英汉天气词的情感隐喻对比研究
|
摘要
传统的隐喻观认为隐喻是一种修辞手段,仅仅是一种语言现象。然而,最近认知语言学研究表明隐喻是一种普遍的认知现象,普遍存在于我们的日常生活中。根据概念隐喻理论,我们语言中的概念隐喻植根于我们身体经验,这被称为概念隐喻的经验基础；隐喻形成的基础是来源域和目标域之间的相似性,隐喻意义的理解实际上是将来源域中较为具体的经验影射到较为抽象的目标域,从而达到重新认识目标域特征的目的。
情感是较为抽象的概念,因此通常通过隐喻进行表达。研究表明情感概念能过通过各类来源域得到映射,如身体过程与活动,方位词,流体等等。并且有些学者指出天气也可作为一种来源域来隐喻情感,但是对于具体如何隐喻各类情感,英汉语中存在哪些异同,尚无系统的研究。
本文讲选取五类情感,包括快乐,愤怒,冷漠,悲伤以及恐惧,基于词典及语料库,找出英汉语中能反映该五类情感的有关天气词,并通过例句分析英汉语如何采用天气词隐喻各类情感,然后进行英汉对比,归纳总结出英汉语中天气词语情感隐喻的共性与个性,并从地理、文化、语言等三个方面分析出可能的原因。
作为对情感隐喻研究的一个补充,该研究不仅能够进一步证实和发展概念隐喻理论,并且能帮助英语学习者更好的理解和运用情感隐喻。此外,该研究也在一定程度上反映了英汉语的文化差异。
本研究发现英汉语均采用较为具体的概念——天气来隐喻较为抽象的概念——情感,主要发现如下：
1.英汉语在采用天气词表达情感时存在很多共同的概念隐喻。对于五类情感,英汉语中都存在快乐是晴天/微风,愤怒是恶劣天气(雷、暴风雨)/热天气,冷漠是冷天气/冰/霜/闷天气,悲伤是云/雾,恐惧是冷(寒冷)天气/雷等概念隐喻。这种相似性源于认知的普遍性,即人们对天气的体验是一致的。
2.英汉语中天气词存在一些不同的情感概念隐喻,比如汉语中有悲伤是秋天的概念隐喻,而在英语中没有该说法,英汉语的这种差异性可以从以下三个方面进行解释：不同的地理环境,不同的文化模式,以及不同的语言形式。
本研究虽然存在一定的不足,例如数据收集偏于主观等等,但对于今后的研究也提供了一些理论及应用上的启示。
Metaphor is traditionally viewed as a figure of speech and a mere matter of language. However, the latest research on cognitive linguistics has demonstrated that metaphor is a common cognitive phenomenon and it is pervasive in everyday life. According to conceptual metaphor theory, the conceptual metaphors we have in our language are rooted in our bodily experience, which is called the experiential basis of conceptual metaphors. The meaning and understanding of a metaphor are realized through the mapping of two domains-the source domain and the target domain, and there exists a correspondence between the two domains.
Since emotions are rather abstract concepts, they are usually conceptualized and expressed in metaphorical terms. Studies have shown that the concept of emotion can be mapped from various source domains, such as bodily processes and activities, spatial words, fluid and so on. It has been pointed out that weather is among the various source domains which can be used metaphorically to talk about the target domain of emotion. But few studies have been made to give a substantial analysis of it in order to discover how the weather terms express different kinds of emotions in both English and Chinese or to make a comparison between the two.
By choosing emotion metaphors in weather terms as the focus of investigation, this research makes a comparison between English and Chinese. Five emotions, including happiness, anger, indifference, sadness and fear, are chosen in this research and we examine them in order to see how they are expressed metaphorically through weather terms. Based on a qualitative analysis of a large amount of linguistic data of both dictionaries and on-line corpora, this thesis tends to display how weather terms are employed metaphorically in terms of conceptual metaphors of these five emotions and explain the similarities and differences between English and Chinese from the aspects of geography, culture, language and so on.
Being a supplement to the previous studies on emotion metaphors, this systematic study of emotion metaphors in weather terms can reinforce some theories of the cognitive approach to metaphor. It can also help the English learners gain a better understanding of emotion metaphor and thus can improve their skills of using it. Besides, this contrastive study can help people to gain a deeper comprehension of the similarities and differences between English and Chinese.
According to this study, we find that both in English and Chinese the abstract concept of EMOTION is expressed by a relatively concrete concept-WEATHER through conceptual metaphors, which are mainly ontological ones. The following are the major findings:
1. In the conceptualization of emotion in weather terms, the two languages generally share the similar metaphors. As to the five emotions, both English and Chinese have HAPPINESS IS FINE WEATHER/BREEZE, ANGER IS FIERCE WEATHER (THUNDER, STORM)/HOT WEATHER, INDIFFERENCE IS COLD WEATHER/ICE/FROST/DULL WEATHER, SADNESS IS CLOUD/FOG, FEAR IS COLD (CHILLY) WEATHER/THUNDER. These similarities can be attributed to universal cognition-there is commonness in people's bodily experience of the weather.
2. There are also some differences of emotion metaphor in weather terms between English and Chinese, for example, in Chinese culture the season of autumn often conveys a sad feeling to people and there is a metaphor SADNESS IS AUTUMN, which does not exist in English. Such individualities can be explained from three aspects:different geographical surroundings, different cultural models and different linguistic forms.
There exist some limitations in this research such as the relative subjectivity in terms of data-collection. Still, it has some theoretical and practical implications for further studies on emotion metaphors.
情感是较为抽象的概念,因此通常通过隐喻进行表达。研究表明情感概念能过通过各类来源域得到映射,如身体过程与活动,方位词,流体等等。并且有些学者指出天气也可作为一种来源域来隐喻情感,但是对于具体如何隐喻各类情感,英汉语中存在哪些异同,尚无系统的研究。
本文讲选取五类情感,包括快乐,愤怒,冷漠,悲伤以及恐惧,基于词典及语料库,找出英汉语中能反映该五类情感的有关天气词,并通过例句分析英汉语如何采用天气词隐喻各类情感,然后进行英汉对比,归纳总结出英汉语中天气词语情感隐喻的共性与个性,并从地理、文化、语言等三个方面分析出可能的原因。
作为对情感隐喻研究的一个补充,该研究不仅能够进一步证实和发展概念隐喻理论,并且能帮助英语学习者更好的理解和运用情感隐喻。此外,该研究也在一定程度上反映了英汉语的文化差异。
本研究发现英汉语均采用较为具体的概念——天气来隐喻较为抽象的概念——情感,主要发现如下：
1.英汉语在采用天气词表达情感时存在很多共同的概念隐喻。对于五类情感,英汉语中都存在快乐是晴天/微风,愤怒是恶劣天气(雷、暴风雨)/热天气,冷漠是冷天气/冰/霜/闷天气,悲伤是云/雾,恐惧是冷(寒冷)天气/雷等概念隐喻。这种相似性源于认知的普遍性,即人们对天气的体验是一致的。
2.英汉语中天气词存在一些不同的情感概念隐喻,比如汉语中有悲伤是秋天的概念隐喻,而在英语中没有该说法,英汉语的这种差异性可以从以下三个方面进行解释：不同的地理环境,不同的文化模式,以及不同的语言形式。
本研究虽然存在一定的不足,例如数据收集偏于主观等等,但对于今后的研究也提供了一些理论及应用上的启示。
Metaphor is traditionally viewed as a figure of speech and a mere matter of language. However, the latest research on cognitive linguistics has demonstrated that metaphor is a common cognitive phenomenon and it is pervasive in everyday life. According to conceptual metaphor theory, the conceptual metaphors we have in our language are rooted in our bodily experience, which is called the experiential basis of conceptual metaphors. The meaning and understanding of a metaphor are realized through the mapping of two domains-the source domain and the target domain, and there exists a correspondence between the two domains.
Since emotions are rather abstract concepts, they are usually conceptualized and expressed in metaphorical terms. Studies have shown that the concept of emotion can be mapped from various source domains, such as bodily processes and activities, spatial words, fluid and so on. It has been pointed out that weather is among the various source domains which can be used metaphorically to talk about the target domain of emotion. But few studies have been made to give a substantial analysis of it in order to discover how the weather terms express different kinds of emotions in both English and Chinese or to make a comparison between the two.
By choosing emotion metaphors in weather terms as the focus of investigation, this research makes a comparison between English and Chinese. Five emotions, including happiness, anger, indifference, sadness and fear, are chosen in this research and we examine them in order to see how they are expressed metaphorically through weather terms. Based on a qualitative analysis of a large amount of linguistic data of both dictionaries and on-line corpora, this thesis tends to display how weather terms are employed metaphorically in terms of conceptual metaphors of these five emotions and explain the similarities and differences between English and Chinese from the aspects of geography, culture, language and so on.
Being a supplement to the previous studies on emotion metaphors, this systematic study of emotion metaphors in weather terms can reinforce some theories of the cognitive approach to metaphor. It can also help the English learners gain a better understanding of emotion metaphor and thus can improve their skills of using it. Besides, this contrastive study can help people to gain a deeper comprehension of the similarities and differences between English and Chinese.
According to this study, we find that both in English and Chinese the abstract concept of EMOTION is expressed by a relatively concrete concept-WEATHER through conceptual metaphors, which are mainly ontological ones. The following are the major findings:
1. In the conceptualization of emotion in weather terms, the two languages generally share the similar metaphors. As to the five emotions, both English and Chinese have HAPPINESS IS FINE WEATHER/BREEZE, ANGER IS FIERCE WEATHER (THUNDER, STORM)/HOT WEATHER, INDIFFERENCE IS COLD WEATHER/ICE/FROST/DULL WEATHER, SADNESS IS CLOUD/FOG, FEAR IS COLD (CHILLY) WEATHER/THUNDER. These similarities can be attributed to universal cognition-there is commonness in people's bodily experience of the weather.
2. There are also some differences of emotion metaphor in weather terms between English and Chinese, for example, in Chinese culture the season of autumn often conveys a sad feeling to people and there is a metaphor SADNESS IS AUTUMN, which does not exist in English. Such individualities can be explained from three aspects:different geographical surroundings, different cultural models and different linguistic forms.
There exist some limitations in this research such as the relative subjectivity in terms of data-collection. Still, it has some theoretical and practical implications for further studies on emotion metaphors.
引文
Aristotle. The Art of Rhetoric. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1926.
Averill, J. R. and Black M. Models and Metaphors. New York:Cornell University Press,1962.
Barcelona, A. On the Concept of Depression in American English:A Cognitive Approach. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses,1996 (12).
Baxter, L. A. Root Metaphors in accounts of Developing Romantic Relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,1992(9):253-275.
Black, M. Models and Metaphors. New York:Cornell University Press,1962.
Collins COBUILD English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (2001)-Collins COBUILD Dictionary on CD-ROM.
Fauconnier, G. Mapping in Thought and Language. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Goatly, Andrew. The Language of Metaphors. London:Routledge,1997.
Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press,2002.
Johnson, M. Knowing through the body, Philosophical Psychology,1991(4).
Kovecses, Zoltan. Emotion Concepts. New York:Springer-Verlag Inc.,1990.
-. Metaphors of Anger, Pride, and Love:A Lexical Approach to the Structure of Concepts. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1986.
Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980.
Lakoff, G. and Turner. M. More Than Cool Reason:A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1989.
Lynne Cameron, eds. Researching and Applying Metaphor. Cambridge University Press,2001.
Ning Yu. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor:A Perspective from Chinese. University of Oklahoma:John Benjamins Publishing Company,1998.
Quinn, N. The cultural basis of metaphor, In Fernandez, J. W. (ed.). Beyond Metaphor: The Theory of Tropes in Anthropology. Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1991:56-93.
Richards. L.A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. London:Oxford University Press,1980.
Ricoeur, P. The Rule of Metaphor. trans.by Czemy,R., London:Routledge & Kegan, Paul,1986.
Searle J. R. Metaphor, in Meaning and Expression. Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Svorou, Soteria. The Grammar of Space. Amsterdam:John Benjamins,1994.
Sperb and Wilson. Relevance:Communication and Cognition.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
Wierzbicka. A. Emotions Across Languages and Cultures:Diversity and Universals. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999.
鲍志坤.情感的英汉语言表达对比研究.复旦大学,2003.
陈家旭.英汉语“恐惧”情感隐喻认知对比.四川外语学院学报,2008,(01)
陈望道：修辞学发展.上海教育出版社,2001.
戴南.trans. Metaphor. By Alice Deignan.北京：外文出版社,2001.
胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,1993.
胡壮麟,认知隐喻学.北京：北京大学出版社,2004.
李国南.辞格与词汇.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2001.
琳书武.”愤怒”的概念隐喻.外语与外语教学,1998(2).
-.国外隐喻研究综述.外语教学与研究,1997(1).
蓝纯.从认知角度看汉语和英语的空间隐喻.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2003.
-.认知语言学与隐喻研究.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2005.
罗洛.情感隐喻“悲”的概念化.西南师范大学,2004.
商务印书馆辞书研究中心编.新华成语词典.北京：商务印书馆,2002
束定芳.隐喻学研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2000.
岳好平,廖世军.英汉“天气”情感隐喻解读.湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版.素质教育研究),2008,(06)
张辉.汉英情感概念形成和表达的对比研究.外国语,2000(5).
中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典.北京：商务印书馆,1996.
周红.英汉情感隐喻共性分析.四川外语学院学报,2001,(03).
http://59.77.17.146/corpus_cn.html
Averill, J. R. and Black M. Models and Metaphors. New York:Cornell University Press,1962.
Barcelona, A. On the Concept of Depression in American English:A Cognitive Approach. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses,1996 (12).
Baxter, L. A. Root Metaphors in accounts of Developing Romantic Relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,1992(9):253-275.
Black, M. Models and Metaphors. New York:Cornell University Press,1962.
Collins COBUILD English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (2001)-Collins COBUILD Dictionary on CD-ROM.
Fauconnier, G. Mapping in Thought and Language. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Goatly, Andrew. The Language of Metaphors. London:Routledge,1997.
Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press,2002.
Johnson, M. Knowing through the body, Philosophical Psychology,1991(4).
Kovecses, Zoltan. Emotion Concepts. New York:Springer-Verlag Inc.,1990.
-. Metaphors of Anger, Pride, and Love:A Lexical Approach to the Structure of Concepts. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1986.
Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980.
Lakoff, G. and Turner. M. More Than Cool Reason:A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1989.
Lynne Cameron, eds. Researching and Applying Metaphor. Cambridge University Press,2001.
Ning Yu. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor:A Perspective from Chinese. University of Oklahoma:John Benjamins Publishing Company,1998.
Quinn, N. The cultural basis of metaphor, In Fernandez, J. W. (ed.). Beyond Metaphor: The Theory of Tropes in Anthropology. Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1991:56-93.
Richards. L.A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. London:Oxford University Press,1980.
Ricoeur, P. The Rule of Metaphor. trans.by Czemy,R., London:Routledge & Kegan, Paul,1986.
Searle J. R. Metaphor, in Meaning and Expression. Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Svorou, Soteria. The Grammar of Space. Amsterdam:John Benjamins,1994.
Sperb and Wilson. Relevance:Communication and Cognition.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
Wierzbicka. A. Emotions Across Languages and Cultures:Diversity and Universals. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999.
鲍志坤.情感的英汉语言表达对比研究.复旦大学,2003.
陈家旭.英汉语“恐惧”情感隐喻认知对比.四川外语学院学报,2008,(01)
陈望道：修辞学发展.上海教育出版社,2001.
戴南.trans. Metaphor. By Alice Deignan.北京：外文出版社,2001.
胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,1993.
胡壮麟,认知隐喻学.北京：北京大学出版社,2004.
李国南.辞格与词汇.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2001.
琳书武.”愤怒”的概念隐喻.外语与外语教学,1998(2).
-.国外隐喻研究综述.外语教学与研究,1997(1).
蓝纯.从认知角度看汉语和英语的空间隐喻.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2003.
-.认知语言学与隐喻研究.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2005.
罗洛.情感隐喻“悲”的概念化.西南师范大学,2004.
商务印书馆辞书研究中心编.新华成语词典.北京：商务印书馆,2002
束定芳.隐喻学研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2000.
岳好平,廖世军.英汉“天气”情感隐喻解读.湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版.素质教育研究),2008,(06)
张辉.汉英情感概念形成和表达的对比研究.外国语,2000(5).
中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典.北京：商务印书馆,1996.
周红.英汉情感隐喻共性分析.四川外语学院学报,2001,(03).
http://59.77.17.146/corpus_cn.html