海水中超痕量活性磷的检测方法及其船载式仪器研究及应用
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摘要
磷是海洋浮游植物生长所必需的营养元素,活性磷作为其主要无机形式,在磷的海洋生物地球化学过程中扮演着重要角色。寡营养盐海域海洋表层活性磷的浓度极低,通常在nmol/L水平。现有的活性磷测定方法已不能满足日益发展的海洋环境科学研究的需要,发展灵敏可靠的分析方法,研发相应的现场分析仪器,已成为该领域研究的技术基础和迫切需求。本论文针对现有方法的不足,研发灵敏度高、可靠性好、操作相对简单的超痕量活性磷分析方法和船载式仪器,并用于现场测定。主要内容和结果如下:
(1)建立了海水中超痕量活性磷的船载式流动注射-C18固相萃取-分光光度测定方法。前期研究发现,作为阴离子的磷钼蓝(Phosphomolybdenum blue,PMB)可与阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide,CTAB)反应,生成均匀分散于水相的疏水性PMB-CTAB离子对化合物,该化合物可被Sep-Pak C18富集柱固相萃取,萃取后可被0.56 mol/L硫酸乙醇溶液从柱上迅速洗脱,洗脱液在700 nm和791 nm处有最大吸收。对本课题组前期已建立的流动注射-C18固相萃取-分光光度体系进行改善,包括试剂添加方式的优化、Schlieren效应的最小化、分析速度的提高、分析线性范围的扩大等。在优化的实验条件下,以盐度为35的海水为基底,检测限为1.57 nmol/L,线性范围3.4～515 nmol/L;对于浓度高于20 nmol/L的样品,分析时间为10 min/样,对浓度低于20 nmol/L的样品,分析时间为30 min/样。将本方法应用于船上现场分析,在长达一个月的航次中,测定覆盖了南中国海部分海域的32个站位100 m以浅的200多个水样,结果令人满意。实际海水中超痕量活性磷的现场测定,相对标准偏差(Relative standard deviation,RSD)为4.45%～6.75%,与Mg(OH)_2共沉淀(Magnesium hydroxide-induced coprecipitation,MAGIC)法比较,测定结果无显著性差异。
(2)利用八位阀和自制检测器,建立了海水中超痕量活性磷的顺序注射-C18固相萃取-分光光度检测方法,方法检测限为1.26 nmol/L,线性范围3.4～515 nmol/L;对于浓度高于10 nmol/L的样品,分析时间为10 min/样,对浓度低于10 nmol/L的样品,分析时间为30 min/样。本方法自动化程度高,无样品和试剂浪费。本方法成功应用于船上现场分析,在长达一个月的航次中,测定了越南海域和南中国海北部的100余个大面站和2个时间序列站的500多个水样,结果令人满意。对实际海水中超痕量活性磷进行现场测定,RSD为4.07%～4.68%。
(3)建立了海水中超痕量活性磷的顺序注射-HLB固相萃取-分光光度检测方法。在酸性条件下,PMB可被HLB(Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance)吸附剂固相萃取;富集在HLB上的PMB被0.15 mol/L的NaOH溶液迅速洗脱,洗脱液在700nm～800 nm之间有较大吸收。考察了PMB在HLB上的离线萃取和洗脱效率。采用单因素法对试剂用量、反应时间与温度、洗脱剂浓度、样品富集流速与时间,洗脱流速等实验参数进行了优化选择。考察了试样盐度的影响。在优化的实验条件下,方法的线性范围为3.4～1134 nmol/L,检测限1.42 nmol/L,实际海水基底加标回收率为94.35%,分析时间为6～10 min/样。考察了试样中硅酸盐和砷酸盐的影响,5000倍的硅酸盐对活性磷的测定无干扰;通过添加还原剂可掩蔽100nmol/L砷酸盐的干扰。以31 nmol/L的磷试样为考察对象,在最佳实验条件下于不同时间测定7次的RSD为2.50%。本法对实际海水的测定结果与MAGIC法无显著性差异。本法成功测定了取自南海的200多个100 m以浅海水样品中的活性磷含量,结果令人满意。本法十分适合船上现场在线分析,有发展成为原位测定的前景。
(4)建立了海水中超痕量活性磷的反相流动注射-长光程分光光度测定方法。设计反相流动注射流路,以2 m的液芯波导管(Liquid waveguide capillary cell,LWCC)作为流通池,极大地提高经典磷钼蓝方法的检测灵敏度。采用单因素法对显色剂浓度、进样体积、混合盘管长度和样品流速等实验参数进行优化。考察了试样中盐度的影响。在优化的实验条件下,方法的检测限为0.5 nmol/L,测定下限为2.5 nmol/L,分析时间为4 min/样(样品测定2 min,更换样品与管道冲洗2 min),样品消耗量为10 mL/样(测定3次),样品加标回收率在87.8～101.8%之间,结果令人满意。考察了试样中硅酸盐和砷酸盐的影响,240μmol/L的硅酸盐和53.3 nmol/L的砷酸盐对空白溶液和82.5 nmol/L磷试样的测定无影响。以24.7和82.5 nmol/L的磷试样为考察对象,在最佳实验条件下连续测定9次,RSD分别为1.54%和1.86%。本法十分适合船上现场在线分析,亦有发展成为原位测定的前景。
(5)提出了船载式超痕量活性磷检测系统的总体设计思路,通过光纤、流路接口螺丝与溶液管道,将系统所用的阀、泵、光源、检测器等部件有机结合,形成集成化的检测系统。利用Visual Basic 6.0编写的数据采集与记录软件的界面友好,易于操作。自制检测器稳定性好,120 min内对空白样品光强的相对标准偏差为0.026%(n=240),最大相对偏差小于0.06%,测定活性磷的灵敏度与商品化分光光度计基本无差异。
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient element for phytoplankton in marine environment.As the major form of inorganic phosphorus,soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) plays an important role in the marine biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus.In oligotrophic open-ocean waters,SRP concentrations are down to nanomolar levels.At present,most of the reported determination techniques for SRP have not been successfully applied in the field of marine environmental science because of issues related to sensitivity,reproducibility,chemical interference and ease of use.It is thus increasingly demanded to establish sensitive and.reliable SRP detection technique and related shipboard instrument for the use in the oligotrophic open-ocean waters.To meet these requirements,the following studies have been carried out,and progresses have been made as follows:
(1) A shipboard C18 solid phase extraction(SPE) method coupled with flow injection analysis(FIA) and colorimetric detection had been developed for the determination of ultra-trace amount of SRP in seawater.In the previous work,it was found that phosphomolybdenum blue(PMB) anion could react with a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) to yield a PMB-CTAB ion-pair compound, which could be efficiently extracted on a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge and eluted by 0.56 mol/L sulfuric acid ethanol solution,and thus determined with a spectrophotometer at 700 nm.In the present work,this previous method was further improved for field analysis on shipboard by optimizing the mode of adding reagents,the method of minimizing Schlieren effect,the parameters for reducing time for PMB-CTAB formation and sample loading.Under the optimized conditions,using seawater with salinity of 35 as a matrix,the linearity and the detection limit of the proposed method were found to be 3.4 to 515 nmol/L and 1.57 nmol/L,respectively.For samples with SRP concentration higher or lower than 20 nmol/L,the analysis time was 10 min/sample or 30 min/sample,respectively.The proposed method was applied on field during a cruise for one month in South China Sea.More than 200 samples collected from 32 stations were analyzed on shipboard laboratory.The relative standard deviation(RSD) ranged from 4.45 to 6.75%for the field analysis.In land-base laboratory,the seawater samples were analyzed with both the proposed method and the magnesium hydroxide-induced coprecipitation(MAGIC) method,and the results showed no significant difference with t test at the confidence interval 95%.
(2) By the use of an 8-position valve and a lab-made spectrophotometer,a shipboard C18 SPE method coupled with sequential injection analysis(SIA) and colorimetric detection had been developed for the determination of ultra-trace amount of SRP in seawater.Using seawater with salinity of 35 as a matrix,the linearity and the detection limit of the proposed method were found to be 3.4 to 515 nmol/L and 1.26 nmol/L,respectively.For samples with SRP concentration higher or lower than 10 nmol/L,the analysis time was 10 min/sample or 30 min/sample,respectively.The proposed method was automatic,less reagents consuming and had been applied successfully during a one-month cruise in South China Sea for shipboard analysis of more than 500 samples.The RSD ranged from 4.07 to 4.68%.
(3) A novel on-line HLB(Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) SPE method coupled with SIA and colorimetric detection had been developed for the determination of ultra-trace amount of SRP in seawater.Under acidic condition,PMB could be first extracted on HLB solid phase,and then the adsorbed PMB could be rapidly eluted by a 0.15 mol/L NaOH solution,and thus determined with a lab-made detector at 740 nm. Experimental parameters,including the reagent concentration,the reaction time and temperature,the eluent concentration,the sample loading flow rate,and the eluting flow rate,were optimized with the experiments based on univariate experimental design.Under the optimized conditions,the calibration curve showed a linear range between 3.4 and 1134 nmol/L,and the detection limit and the recovery of the proposed method were found to be 1.42 nmol/L and 94.35%,respectively.The analysis time was 6～10 min/sample.Silicate concentration at 5000 times higher than that of phosphate would not interfere with the determination of SRP.The interference of 100 nmol/L arsenate could be masked by a reduction reagent.The RSD(n=7), which was determined at different time,was 2.50%for a sample with concentration of 31 nmol/L phosphate.Seawater samples were analyzed using both the proposed method and the MAGIC method,and the results of the two methods showed no significant difference using the t test at the confidence interval 95%.The proposed method was successfully applied in the land-base laboratory to determine about 200 seawater samples obtained from South China Sea.The proposed method has the potential to be developed as an in situ method.
(4) A novel reverse flow injection analysis(rFIA) method coupled with liquid waveguide capillary cell(LWCC) and colorimetric detection for the determination of ultra-trace amount of SRP in seawater was established.Experimental parameters, including the reagent concentration,the sample:injection volume,the length of mixing coils and the sample flow rate,were optimized with the experiments based on univariate experimental design.Under the optimized conditions,the calibration curve showed a linear range between 8.25 and 165 nmol/L,and the detection limit and the recovery of the proposed method were found to be 0.5 nmol/L and 87.8～101.8%, respectively.The analysis time was 4 min/sample.240μmol/L silicate and 53.3 nmol/L arsenate showed no statistically significant effect on the signals of a blank and an 82.5 nmol/L sample.The RSDs for the determination of the samples at 24.7 and 82.5 nmol/L were 1.54%and 1.86%(n=9),respectively.Using the t-test at the 95% confidence level,the results of the proposed method and a segmented flow analyzer reference method for the determination of 2 samples showed no significant difference. The proposed method has the potential to be developed as an in situ method.
(5) A shipboard system for ultra-trace SRP determination was designed and assembled.By the use of optical fibers,nuts and tubing,valves,pump,the light source and the detector could be integrated as a system.The controlling software programmed by Visual Basic 6.0 had a friendly interface and was easy to use.The lab-made detector was steady,and the RSD for the continuous determination of light intensity of a blank sample within 120 min was 0.026%(n=240),the biggest relative deviation was less than 0.06%.The experimental results of the accuracy for the lab-made detector and a commercial spectrophotometer for the determination of SRP showed no significant difference.
(1)建立了海水中超痕量活性磷的船载式流动注射-C18固相萃取-分光光度测定方法。前期研究发现,作为阴离子的磷钼蓝(Phosphomolybdenum blue,PMB)可与阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide,CTAB)反应,生成均匀分散于水相的疏水性PMB-CTAB离子对化合物,该化合物可被Sep-Pak C18富集柱固相萃取,萃取后可被0.56 mol/L硫酸乙醇溶液从柱上迅速洗脱,洗脱液在700 nm和791 nm处有最大吸收。对本课题组前期已建立的流动注射-C18固相萃取-分光光度体系进行改善,包括试剂添加方式的优化、Schlieren效应的最小化、分析速度的提高、分析线性范围的扩大等。在优化的实验条件下,以盐度为35的海水为基底,检测限为1.57 nmol/L,线性范围3.4～515 nmol/L;对于浓度高于20 nmol/L的样品,分析时间为10 min/样,对浓度低于20 nmol/L的样品,分析时间为30 min/样。将本方法应用于船上现场分析,在长达一个月的航次中,测定覆盖了南中国海部分海域的32个站位100 m以浅的200多个水样,结果令人满意。实际海水中超痕量活性磷的现场测定,相对标准偏差(Relative standard deviation,RSD)为4.45%～6.75%,与Mg(OH)_2共沉淀(Magnesium hydroxide-induced coprecipitation,MAGIC)法比较,测定结果无显著性差异。
(2)利用八位阀和自制检测器,建立了海水中超痕量活性磷的顺序注射-C18固相萃取-分光光度检测方法,方法检测限为1.26 nmol/L,线性范围3.4～515 nmol/L;对于浓度高于10 nmol/L的样品,分析时间为10 min/样,对浓度低于10 nmol/L的样品,分析时间为30 min/样。本方法自动化程度高,无样品和试剂浪费。本方法成功应用于船上现场分析,在长达一个月的航次中,测定了越南海域和南中国海北部的100余个大面站和2个时间序列站的500多个水样,结果令人满意。对实际海水中超痕量活性磷进行现场测定,RSD为4.07%～4.68%。
(3)建立了海水中超痕量活性磷的顺序注射-HLB固相萃取-分光光度检测方法。在酸性条件下,PMB可被HLB(Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance)吸附剂固相萃取;富集在HLB上的PMB被0.15 mol/L的NaOH溶液迅速洗脱,洗脱液在700nm～800 nm之间有较大吸收。考察了PMB在HLB上的离线萃取和洗脱效率。采用单因素法对试剂用量、反应时间与温度、洗脱剂浓度、样品富集流速与时间,洗脱流速等实验参数进行了优化选择。考察了试样盐度的影响。在优化的实验条件下,方法的线性范围为3.4～1134 nmol/L,检测限1.42 nmol/L,实际海水基底加标回收率为94.35%,分析时间为6～10 min/样。考察了试样中硅酸盐和砷酸盐的影响,5000倍的硅酸盐对活性磷的测定无干扰;通过添加还原剂可掩蔽100nmol/L砷酸盐的干扰。以31 nmol/L的磷试样为考察对象,在最佳实验条件下于不同时间测定7次的RSD为2.50%。本法对实际海水的测定结果与MAGIC法无显著性差异。本法成功测定了取自南海的200多个100 m以浅海水样品中的活性磷含量,结果令人满意。本法十分适合船上现场在线分析,有发展成为原位测定的前景。
(4)建立了海水中超痕量活性磷的反相流动注射-长光程分光光度测定方法。设计反相流动注射流路,以2 m的液芯波导管(Liquid waveguide capillary cell,LWCC)作为流通池,极大地提高经典磷钼蓝方法的检测灵敏度。采用单因素法对显色剂浓度、进样体积、混合盘管长度和样品流速等实验参数进行优化。考察了试样中盐度的影响。在优化的实验条件下,方法的检测限为0.5 nmol/L,测定下限为2.5 nmol/L,分析时间为4 min/样(样品测定2 min,更换样品与管道冲洗2 min),样品消耗量为10 mL/样(测定3次),样品加标回收率在87.8～101.8%之间,结果令人满意。考察了试样中硅酸盐和砷酸盐的影响,240μmol/L的硅酸盐和53.3 nmol/L的砷酸盐对空白溶液和82.5 nmol/L磷试样的测定无影响。以24.7和82.5 nmol/L的磷试样为考察对象,在最佳实验条件下连续测定9次,RSD分别为1.54%和1.86%。本法十分适合船上现场在线分析,亦有发展成为原位测定的前景。
(5)提出了船载式超痕量活性磷检测系统的总体设计思路,通过光纤、流路接口螺丝与溶液管道,将系统所用的阀、泵、光源、检测器等部件有机结合,形成集成化的检测系统。利用Visual Basic 6.0编写的数据采集与记录软件的界面友好,易于操作。自制检测器稳定性好,120 min内对空白样品光强的相对标准偏差为0.026%(n=240),最大相对偏差小于0.06%,测定活性磷的灵敏度与商品化分光光度计基本无差异。
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient element for phytoplankton in marine environment.As the major form of inorganic phosphorus,soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) plays an important role in the marine biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus.In oligotrophic open-ocean waters,SRP concentrations are down to nanomolar levels.At present,most of the reported determination techniques for SRP have not been successfully applied in the field of marine environmental science because of issues related to sensitivity,reproducibility,chemical interference and ease of use.It is thus increasingly demanded to establish sensitive and.reliable SRP detection technique and related shipboard instrument for the use in the oligotrophic open-ocean waters.To meet these requirements,the following studies have been carried out,and progresses have been made as follows:
(1) A shipboard C18 solid phase extraction(SPE) method coupled with flow injection analysis(FIA) and colorimetric detection had been developed for the determination of ultra-trace amount of SRP in seawater.In the previous work,it was found that phosphomolybdenum blue(PMB) anion could react with a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) to yield a PMB-CTAB ion-pair compound, which could be efficiently extracted on a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge and eluted by 0.56 mol/L sulfuric acid ethanol solution,and thus determined with a spectrophotometer at 700 nm.In the present work,this previous method was further improved for field analysis on shipboard by optimizing the mode of adding reagents,the method of minimizing Schlieren effect,the parameters for reducing time for PMB-CTAB formation and sample loading.Under the optimized conditions,using seawater with salinity of 35 as a matrix,the linearity and the detection limit of the proposed method were found to be 3.4 to 515 nmol/L and 1.57 nmol/L,respectively.For samples with SRP concentration higher or lower than 20 nmol/L,the analysis time was 10 min/sample or 30 min/sample,respectively.The proposed method was applied on field during a cruise for one month in South China Sea.More than 200 samples collected from 32 stations were analyzed on shipboard laboratory.The relative standard deviation(RSD) ranged from 4.45 to 6.75%for the field analysis.In land-base laboratory,the seawater samples were analyzed with both the proposed method and the magnesium hydroxide-induced coprecipitation(MAGIC) method,and the results showed no significant difference with t test at the confidence interval 95%.
(2) By the use of an 8-position valve and a lab-made spectrophotometer,a shipboard C18 SPE method coupled with sequential injection analysis(SIA) and colorimetric detection had been developed for the determination of ultra-trace amount of SRP in seawater.Using seawater with salinity of 35 as a matrix,the linearity and the detection limit of the proposed method were found to be 3.4 to 515 nmol/L and 1.26 nmol/L,respectively.For samples with SRP concentration higher or lower than 10 nmol/L,the analysis time was 10 min/sample or 30 min/sample,respectively.The proposed method was automatic,less reagents consuming and had been applied successfully during a one-month cruise in South China Sea for shipboard analysis of more than 500 samples.The RSD ranged from 4.07 to 4.68%.
(3) A novel on-line HLB(Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) SPE method coupled with SIA and colorimetric detection had been developed for the determination of ultra-trace amount of SRP in seawater.Under acidic condition,PMB could be first extracted on HLB solid phase,and then the adsorbed PMB could be rapidly eluted by a 0.15 mol/L NaOH solution,and thus determined with a lab-made detector at 740 nm. Experimental parameters,including the reagent concentration,the reaction time and temperature,the eluent concentration,the sample loading flow rate,and the eluting flow rate,were optimized with the experiments based on univariate experimental design.Under the optimized conditions,the calibration curve showed a linear range between 3.4 and 1134 nmol/L,and the detection limit and the recovery of the proposed method were found to be 1.42 nmol/L and 94.35%,respectively.The analysis time was 6～10 min/sample.Silicate concentration at 5000 times higher than that of phosphate would not interfere with the determination of SRP.The interference of 100 nmol/L arsenate could be masked by a reduction reagent.The RSD(n=7), which was determined at different time,was 2.50%for a sample with concentration of 31 nmol/L phosphate.Seawater samples were analyzed using both the proposed method and the MAGIC method,and the results of the two methods showed no significant difference using the t test at the confidence interval 95%.The proposed method was successfully applied in the land-base laboratory to determine about 200 seawater samples obtained from South China Sea.The proposed method has the potential to be developed as an in situ method.
(4) A novel reverse flow injection analysis(rFIA) method coupled with liquid waveguide capillary cell(LWCC) and colorimetric detection for the determination of ultra-trace amount of SRP in seawater was established.Experimental parameters, including the reagent concentration,the sample:injection volume,the length of mixing coils and the sample flow rate,were optimized with the experiments based on univariate experimental design.Under the optimized conditions,the calibration curve showed a linear range between 8.25 and 165 nmol/L,and the detection limit and the recovery of the proposed method were found to be 0.5 nmol/L and 87.8～101.8%, respectively.The analysis time was 4 min/sample.240μmol/L silicate and 53.3 nmol/L arsenate showed no statistically significant effect on the signals of a blank and an 82.5 nmol/L sample.The RSDs for the determination of the samples at 24.7 and 82.5 nmol/L were 1.54%and 1.86%(n=9),respectively.Using the t-test at the 95% confidence level,the results of the proposed method and a segmented flow analyzer reference method for the determination of 2 samples showed no significant difference. The proposed method has the potential to be developed as an in situ method.
(5) A shipboard system for ultra-trace SRP determination was designed and assembled.By the use of optical fibers,nuts and tubing,valves,pump,the light source and the detector could be integrated as a system.The controlling software programmed by Visual Basic 6.0 had a friendly interface and was easy to use.The lab-made detector was steady,and the RSD for the continuous determination of light intensity of a blank sample within 120 min was 0.026%(n=240),the biggest relative deviation was less than 0.06%.The experimental results of the accuracy for the lab-made detector and a commercial spectrophotometer for the determination of SRP showed no significant difference.
引文
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