小麦辣椒间套作最优配置方式及非充分灌溉试验研究
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摘要
本文通过对小麦辣椒间套作不同种植模式下,大田试验研究不同种植模式和不同灌水量对小麦辣椒间套作下小麦辣椒各自的生长状况、生理生态及微环境的差异,以及对各模式下的产量和效益进行了分析。期望能够找到最佳的灌溉制度,提高水分利用效率,从而为陕西关中西部小麦辣椒间套作的种植模式与农业节水提供理论依据。该论文的主要研究结果如下:
(1)各小麦辣椒间套作种植模式中,小麦的耗水量随小麦种植密度的增大而增大。不同种植模式下小麦节水效果可观。小麦各生育期日平均耗水强度随着生育期的延后而增大。在小麦辣椒共生期,不同种植模式日耗水强度均达到最大值。辣椒的日耗水量总体趋势表现为高-低-高-低。辣椒各种植模式间的耗水量差异不明显,而不同灌水水平下的耗水量差异明显。
(2)各模式间小麦株高表现为间作整体大于单作,表现出一定的边际效应;而叶面积指数则是小麦生育前期,小麦单作的叶面积指数一直大于小麦单作,但到抽穗灌浆期,由于小麦叶片的枯黄,单作小麦明显早熟,叶面积指数下降幅度最大,而5-2式间作模式可以保持较长时间的高叶面积指数。小麦辣椒间套作可以有效地改变农田小气候因子。小麦间套作系统的光合有效辐射明显高于单作,较多的光合有效辐射有利于提高小麦产量。小麦辣椒间套作预留行间不同高度处的风速在冠层以下随着测点高度的上升而增大,各模式冠层内地面以上50cm高度处、25cm高度处的风速比75cm高度处的风速降低的幅度随着间距的变窄而变大。
(3)不同种植模式对地温的影响不尽相同,由于冬小麦对预留行的遮阴作用,地温随着预留行的变窄而降低。小麦间套作可以调节田间地温,满足小麦在不同生长阶段对温度的需求。而对于辣椒来说,麦辣共生期辣椒苗较小,处于缓苗期,小麦的遮挡作用可以有效地较低辣椒行间的地温,既可以有效的防止辣椒苗被晒伤,又减少了水分的蒸腾,有利于苗期缓苗。
(4)辣椒各处理的蒸腾速率基本上呈双峰曲线。充分灌溉(CK)的蒸腾速率与其他处理的蒸腾速率差异显著,而在开花坐果期不灌水的T1、T4、T7为最小,其他处理的蒸腾速率也相差不小,整体上各模式下的蒸腾速率与灌水量成正比。辣椒在开花坐果期的光合速率日变化呈双峰形式,亏水处理在一定程度上可以有效地提高辣椒的光合速率。叶片气孔导度的变化规律和光合作用的具有一致性。当土壤含水率不能满足作物需要时,作物势必作出一些保护性的反应。不灌水处理的辣椒叶片气孔开度要比其他处理的开度小,以满足作物自身的水分需要。而对照CK的气孔导度在各处理中都是最高的。叶片的水分利用效率在早上8:00最高,水分对蒸腾作用的影响程度要大于对光合作用的影响。各处理的瞬时水分利用效率相差很大,开花坐果期灌水量越大,叶片水分利用效率相对较小,开花坐果期不灌水的处理T1、T4、T7的值一直略为高于其它处理,而1/2标准灌水处理的叶片水分利用效率也明显优于适宜灌水的处理,辣椒单作处理CK的水分利用效率一直处于最低。低定额灌水可以明显的提高水分利用效率,一定程度的水分亏缺可以抑制蒸腾从而减少无效耗水,提高了水分利用率。
(5)对灌水量及各产量构成的关系分析,结果表明,产量随灌水量和耗水量的增大而增大。对产量水平的水分利用效率分析发现,开花坐果期灌水量为30mm的T2、T5、T8水分利用效率均为各模式中最大,不灌水处理T1、T4、T7的水分利用效率与标准灌水量T3、T6、T9的大小很接近。所以在产量没有大幅度减少的情况下,1/2标准灌水处理可以有效地提高水分利用效率。辣椒单作虽然耗水量最大,但由于产量上的优势也表现出较高的水分利用效率。
(6)辣椒茎液流量的变化曲线为波动状曲线,在中午14:00左右出现峰值。晴天的茎流量明显高于阴天的和雨天的。夜间相对平稳,从早上8:00左右,茎液流开始出现小幅度的上升,在10点左右晴天天气条件下,辣椒苗的茎液流会不断加强,随着光照和气温的升高,辣椒苗要进行光合和蒸腾,故其液流速率较早晨明显增多,液流速率的最大值出现在下午14:00左右,之后由于作物的自我调节,气孔部分关闭,蒸腾减弱,茎液流速率也逐渐下降。在多云天气条件下,茎液流活跃的时间要比晴天得晚一点,并且峰值也要明显低于晴天的;在雨天径茎液流速率变化幅度不是很大。茎液流速率在夜晚变化趋势相似,保持细微的茎流,而白天的茎液流速率变化差异很大,茎液流达到的峰值,晴天要明显大于阴天和雨天,阴天又大于雨天的。
(7)综合考虑冬小麦的产量、辣椒的耗水量、产量和水分利用效率,以及各个模式下的净效益,推荐该关中地区的冬小麦辣椒间套作采用5-2式种植模式,即在1.2m的带幅上种植5行小麦,预留45cm留种辣椒。对冬小麦灌一水(60mm冬灌),产量可达6914.2kg/hm~2。另外,由于在辣椒移栽时要灌缓苗水,预留行间的灌溉水会对小麦的产量的形成有帮助。而对于辣椒,在开花坐果期采用中度缺水虽然产量会受到一定的影响,但水分利用效率可以达到达6.69 kg/m~3。可以起到很好的节水效果,经济效益也很占优。
This paper is to study the growth conditions of wheat and pepper and their micro-environment differences in different cropping patterns and different irrigation volume, through intercropping of wheat and pepper in different cropping patterns in the field. It is hoped to find the premium intercropping patterns and irrigation methods, aiming to increase the efficiency of water use and provide theoretical and practical basis for economical use of water resources in agriculture. The main findings of this paper are as follows:
(1)In each model of intercropping of wheat and pepper, the water consumption of wheat increased with the wheat planting density. It was seen that the effect of different cropping patterns on wheat water-saving is impressive. The average daily water consumption of wheat in the growth period increased with the delayed growth period. During the symbiotic period of wheat and pepper, the daily water consumption reached up to the maximum in different planting patterns, and the overall trend of pepper daily water consumption was high - low - high - low. The water-saving effect of pepper in each model of planting was not obvious, but water-saving effect was remarkable with different treatment of water.
(2)The overall plant height of wheat intercropping was more than the one of monoculture in each model, and it was showed some marginal effect; and during the early growth period of wheat the leaf area index of monoculture was higher than the one of monoculture, but in the period of tasselling and filling stage, because of the yellow leaf of wheat, wheat of monoculture was obviously premature, the leaf area index had the largest decline, and in the model of intercropping type 5-2 the high leaf area index could be maintained over a longer period.Intercropping of wheat and pepper can effectively change the field microclimate factors. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) of wheat intercropping system was significantly higher than the one of monoculture, and the higher photosynthetic active radiation could help to improve wheat production.Between the reserved lines in the intercropping of wheat and pepper, the wind speed at different height below the canopy increased with the height of measure point, in each model the wind speed declining scale at the height of 50cm and 25cm within the canopy increased with the space between narrowing, compared with the speed at the height of 75cm above the canopy.
(3)Different planting patterns had different impact on the temperature, due to shading effect of winter wheat on the reserved role and the dynamic temperature changes during the symbiotic period. It was showed that between the lines of wheat and pepper, the ground temperature decreased with the reserved line narrowing. Intercropping of wheat could adjust the field ground temperature to meet temperature requirements at different growth stages of wheat. For pepper, during the symbiotic period of wheat and pepper the pepper seedling was small and in recover period. The shelter effect of wheat could effectively lower temperature between pepper rows, effectively prevent the pepper seedlings from sunburn, and also reduce water transpiration. It was conducive for seedling.
(4)The transpiration rate of pepper was bimodal curve. The transpiration rate of full irrigation (CK) was significantly different from other transpiration rates, and in the flowering and fruit setting period the rate of T1, T4, T7 without irrigation was the smallest. The other transpiration rate was also difference. As a whole transpiration rate of each model has direct ratio of water irrigation. During the flowering and fruit setting stage the daily change of pepper photosynthetic rate indicated bimodal curve, and inadequate irrigation could improve the photosynthetic rate of pepper to some extent Change discipline of stomata conductance was consistent with photosynthesis rules. When the hydrous rate of soil could not meet the crop needs, the crop was bound to make some protective response The leaf stomata opening aperture of pepper with severe inadequate irrigation treatment was smaller than other treatments to meet their water need The control of stomata conductance in all treatments was the highest compared with CK.Water use efficiency of leaf was the highest at 8:00 in the morning, and the effect of water level on transpiration was greater than on photosynthesis. The water use efficiency for instantaneous processing varied widely, and the greater the water irrigation during flowering and fruit setting stage, the less water use efficiency was. During flowering and fruit setting stage T1, T4, T7's value of non-irrigation treatment was slightly higher than others, and the leaf water use efficiency with moderate inadequate water irrigation treatment was significantly better than the one with appropriate irrigation treatment. The water use efficiency of pepper monoculture for dealing with CK was the lowest. Low-scale irrigation could significantly increase water use efficiency, and a certain degree of water stress could prevent transpiration and thus reduce the void water, improve water use efficiency.
(5)Through the analysis of relationship between irrigation and the various yield constitute,the result showed that the yield increased with water irrigation, and water consumption. Through the analysis of water use efficiency of production levels, it showed that water use efficiency of T2, T5, T8 are the largest of all models, which had 30mm irrigation during flowering and fruit setting period. Water use efficiency of T1, T4, T7 without irrigation treatments was similar to T3, T6, T9 with standard irrigation. Therefore, with conditions that the production level did not decrease dramatically, moderate water deficit can increase the water use efficiency. Although the water consumption of pepper monoculture was the largest one, the advantage of production also showed higher water use efficiency.
(6)The curve of pepper stem flow rate was the wave-shaped curve, and the peak appeared around 14:00 at noon. The flux in the sunny day was significantly higher than the one in rainy and cloudy days.It was relatively stable at night. From about 8:00 am, the stem flow began to rise lightly at about 10am with conditions of sunny day. The stem flow of pepper seedlings would continue to strengthen, with the rise of sunlight and temperatures. The pepper seedlings were to conduct photosynthesis and transpiration, so the flow rate increased significantly than in the morning, and the maximum flow rate appeared around 14:00 in the afternoon. Because self-regulation of the plant, some stomata closed, transpiration reduced and stem flow rate also declined. In cloudy days, the active time of stem flow was later than the sunny days, and the peak should be significantly lower than sunny days; the change range of stem flow rate in the rainy days is not great. The trend of stem flow rate was similar at night, keeping minor runoff. While the stem flow rate change during the day was very different, and reached the peak; the one in sunny days was obviously more than cloudy and rainy days, and the one in cloudy days is greater than rainy days.
(7)Considering the yield of winter wheat, water consumption of pepper, yield and water use efficiency, and net benefits of each model, it was recommended that in the Guanzhong Area intercropping of winter wheat and pepper was adopted with 5-2 cropping pattern. This pattern was planting 5 rows of wheat in the 1.2m band, reserved 45cm for planting pepper. It was reasonable to irrigate once for winter wheat (60mm irrigation in winter), and the yield could reach up to 6914.2kg·hm~(-2). In addition, because the pepper needed irrigation water when transplanting, irrigation water between the reserved lines would be helpful for the formation of wheat production. For pepper, during the flowering and fruit setting stage using moderate water-scarcity had certain impact on the yield, but water use efficiency could reach up to 6.69 kg·m~(-3) It played a very good effect of water-saving.
(1)各小麦辣椒间套作种植模式中,小麦的耗水量随小麦种植密度的增大而增大。不同种植模式下小麦节水效果可观。小麦各生育期日平均耗水强度随着生育期的延后而增大。在小麦辣椒共生期,不同种植模式日耗水强度均达到最大值。辣椒的日耗水量总体趋势表现为高-低-高-低。辣椒各种植模式间的耗水量差异不明显,而不同灌水水平下的耗水量差异明显。
(2)各模式间小麦株高表现为间作整体大于单作,表现出一定的边际效应;而叶面积指数则是小麦生育前期,小麦单作的叶面积指数一直大于小麦单作,但到抽穗灌浆期,由于小麦叶片的枯黄,单作小麦明显早熟,叶面积指数下降幅度最大,而5-2式间作模式可以保持较长时间的高叶面积指数。小麦辣椒间套作可以有效地改变农田小气候因子。小麦间套作系统的光合有效辐射明显高于单作,较多的光合有效辐射有利于提高小麦产量。小麦辣椒间套作预留行间不同高度处的风速在冠层以下随着测点高度的上升而增大,各模式冠层内地面以上50cm高度处、25cm高度处的风速比75cm高度处的风速降低的幅度随着间距的变窄而变大。
(3)不同种植模式对地温的影响不尽相同,由于冬小麦对预留行的遮阴作用,地温随着预留行的变窄而降低。小麦间套作可以调节田间地温,满足小麦在不同生长阶段对温度的需求。而对于辣椒来说,麦辣共生期辣椒苗较小,处于缓苗期,小麦的遮挡作用可以有效地较低辣椒行间的地温,既可以有效的防止辣椒苗被晒伤,又减少了水分的蒸腾,有利于苗期缓苗。
(4)辣椒各处理的蒸腾速率基本上呈双峰曲线。充分灌溉(CK)的蒸腾速率与其他处理的蒸腾速率差异显著,而在开花坐果期不灌水的T1、T4、T7为最小,其他处理的蒸腾速率也相差不小,整体上各模式下的蒸腾速率与灌水量成正比。辣椒在开花坐果期的光合速率日变化呈双峰形式,亏水处理在一定程度上可以有效地提高辣椒的光合速率。叶片气孔导度的变化规律和光合作用的具有一致性。当土壤含水率不能满足作物需要时,作物势必作出一些保护性的反应。不灌水处理的辣椒叶片气孔开度要比其他处理的开度小,以满足作物自身的水分需要。而对照CK的气孔导度在各处理中都是最高的。叶片的水分利用效率在早上8:00最高,水分对蒸腾作用的影响程度要大于对光合作用的影响。各处理的瞬时水分利用效率相差很大,开花坐果期灌水量越大,叶片水分利用效率相对较小,开花坐果期不灌水的处理T1、T4、T7的值一直略为高于其它处理,而1/2标准灌水处理的叶片水分利用效率也明显优于适宜灌水的处理,辣椒单作处理CK的水分利用效率一直处于最低。低定额灌水可以明显的提高水分利用效率,一定程度的水分亏缺可以抑制蒸腾从而减少无效耗水,提高了水分利用率。
(5)对灌水量及各产量构成的关系分析,结果表明,产量随灌水量和耗水量的增大而增大。对产量水平的水分利用效率分析发现,开花坐果期灌水量为30mm的T2、T5、T8水分利用效率均为各模式中最大,不灌水处理T1、T4、T7的水分利用效率与标准灌水量T3、T6、T9的大小很接近。所以在产量没有大幅度减少的情况下,1/2标准灌水处理可以有效地提高水分利用效率。辣椒单作虽然耗水量最大,但由于产量上的优势也表现出较高的水分利用效率。
(6)辣椒茎液流量的变化曲线为波动状曲线,在中午14:00左右出现峰值。晴天的茎流量明显高于阴天的和雨天的。夜间相对平稳,从早上8:00左右,茎液流开始出现小幅度的上升,在10点左右晴天天气条件下,辣椒苗的茎液流会不断加强,随着光照和气温的升高,辣椒苗要进行光合和蒸腾,故其液流速率较早晨明显增多,液流速率的最大值出现在下午14:00左右,之后由于作物的自我调节,气孔部分关闭,蒸腾减弱,茎液流速率也逐渐下降。在多云天气条件下,茎液流活跃的时间要比晴天得晚一点,并且峰值也要明显低于晴天的;在雨天径茎液流速率变化幅度不是很大。茎液流速率在夜晚变化趋势相似,保持细微的茎流,而白天的茎液流速率变化差异很大,茎液流达到的峰值,晴天要明显大于阴天和雨天,阴天又大于雨天的。
(7)综合考虑冬小麦的产量、辣椒的耗水量、产量和水分利用效率,以及各个模式下的净效益,推荐该关中地区的冬小麦辣椒间套作采用5-2式种植模式,即在1.2m的带幅上种植5行小麦,预留45cm留种辣椒。对冬小麦灌一水(60mm冬灌),产量可达6914.2kg/hm~2。另外,由于在辣椒移栽时要灌缓苗水,预留行间的灌溉水会对小麦的产量的形成有帮助。而对于辣椒,在开花坐果期采用中度缺水虽然产量会受到一定的影响,但水分利用效率可以达到达6.69 kg/m~3。可以起到很好的节水效果,经济效益也很占优。
This paper is to study the growth conditions of wheat and pepper and their micro-environment differences in different cropping patterns and different irrigation volume, through intercropping of wheat and pepper in different cropping patterns in the field. It is hoped to find the premium intercropping patterns and irrigation methods, aiming to increase the efficiency of water use and provide theoretical and practical basis for economical use of water resources in agriculture. The main findings of this paper are as follows:
(1)In each model of intercropping of wheat and pepper, the water consumption of wheat increased with the wheat planting density. It was seen that the effect of different cropping patterns on wheat water-saving is impressive. The average daily water consumption of wheat in the growth period increased with the delayed growth period. During the symbiotic period of wheat and pepper, the daily water consumption reached up to the maximum in different planting patterns, and the overall trend of pepper daily water consumption was high - low - high - low. The water-saving effect of pepper in each model of planting was not obvious, but water-saving effect was remarkable with different treatment of water.
(2)The overall plant height of wheat intercropping was more than the one of monoculture in each model, and it was showed some marginal effect; and during the early growth period of wheat the leaf area index of monoculture was higher than the one of monoculture, but in the period of tasselling and filling stage, because of the yellow leaf of wheat, wheat of monoculture was obviously premature, the leaf area index had the largest decline, and in the model of intercropping type 5-2 the high leaf area index could be maintained over a longer period.Intercropping of wheat and pepper can effectively change the field microclimate factors. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) of wheat intercropping system was significantly higher than the one of monoculture, and the higher photosynthetic active radiation could help to improve wheat production.Between the reserved lines in the intercropping of wheat and pepper, the wind speed at different height below the canopy increased with the height of measure point, in each model the wind speed declining scale at the height of 50cm and 25cm within the canopy increased with the space between narrowing, compared with the speed at the height of 75cm above the canopy.
(3)Different planting patterns had different impact on the temperature, due to shading effect of winter wheat on the reserved role and the dynamic temperature changes during the symbiotic period. It was showed that between the lines of wheat and pepper, the ground temperature decreased with the reserved line narrowing. Intercropping of wheat could adjust the field ground temperature to meet temperature requirements at different growth stages of wheat. For pepper, during the symbiotic period of wheat and pepper the pepper seedling was small and in recover period. The shelter effect of wheat could effectively lower temperature between pepper rows, effectively prevent the pepper seedlings from sunburn, and also reduce water transpiration. It was conducive for seedling.
(4)The transpiration rate of pepper was bimodal curve. The transpiration rate of full irrigation (CK) was significantly different from other transpiration rates, and in the flowering and fruit setting period the rate of T1, T4, T7 without irrigation was the smallest. The other transpiration rate was also difference. As a whole transpiration rate of each model has direct ratio of water irrigation. During the flowering and fruit setting stage the daily change of pepper photosynthetic rate indicated bimodal curve, and inadequate irrigation could improve the photosynthetic rate of pepper to some extent Change discipline of stomata conductance was consistent with photosynthesis rules. When the hydrous rate of soil could not meet the crop needs, the crop was bound to make some protective response The leaf stomata opening aperture of pepper with severe inadequate irrigation treatment was smaller than other treatments to meet their water need The control of stomata conductance in all treatments was the highest compared with CK.Water use efficiency of leaf was the highest at 8:00 in the morning, and the effect of water level on transpiration was greater than on photosynthesis. The water use efficiency for instantaneous processing varied widely, and the greater the water irrigation during flowering and fruit setting stage, the less water use efficiency was. During flowering and fruit setting stage T1, T4, T7's value of non-irrigation treatment was slightly higher than others, and the leaf water use efficiency with moderate inadequate water irrigation treatment was significantly better than the one with appropriate irrigation treatment. The water use efficiency of pepper monoculture for dealing with CK was the lowest. Low-scale irrigation could significantly increase water use efficiency, and a certain degree of water stress could prevent transpiration and thus reduce the void water, improve water use efficiency.
(5)Through the analysis of relationship between irrigation and the various yield constitute,the result showed that the yield increased with water irrigation, and water consumption. Through the analysis of water use efficiency of production levels, it showed that water use efficiency of T2, T5, T8 are the largest of all models, which had 30mm irrigation during flowering and fruit setting period. Water use efficiency of T1, T4, T7 without irrigation treatments was similar to T3, T6, T9 with standard irrigation. Therefore, with conditions that the production level did not decrease dramatically, moderate water deficit can increase the water use efficiency. Although the water consumption of pepper monoculture was the largest one, the advantage of production also showed higher water use efficiency.
(6)The curve of pepper stem flow rate was the wave-shaped curve, and the peak appeared around 14:00 at noon. The flux in the sunny day was significantly higher than the one in rainy and cloudy days.It was relatively stable at night. From about 8:00 am, the stem flow began to rise lightly at about 10am with conditions of sunny day. The stem flow of pepper seedlings would continue to strengthen, with the rise of sunlight and temperatures. The pepper seedlings were to conduct photosynthesis and transpiration, so the flow rate increased significantly than in the morning, and the maximum flow rate appeared around 14:00 in the afternoon. Because self-regulation of the plant, some stomata closed, transpiration reduced and stem flow rate also declined. In cloudy days, the active time of stem flow was later than the sunny days, and the peak should be significantly lower than sunny days; the change range of stem flow rate in the rainy days is not great. The trend of stem flow rate was similar at night, keeping minor runoff. While the stem flow rate change during the day was very different, and reached the peak; the one in sunny days was obviously more than cloudy and rainy days, and the one in cloudy days is greater than rainy days.
(7)Considering the yield of winter wheat, water consumption of pepper, yield and water use efficiency, and net benefits of each model, it was recommended that in the Guanzhong Area intercropping of winter wheat and pepper was adopted with 5-2 cropping pattern. This pattern was planting 5 rows of wheat in the 1.2m band, reserved 45cm for planting pepper. It was reasonable to irrigate once for winter wheat (60mm irrigation in winter), and the yield could reach up to 6914.2kg·hm~(-2). In addition, because the pepper needed irrigation water when transplanting, irrigation water between the reserved lines would be helpful for the formation of wheat production. For pepper, during the flowering and fruit setting stage using moderate water-scarcity had certain impact on the yield, but water use efficiency could reach up to 6.69 kg·m~(-3) It played a very good effect of water-saving.
引文
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