致密碎屑岩储层地震预测研究
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摘要
随着勘探程度的不断深入，针对以低孔、低渗为特征的致密碎屑岩储层的预测方法备受关注。多年来，前人做了大量卓有成效的工作，取得了丰硕成果，但鉴于问题的复杂性，目前还难以解决预测的准确性问题。为此，在地震波数值模拟研究地震波场特征、频率-空间域相位移法高频吸收-衰减补偿提高叠后地震资料垂向分辨率的基础上，利用地质、钻井、测井、录井和地震资料，通过精细构造描述、地震属性分析、聚类分析、波形地震相分析、叠后纵波阻抗反演、储层参数反演、叠前AVO反演、弹性阻抗反演等多种方法的综合应用，探索了官渡构造带致密碎屑岩储层的地震预测方法，并取得以下几点认识。
1．通过数学模拟验证了频率-空间域高频吸收、衰减补偿方法的有效性，给出了特定地震地质条件下完全补偿疏松介质对地震波高频成分吸收衰减效应的条件。利用西部地区实验室测定和野外实际测量得到的品质因子与表层纵波速度的拟和关系，适当修改后首次应用于四川盆地，在官渡构造带，在不降低信噪比的前提下，有效地提高了三维地震数据体的垂向分辨率。
2．综合利用测井信息和波阻抗反演结果建立地质模型，通过傅立叶有限差分地震波场模拟，结合井旁地震记录，总结了下沙溪庙组底砂岩的地震波场特征；利用官渡构造带纵、横波测井资料，针对须家河组四段和下沙溪庙组致密砂岩段进行弹性波正演，在分析AVO响应特征基础上，界定了该层段含气砂岩的类型。
3．利用基于层面和基于层段的地震属性、属性聚类分析方法和波形地震相划分以及谱分解等各种技术手段，对官渡构造带下沙溪庙组砂体的致密程度进行了综合研究，划分了有利砂体的空间分布范围；综合利用相干体、倾角扫描和方差体分析技术，不仅精细刻画了官渡构造带各层段的断裂展布特征，同时对须家河组和下沙溪庙组的裂缝、微裂缝进行了预测，指明了裂缝发育带的分布范围。
4．针对官渡构造带碎屑岩储层砂体薄且致密、横向非均质性强的特点，采用神经网络多属性回归分析方法反演地层的纵波阻抗及储层物性参数，通过砂岩楔状体模型的数值模拟求取其有效厚度，预测了有效砂体的空间展布，其结果与实钻吻合，形成了一套适合于该区致密碎屑岩地层的砂体预测方法。
With development of oil and gas exploration, the prediction technique of tight clasticreservoir with lower porosity and lower permeability is attracted more attention. Recently,much work have been done, and made plenty of useful results. For the complication of theproblem, it is hard to make the precise results using the reservoir prediction technique. So,based on studying seismic wave field character by mathematic modeling and temporalresolution improvement of post-stack seismic data with the compensation of the highfrequency absorption attenuation in f-x domain, combined with the lithology information,geological background together with log data, the seismic prediction methods of tightclastic reservoir in Guandu structure belts is discussed through the integration of elaboratestructure description, seismic attributes analysis, seismic facies technique, post-stackimpedance inversion and other ways. The achievements and recognitions are achievementas follows.
1. The effectiveness of the phase shift compensation method of the high frequencyabsorption and attenuation in f-x domain is proved, and the applying situation of theseismic and geology in surface has been given in which the attenuation of highfrequency absorption of seismic wave ban be compensated by numerical simulations.The properly modified function of Quality-Velocity derived from field information inwestern area and library analysis is applied in Sichuan basin first time. The frequencyband of post stack seismic data processed is widened properly and the temporalresolution is increased efficiently without decreasing the S-N ratio in Guandu structurebelt.
2. The geology model is established with log data and seismic inversion. The seismicwavefield characteristic of Xiashaximiao formation sand is summarized by the FourierFinite Difference seismic simulation. Using S and P log data of the Guandu structuralbelts, the EI model is carried out aimed for tight sand of Xujiahe 4 member andXiashaximiao formation. On the basis of analysis AVO action characteristic, the gasreservoir is identified in aimed formation.
3. With the utilization different seismic attributes, clustering analysis of attributes andseismic facies studying as well as spectrum decomposition methods and so on, thedegree of the tight sand of Xiashaximiao formation is researched, and pointed outfavorable reservoir distribution areas. Besides that, Based on the coherence、dipscanning and square variance cube, not only the fault-fracture system distribution law ofdifferent formation is accounted, but also its distribution areas is forecasted.
4. The reservoir sand of the Guandu structural belt is not only thin and tight, but also variedviolently in the space, so, the multi-attributes regression method with neural network isapplied to inverse the acoustic impedance and reservoir parameters; the thickness ofsand is calculated by tuning thickness theory. The distribution of sand is predicted accurately and its thickness and depth is fitting with the drilling very well with themethod discussed in the article. The method of forecasting the sand is established whichis applicable in the non-marine tight clastic rock with the combination of geophysicsand geology.
1．通过数学模拟验证了频率-空间域高频吸收、衰减补偿方法的有效性，给出了特定地震地质条件下完全补偿疏松介质对地震波高频成分吸收衰减效应的条件。利用西部地区实验室测定和野外实际测量得到的品质因子与表层纵波速度的拟和关系，适当修改后首次应用于四川盆地，在官渡构造带，在不降低信噪比的前提下，有效地提高了三维地震数据体的垂向分辨率。
2．综合利用测井信息和波阻抗反演结果建立地质模型，通过傅立叶有限差分地震波场模拟，结合井旁地震记录，总结了下沙溪庙组底砂岩的地震波场特征；利用官渡构造带纵、横波测井资料，针对须家河组四段和下沙溪庙组致密砂岩段进行弹性波正演，在分析AVO响应特征基础上，界定了该层段含气砂岩的类型。
3．利用基于层面和基于层段的地震属性、属性聚类分析方法和波形地震相划分以及谱分解等各种技术手段，对官渡构造带下沙溪庙组砂体的致密程度进行了综合研究，划分了有利砂体的空间分布范围；综合利用相干体、倾角扫描和方差体分析技术，不仅精细刻画了官渡构造带各层段的断裂展布特征，同时对须家河组和下沙溪庙组的裂缝、微裂缝进行了预测，指明了裂缝发育带的分布范围。
4．针对官渡构造带碎屑岩储层砂体薄且致密、横向非均质性强的特点，采用神经网络多属性回归分析方法反演地层的纵波阻抗及储层物性参数，通过砂岩楔状体模型的数值模拟求取其有效厚度，预测了有效砂体的空间展布，其结果与实钻吻合，形成了一套适合于该区致密碎屑岩地层的砂体预测方法。
With development of oil and gas exploration, the prediction technique of tight clasticreservoir with lower porosity and lower permeability is attracted more attention. Recently,much work have been done, and made plenty of useful results. For the complication of theproblem, it is hard to make the precise results using the reservoir prediction technique. So,based on studying seismic wave field character by mathematic modeling and temporalresolution improvement of post-stack seismic data with the compensation of the highfrequency absorption attenuation in f-x domain, combined with the lithology information,geological background together with log data, the seismic prediction methods of tightclastic reservoir in Guandu structure belts is discussed through the integration of elaboratestructure description, seismic attributes analysis, seismic facies technique, post-stackimpedance inversion and other ways. The achievements and recognitions are achievementas follows.
1. The effectiveness of the phase shift compensation method of the high frequencyabsorption and attenuation in f-x domain is proved, and the applying situation of theseismic and geology in surface has been given in which the attenuation of highfrequency absorption of seismic wave ban be compensated by numerical simulations.The properly modified function of Quality-Velocity derived from field information inwestern area and library analysis is applied in Sichuan basin first time. The frequencyband of post stack seismic data processed is widened properly and the temporalresolution is increased efficiently without decreasing the S-N ratio in Guandu structurebelt.
2. The geology model is established with log data and seismic inversion. The seismicwavefield characteristic of Xiashaximiao formation sand is summarized by the FourierFinite Difference seismic simulation. Using S and P log data of the Guandu structuralbelts, the EI model is carried out aimed for tight sand of Xujiahe 4 member andXiashaximiao formation. On the basis of analysis AVO action characteristic, the gasreservoir is identified in aimed formation.
3. With the utilization different seismic attributes, clustering analysis of attributes andseismic facies studying as well as spectrum decomposition methods and so on, thedegree of the tight sand of Xiashaximiao formation is researched, and pointed outfavorable reservoir distribution areas. Besides that, Based on the coherence、dipscanning and square variance cube, not only the fault-fracture system distribution law ofdifferent formation is accounted, but also its distribution areas is forecasted.
4. The reservoir sand of the Guandu structural belt is not only thin and tight, but also variedviolently in the space, so, the multi-attributes regression method with neural network isapplied to inverse the acoustic impedance and reservoir parameters; the thickness ofsand is calculated by tuning thickness theory. The distribution of sand is predicted accurately and its thickness and depth is fitting with the drilling very well with themethod discussed in the article. The method of forecasting the sand is established whichis applicable in the non-marine tight clastic rock with the combination of geophysicsand geology.
引文
《赤水及邻区中浅层碎屑岩天然气成藏条件研究》，中石化南方勘探开发分公司内部报告，2004
《地震波在吸收与衰减介质中传播的数值模拟及补偿》研究报告，同济大学，2004年
《地震波在吸收与衰减介质中传播的数值模拟及补偿》研究报告，同济大学，2004年
Strata技术文档(随机手册)，Hampson Russell Company，2005
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《地震波在吸收与衰减介质中传播的数值模拟及补偿》研究报告，同济大学，2004年
《地震波在吸收与衰减介质中传播的数值模拟及补偿》研究报告，同济大学，2004年
Strata技术文档(随机手册)，Hampson Russell Company，2005
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