu and Y. N. Rao, On the evaluation of conductivity of mixtures of liquid dielectric, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-8, No.2, June 1973
[11] E.O.Forster, H.Yamashita and C.Mazzetti, The effect of the electrode gap on breakdown in liquid dielectrics. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol.1, No.3, June 1994
[12]徐君,张贤明,韩敏,绝缘油击穿电压实验研究,重庆工商大学学报(自然科学版),Vol.25,No.1,2008
[13] Mirza J S, Smith C W, Calderwood J H. Bubbles, Pressure and Pre-Breakdown in Insulating Liquid. Proceedings of the 4th Internatioal Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids. 1972.
[14] Miller A R. High Energy Density, Low Impedence Capacitors Using Pressured Water as a Dielectric. Fifth Symposium on Engineering Problems of Fusion Research. 1973
[15]张自成,水介质耐高电压击穿技术的进一步研究,长沙:国防科技大学硕士论文,2004
[16]张自成,杨建华,张建德,抛光电极表面对加压水介质耐压的影响,高电压技术,Vol.31,No.10,Oct. 2005
[17] T. S. Ramu, On the high frequency dielectric behavior of castor oil, IEEETransactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-14, No.3, June 1979
[18] V. A. Nieberlein, Some experiences with the use of castor oil as a dielectric, AD Technical Report, AD-A102348.
[19] K. P. Mammootty, Properties of castor oil impregnated all-polypropylene and polypropylene-paper capacitors, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., Vol. EI-18 No.5. Oct. 1983
[20]张晓萍,脉冲功率及其诊断技术讲义,长沙:国防科技大学,2008
[21]欧阳佳,折叠型平板Blumlein线及其应用研究,长沙:国防科技大学博士学位论文, 2007.
[22]张华,张自成,杨汉武,绝缘介质耐压实验装置的设计与制作,第十二届高功率粒子束学术交流会文集,海拉尔,2010年8月
[23]贺元吉.一种测量亚ns级脉冲高电压的电容分压器.哈尔滨理工大学学报,2004,9(3):41-43.
[24] Edson W A, Oetzel G N. Capacitance voltage divider for high-voltage pulse measurement. Rev. Sci. Instrum, 1981, 52(4):604-606.
[25] Wong C S. Simple nanosecond capacitive voltage divider. Rev. Sci. Instrum, 1985, 56(5):767-769
[26]张自成,紧凑重频Tesla变压器型吉瓦脉冲发生器,长沙:国防科技大学博士论文,2008
[27]张自成,杨汉武,张建德,紧凑型Tesla变压器的参数测量,国防科技大学学报,Vol.30, No.4, 2008
[28]张自成,杨汉武,张建德,紧凑重频Tesla变压器型调制器的实验研究,强激光与粒子束,Vo1.20, No.8 Aug. 2008
[29] Barlow RE, Proscan F, Statisical theory of reliability of life testing. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. 1975
[30]赵雅兴, PSpice与电子器件模型,北京:北京邮电大学出版社, 2004.
[31]苏宏宇, PSpice电路编辑程序设计,北京:国防工业出版社, 2004
[32]高燕梅,房蔓楠, Spice/PSpice编程技术,北京:电子工业出版社, 2002.
[33]李强,赵伟. MATLAB数据处理与应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001.
[34] Ushakov, V.Ya., Pulsed electrical breakdown of liquids. Tomsk State University Publishers, Tomsk, 1975
[35]贾伟,邱爱慈,孙凤举,等.加压去离子水短脉冲击穿特性的初步研究.强激光与粒子束,2006,18(4): 693-696.
[36]梁川,章林文,李欣,等.压力水介质脉冲击穿实验研究.强激光与粒子束,2004,16(6): 787-790.
[37] Vandevender J P. Short pulse electrical breakdown strength of H2O. Proc. Int.Pulsed Power Conference, Lubbock TX: 1976.
[38]刘正云,一种新型的高功率微波源的设计及加工,长沙:国防科技大学硕士学位论文, 1993
[39]柯罗文(Korovin S. D.),用在强脉冲重复频率加速器中的特斯拉变压器,国外核实验技术, 1996, 19(1): 1–23
[40] Adler R. J., Pulse power formulary, Albuquerque, New Mexico: North Star Research Corporation, 2001
[41] Tesla N., System of electric lighting: USA Patens, 454622, 1891-07-23
[42] Mesyats G. A., Korovin S. D., Gunin A. V., et al., Repetitively pulsed high-current accelerators with transformer charging of forming lines, Laser and Particle Beams, 2003, 21: 197–209.
[43] Sarjeant W. G., and Rohwein G. J., A review of repetitive pulse power component technology, 4th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conf., 1983: 303–308
[44] O'Loughlin J. P., Sidler J. D., and Rohwein G. J., Air core pulse transformer design, power modulator symposium, IEEE Conference Record of the 1988 Eighteenth: 325–330
[45] J.mankowski, J.Dickens and M.Kristiansen, High voltage sub-nanosecond dielectric breakdown. International Workshop on High Power Microwave Generation and Pulse Shortening, June 1997
[46] J.Mankowski, High voltage Sub-nanosecond breakdown. IEEE Transactions on plasma science, vol.26, No.3, June 1998
[47] J. M. Lehr, F. J. Agee, R. Copeland and W. D. Prather, Measurement of the electric breakdown, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol.5 No.6, December 1998
[48] J.Mankowski, J.Dickens and M.Kristiansen. A sub-nanosecond high voltage pulser for the investigation of dielectric breakdown, IEEE 1997
[49] Miller A.R., High energy density, low impedance capacitors using pressurized as a dielectric, 5th Symposium on Engineering Problems of Fusion Research. San Diego, California, 1973.
[50]张子生,冯小军,白谏平,高压强电场电源绝缘系统分析,河北大学学报(自然科学版),Vol.28,No.5,Sep. 2008
[51]王珏,邵涛,袁伟群,等.重频纳秒高压脉冲下变压器油击穿特性的实验研究[J].强激光与粒子束,2005,17(2): 268-270.
[52]张仁豫,陈昌渔,王昌长.高电压实验技术.北京:清华大学出版社,2003:258-261.
[53] Kolb J F, Minamitani Y, Xiao S, Electrical breakdown in polar liquids. PlasmaScience, ICOPS 2004. IEEE Conference Record. The 31st IEEE International Conference 2007:271-276.
[54] Hua zhang, Zicheng Zhang, Hanwu Yang, Repetitive pulses insulating properties of castor oil in microsecond range, The 13th International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics. Suzhou, China. July, 2010
[55] M. M. Mohsin, Mahfoozur Rehman. Measurment of transformer oil dielectric strength. Tencon 2004. 2004 IEEE region 10 conference Vol. 3, 436-439
[56] A. I. Gerasimov. Water as an insulator in pulsed facilities (Review). Instruments and experimental techniques, Vol. 48, No.2, 2005, 141-167
[57] H. M. Jones, E. E. Kunhardt. Development of pulsed dielectric breakdown in liquds. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 28 (1995) 178-188.
[58]清华大学电力系,冲击大电流技术,北京:科学出版社, 1978.
[59] Vasily Y.Ushakov et al. Impulse breakdown of liquids, Springer. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.
[60]王珏,严萍,张适昌,纳秒级高压脉冲下绝缘击穿特性的研究, High voltage Engineering Vol.30, No.6, June 2004