长江中下游地区浅水湖泊生源要素的生物地球化学循环
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摘要
随着社会和经济的发展,人为活动导致的湖泊污染已经成为一个严重的环境问题。其中,湖泊富营养化是最为普遍,也是危害最大的环境问题之一。沉积物的内源释放是影响湖泊水体营养水平的重要因素,但是直到目前为止,浅水湖泊的内源释放机制还是不甚清楚。为了有效控制湖泊富营养化,就必须全面了解生源要素在浅水湖泊中的循环机制,以及湖泊富营养化发展过程中生源要素的演化规律,为浅水湖泊富营养化的控制和管理提供科学的理论依据。
长江中下游地区是我国浅水湖泊分布比较集中的地区,也是我国富营养化湖泊分布的主要地区。本论文工作以太湖、巢湖、龙感湖为研究对象,通过对氮、磷、硅等生源要素化学形态时空分布特征的研究,初步探讨了浅水湖泊水体营养盐的循环机制和沉积物内源营养盐的释放机制以及藻类在其中的重要作用;结合有机碳同位素、生物硅、聚磷酸盐等沉积记录的研究,初步揭示了太湖富营养化和生态环境的演变过程,以及聚磷酸盐在其中的重要意义。主要研究结果如下:
1.各个湖泊水体总磷(TP)的含量以太湖最高,巢湖次之,龙感湖最低,与湖泊的营养程度紧密相关。随着季节的变化,水体磷形态发生着明显的变化。冬季溶解有机磷(DOP)较夏季高出许多,而夏季溶解反应磷(SRP)也较冬季高出许多,这可能与夏季藻类旺盛的新陈代谢作用所导致的磷释放和磷转化有关。另外,通过研究发现,冬季各个湖泊浮游植物营养盐限制因子为P,夏季太湖和巢湖却有部分样点落入Si限制的范围,这与太湖营养盐结构和浮游植物种群结构演化的总体趋势基本一致。
2.夏季太湖北部藻类的密度较大,最大可达8.53×10~8个L~(-1),主要由蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻、甲藻、裸藻和隐藻等组成,以微囊藻为优势种,并且含有较多指示污染及富营养化程度的藻类种属,各种指标显示水体污染程度较为严重,属中营养—富营养化范畴,空间分布趋势与藻类分布类似。
3.与其它湖泊相比,浅水湖泊的水动力条件较强,悬浮物不易沉降,悬浮有机质的降解较高(98%)。藻类是藻型湖泊悬浮物的重要组成部分,因此,藻类的降解释放对湖泊水体营养盐的反复循环利用具有重要的影响。
4.通过有机C/N原子比值研究发现,各个湖泊沉积物中有机质的主要来源为湖泊自生有机物源,受陆生有机物源影响较小。另外,各个湖泊沉积物中的总有机碳(TOC)与总氮(TN)、TP、无机磷(Pin)、有机磷(Porg)之间都呈显著的正相关关系,说明各个湖泊沉积物中的N、P基本上都是来自与湖泊沉积
Lake pollution, induced by human activities with the development of society and economy, has been a serious environmental problem, of which the eutrophication is one of the most universal and harmful environmental problem. Although the internal release or source of the nutrients in sediments is an important factor, we still have not understood adequately the mechanisms behind internal loading in shallow lakes. To control the eutrophication effectively, the cycling mechanisms of the nutrients in shallow lakes and the evolution process of the nutrients with lake eutrophication should be understood comprehensively.The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the central areas not only of shallow lakes, but also of eutrophication lakes in China: Taihu, Chaohu and Longgan Lakes are the typical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reach of the Yangtze River. The spatial and temporal distribution of the chemical forms of the nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon was studied in Taihu, Chaohu and Longganhu Lakes for a better understanding of the cycling mechanisms of the nutrients in shallow lakes, of the release mechanisms of internal loading in sediments and the action of algae. Meanwhile, the sedimentary records of carbon isotope, biogenic silica and polyphosphate were investigated for recognizing the evolution of the eutrophication, the effect of polyphosphate, and eco-environment change of Taihu Lake. The main conclusions have been reached as follows:1. The concentrations of TP (total phosphorus) in lake water of Taihu, Chaohu and Longganhu Lakes are high, among which the highest concentration was found in the Taihu Lake, then the Chaohu and the Longganhu Lakes. The phosphorus forms of lake water can be transferred with the season change: the average concentration of DOP (dissolved organic phosphorus) is higher in winter, but the SRP (solute reactive phosphorus) is higher in summer, as compared with other seasons. The intensive metabolism of algae can alter the phosphorus forms of water and cause the internal loading in sediments. Atomic ratios of N: P, Si: P and Si: P in lake water show that the nutrient limitation for phytoplankton is phosphorus during winter in all of the lakes, but is silicon during summer in Taihu and Chaohu Lakes according the Justuc's rules, which is consistent with the evolution of the nutrient structure and phytoplankton
community in Taihu Lake.2. The density of phytoplankton is very high during summer in north part of Taihu Lake, with a highest value of 8.53 * 108 individuals L*1. There are six main phytoplankton groups including Cyanophyta, Cryptophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta, etc, among which the predominant species is Microcystis spp. At the same time, there are many algae species that can be used to indicate the extent of pollution and eutrophication. The water pollution is very serious according to algae indexes, and the trophic state relating to phytoplankton species varies from mesotrophic to eutrophic.3. Due to high hydraulic state of shallow lakes, the suspended matter is not easy to settle down to the bottom, so more suspended organic matter is degraded than that in other lakes, up to 98% of which can be degraded. The degradation of algae has an important influence on the cycle of the nutrients leaded by the great algae biomass in shallow lakes.4. The sedimentary organic matter was mainly originated from the lacustrine authigenesis in all of the lakes, and contribution of terrigenous organic matter was small, according to the low organic C/N atomic ratios. TOC (total organic carbon) shows evidently positive correlation with TN (total nitrogen), TP, Pin (inorganic phosphorus) and Porg (organic phosphorus) in sediments, suggesting that the N and P could be originated from the biological sedimentation accompanied by the lacustrine sedimentation in all of the lakes.5. The TP concentrations in sediments from all of the lakes are high, among which the sediments from Taihu Lake show the highest, while those from Chaohu Lake the lowest concentrations. TP shows evidently positive correlation with Pin and Porg in all of the lakes, suggesting that the all of the lake sediments have similar TP composition, although all of the lakes have different trophic status and ecological structure.6. Using the SEDEX method, a sequential extraction method for separating different forms of sedimentary phosphorus, to analyze different forms of phosphorous in the sediments of Taihu Lake, we found that the concentrations of PFe (iron bond phosphorus) are high, which account for not only the main composition of Pin (75 -88%), but also TP (53 - 75%). The variational trend of PFe is consistent with Pin and
Ptot, and PFe has an excellent positive correlation with TP and Pin (R=0.998, 0.993 respectively, n = 40, P < 0.01).7. The diffusive process at sediment-water interface has low impact on the nutrient cycle of overlain water in Taihu Lake, and even shows the scavenging effect in some region in the given season. Despite the atomic ratios of Fe/P > 2 in sediments and porewater of Taihu Lake, the release of phosphorus has still occurred. Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides are only a small part of sedimentary Fe (10 - 28%), and more Fe existed in the sediments is the Fe sulfide, such as FeS and FeS2. The absorption between Fe (III) and phosphorus has probably reached to equilibrium according to the low Fe/P atomic ratios (2.0 - 5.3). The main mechanisms of internal phosphorus release may be the sulfate reduction and the sulfide formation.8. The nutrient accumulation and eutrophication process induced by human activities in Wuli Bay of Taihu Lake is reconstructed by using TOC, TN and TP concentrations of the sediments. 81 C of bulk sedimentary organic matter is in response to the concentrations of TP and the organic C/N atomic ratios which suggests the evolvement of eutrophication, primary productivity and producer.9. The BSi (biogenic silica) concentrations in sediments of Taihu Lake is very low, with a variation between 0.4 to and 2.8 mg/g. Combining the changes of nutrients limitation factors and the evolution of algae species and biomass in lake water, we can discover the trends of Si limitation for algae is very obvious in Taihu Lake through the concentrations of BSi and the values of atomic ratios of BSi/TPN BSi/NAlP (non apatite inorganic phosphorus) and TOC/BSi in sediments.10. The concentrations of Poly-P in sediments of Taihu Lake are low, with a variation between 0.004 and 0.065 mg/g. The 22% of sedimentary TP is NAIP, so the NAIP is a main composition of sedimentary TP as well. In P-limited lakes, if algae biomass is very high and if NAIP is a large fraction of TP in sediments, Poly-P sedimentation is not only an important P sink stored by algae without increasing algae biomass, but also a sensitive indicator which can reflect the accelerated eutrophication caused by the increased input of anthropogenic P in the past.
长江中下游地区是我国浅水湖泊分布比较集中的地区,也是我国富营养化湖泊分布的主要地区。本论文工作以太湖、巢湖、龙感湖为研究对象,通过对氮、磷、硅等生源要素化学形态时空分布特征的研究,初步探讨了浅水湖泊水体营养盐的循环机制和沉积物内源营养盐的释放机制以及藻类在其中的重要作用;结合有机碳同位素、生物硅、聚磷酸盐等沉积记录的研究,初步揭示了太湖富营养化和生态环境的演变过程,以及聚磷酸盐在其中的重要意义。主要研究结果如下:
1.各个湖泊水体总磷(TP)的含量以太湖最高,巢湖次之,龙感湖最低,与湖泊的营养程度紧密相关。随着季节的变化,水体磷形态发生着明显的变化。冬季溶解有机磷(DOP)较夏季高出许多,而夏季溶解反应磷(SRP)也较冬季高出许多,这可能与夏季藻类旺盛的新陈代谢作用所导致的磷释放和磷转化有关。另外,通过研究发现,冬季各个湖泊浮游植物营养盐限制因子为P,夏季太湖和巢湖却有部分样点落入Si限制的范围,这与太湖营养盐结构和浮游植物种群结构演化的总体趋势基本一致。
2.夏季太湖北部藻类的密度较大,最大可达8.53×10~8个L~(-1),主要由蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻、甲藻、裸藻和隐藻等组成,以微囊藻为优势种,并且含有较多指示污染及富营养化程度的藻类种属,各种指标显示水体污染程度较为严重,属中营养—富营养化范畴,空间分布趋势与藻类分布类似。
3.与其它湖泊相比,浅水湖泊的水动力条件较强,悬浮物不易沉降,悬浮有机质的降解较高(98%)。藻类是藻型湖泊悬浮物的重要组成部分,因此,藻类的降解释放对湖泊水体营养盐的反复循环利用具有重要的影响。
4.通过有机C/N原子比值研究发现,各个湖泊沉积物中有机质的主要来源为湖泊自生有机物源,受陆生有机物源影响较小。另外,各个湖泊沉积物中的总有机碳(TOC)与总氮(TN)、TP、无机磷(Pin)、有机磷(Porg)之间都呈显著的正相关关系,说明各个湖泊沉积物中的N、P基本上都是来自与湖泊沉积
Lake pollution, induced by human activities with the development of society and economy, has been a serious environmental problem, of which the eutrophication is one of the most universal and harmful environmental problem. Although the internal release or source of the nutrients in sediments is an important factor, we still have not understood adequately the mechanisms behind internal loading in shallow lakes. To control the eutrophication effectively, the cycling mechanisms of the nutrients in shallow lakes and the evolution process of the nutrients with lake eutrophication should be understood comprehensively.The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the central areas not only of shallow lakes, but also of eutrophication lakes in China: Taihu, Chaohu and Longgan Lakes are the typical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reach of the Yangtze River. The spatial and temporal distribution of the chemical forms of the nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon was studied in Taihu, Chaohu and Longganhu Lakes for a better understanding of the cycling mechanisms of the nutrients in shallow lakes, of the release mechanisms of internal loading in sediments and the action of algae. Meanwhile, the sedimentary records of carbon isotope, biogenic silica and polyphosphate were investigated for recognizing the evolution of the eutrophication, the effect of polyphosphate, and eco-environment change of Taihu Lake. The main conclusions have been reached as follows:1. The concentrations of TP (total phosphorus) in lake water of Taihu, Chaohu and Longganhu Lakes are high, among which the highest concentration was found in the Taihu Lake, then the Chaohu and the Longganhu Lakes. The phosphorus forms of lake water can be transferred with the season change: the average concentration of DOP (dissolved organic phosphorus) is higher in winter, but the SRP (solute reactive phosphorus) is higher in summer, as compared with other seasons. The intensive metabolism of algae can alter the phosphorus forms of water and cause the internal loading in sediments. Atomic ratios of N: P, Si: P and Si: P in lake water show that the nutrient limitation for phytoplankton is phosphorus during winter in all of the lakes, but is silicon during summer in Taihu and Chaohu Lakes according the Justuc's rules, which is consistent with the evolution of the nutrient structure and phytoplankton
community in Taihu Lake.2. The density of phytoplankton is very high during summer in north part of Taihu Lake, with a highest value of 8.53 * 108 individuals L*1. There are six main phytoplankton groups including Cyanophyta, Cryptophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta, etc, among which the predominant species is Microcystis spp. At the same time, there are many algae species that can be used to indicate the extent of pollution and eutrophication. The water pollution is very serious according to algae indexes, and the trophic state relating to phytoplankton species varies from mesotrophic to eutrophic.3. Due to high hydraulic state of shallow lakes, the suspended matter is not easy to settle down to the bottom, so more suspended organic matter is degraded than that in other lakes, up to 98% of which can be degraded. The degradation of algae has an important influence on the cycle of the nutrients leaded by the great algae biomass in shallow lakes.4. The sedimentary organic matter was mainly originated from the lacustrine authigenesis in all of the lakes, and contribution of terrigenous organic matter was small, according to the low organic C/N atomic ratios. TOC (total organic carbon) shows evidently positive correlation with TN (total nitrogen), TP, Pin (inorganic phosphorus) and Porg (organic phosphorus) in sediments, suggesting that the N and P could be originated from the biological sedimentation accompanied by the lacustrine sedimentation in all of the lakes.5. The TP concentrations in sediments from all of the lakes are high, among which the sediments from Taihu Lake show the highest, while those from Chaohu Lake the lowest concentrations. TP shows evidently positive correlation with Pin and Porg in all of the lakes, suggesting that the all of the lake sediments have similar TP composition, although all of the lakes have different trophic status and ecological structure.6. Using the SEDEX method, a sequential extraction method for separating different forms of sedimentary phosphorus, to analyze different forms of phosphorous in the sediments of Taihu Lake, we found that the concentrations of PFe (iron bond phosphorus) are high, which account for not only the main composition of Pin (75 -88%), but also TP (53 - 75%). The variational trend of PFe is consistent with Pin and
Ptot, and PFe has an excellent positive correlation with TP and Pin (R=0.998, 0.993 respectively, n = 40, P < 0.01).7. The diffusive process at sediment-water interface has low impact on the nutrient cycle of overlain water in Taihu Lake, and even shows the scavenging effect in some region in the given season. Despite the atomic ratios of Fe/P > 2 in sediments and porewater of Taihu Lake, the release of phosphorus has still occurred. Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides are only a small part of sedimentary Fe (10 - 28%), and more Fe existed in the sediments is the Fe sulfide, such as FeS and FeS2. The absorption between Fe (III) and phosphorus has probably reached to equilibrium according to the low Fe/P atomic ratios (2.0 - 5.3). The main mechanisms of internal phosphorus release may be the sulfate reduction and the sulfide formation.8. The nutrient accumulation and eutrophication process induced by human activities in Wuli Bay of Taihu Lake is reconstructed by using TOC, TN and TP concentrations of the sediments. 81 C of bulk sedimentary organic matter is in response to the concentrations of TP and the organic C/N atomic ratios which suggests the evolvement of eutrophication, primary productivity and producer.9. The BSi (biogenic silica) concentrations in sediments of Taihu Lake is very low, with a variation between 0.4 to and 2.8 mg/g. Combining the changes of nutrients limitation factors and the evolution of algae species and biomass in lake water, we can discover the trends of Si limitation for algae is very obvious in Taihu Lake through the concentrations of BSi and the values of atomic ratios of BSi/TPN BSi/NAlP (non apatite inorganic phosphorus) and TOC/BSi in sediments.10. The concentrations of Poly-P in sediments of Taihu Lake are low, with a variation between 0.004 and 0.065 mg/g. The 22% of sedimentary TP is NAIP, so the NAIP is a main composition of sedimentary TP as well. In P-limited lakes, if algae biomass is very high and if NAIP is a large fraction of TP in sediments, Poly-P sedimentation is not only an important P sink stored by algae without increasing algae biomass, but also a sensitive indicator which can reflect the accelerated eutrophication caused by the increased input of anthropogenic P in the past.
引文
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