CZA/SAPO-34复合催化剂的构建及其CO加氢制低碳烃的性能研究
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摘要
低碳烃是一类重要的基本有机化工原料,由煤或天然气经合成气制取低碳烃,是低碳烃生产的最重要的非石油技术路线之一。本文提出的CZA/SAPO-34复合催化剂,它是一种将CO加氢制取甲醇催化剂CZA(CuO/ZnO/Al2O3)与甲醇脱水催化剂SAPO-34分子筛组合为双功能或核壳结构的复合催化剂,采用这种催化剂可将甲醇合成与甲醇制备低碳烃耦合在一起,实现由CO加氢直接制备低碳烃。而且CZA/SAPO-34复合催化剂可以通过不断打破甲醇合成反应的化学反应平衡促使反应一直向生成物的方向进行,进而提高CO的转化率和低碳烃的选择性,这在热力学上是十分有利的。因此构建CZA/SAPO-34复合催化剂并将其用于CO加氢制备低碳烃反应具有重要的理论和现实意义。
论文首先研究了CZA/SAPO-34双功能催化剂上CO加氢制备低碳烃在不同反应温度下CO转化率和产物选择性,其反应机理为：CO和H2被CZA催化为甲醇,甲醇扩散到SAPO-34分子筛上生成烯烃,生成的烯烃再与CZA接触发生加氢反应生成烷烃。低温时SAPO-34主要作为二甲醚合成催化剂。随着反应温度的升高,低碳烃的选择性逐渐升高,反应温度为400℃时,C2-C4碳氢化合物的选择性在总碳氢化合物产物中高达96.5%。反应温度为280,320和360℃时,SAPO-34主要有三种类型的积碳物种,分为“活性积碳”和“惰性积碳”,“活性积碳”促进碳氢化合物生成,而“惰性积碳”抑制碳氢化合物生成。而反应温度为400和440℃时,只有“活性积碳”存在,因此400和440℃时主要产物是碳氢化合物。结合反应结果与催化剂性能,CZA/SAPO-34双功能催化剂上CO加氢直接生成低碳烃反应优选400℃为较佳反应温度。
其次,采用预涂覆中间过渡层法在CZA颗粒表面制备SAPO-34分子筛膜,从而得到CZA@SAPO-34核壳结构催化剂。采用该方法可成功制备出完整且交互生长良好的SAPO-34分子筛膜,膜层致密连续,无裂痕或针孔等缺陷存在。研究结果表明,Y-Al2O3中间过渡层的引入在分子筛膜合成过程中起两种作用。它一方面保护CZA避免受分子筛膜合成液的破坏,另一方面在分子筛膜合成过程中也起促进作用。氧化铝层表面大量的A1-O键更易与SAPO-34分子筛的T-04四面体单元结合,从而参与到SAPO-34分子筛膜的成膜过程中,同时,水热合成过程中在中间过渡层表面形成的AI-O-T-O4层也有效抑制了合成液中生成的NH3对核心催化剂CZA的还原作用。
将CZA@SAPO-34核壳结构催化剂用于CO加氢制备低碳烃反应,CZA@SAPO-34核壳结构催化剂的甲醇选择性低于CZA+10%SAPO-34催化剂,体现了核壳结构催化剂的结构优势。而CO转化率却低于CZA+10%SAPO-34催化剂,这是由于核壳结构催化剂制备过程中的高温水热合成导致CZA的催化活性降低。通过N-CZA、CuO、CA-CZ和AC-CZ对核心催化剂进行改进,研究发现水热合成过程会引起核心催化剂Cu/ZnO固溶体中的ZnO晶体变化,进而降低核心催化剂的活性。
最后,制备了CZA@Composite-SAPO-34核壳结构催化剂,该制备方法可避免高温水热合成过程核心催化剂的失活。CZA@Composite-SAPO-34的壳层膜是由γ-Al2O3和SAPO-34分子筛颗粒组成的复合膜,核心与壳层催化剂之间的协同作用发挥出了其核壳结构优势。
With the gradual depletion of petroleum reserves, it would be very desirable to effectively convert syngas (H2and CO) to light hydrocarbons for syngas can be obtained through the gasification of coal or natural gas. C2-C4hydrocarbons have environmentally benign characteristics and can been used as clean fuels and raw chemical feedstock. Therefore, the synthesis of C2-C4hydrocarbons from coal or biomass-derived syngas has drawn increasing attention for the resource constraints of petroleum. The present study focuses on the preparation of CZA/SAPO-34composite catalyst and explores its performance in direct production of hydrocarbons from syngas over the above catalyst. CZA (CuO/ZnO/Al2O3) catalyst is typical catalyst for methanol synthesis from syngas, and SAPO-34zeolite can catalyze methanol into light hydrocarbons. Therefore, the CZA/SAPO-34composite catalyst might catalyze the two reactions in a consecutive order and relieve the thermodynamic constraint. The application of CZA/SAPO-34composite catalyst in CO hydrogenation to produce hydrocarbons directly has theoretical and practical significance.
Firstly, in this dissertation, the synthesis of C2-C4hydrocarbons from syngas was investigated over CZA/SAPO-34bifunctional catalyst at temperatures ranging from240to440℃. The results indicate higher temperatures make the Cu metal aggregated and lead to the deactivation of CZA. Reaction temperatures have significant effect on the selectivity of C2-C4hydrocarbons and coke species of SAPO-34. The 'active coke' acts both as intermediates and as coke depositions. While the 'inert coke' acts only as coke depositions. The predominant products are dimethyl ether (DME) and methanol at temperatures from280to360℃and a small amount of hydrocarbons are found due to the deactivation of SAPO-34caused by a type of coke named 'inert coke'. While96.5%selectivity of C2-C4hydrocarbons in products of all hydrocarbons can be obtained at400℃for less coke named 'active coke' and the absent of 'inert coke' Comprehensive consideration of the characteristics of bifunctional catalyst, the moderate temperature for C2-C4hydrocarbons synthesis from syngas might be approximately400℃.
Secondly, the present study focuses on synthesis of SAPO-34zeolite membrane on the surface of CZA catalyst particles by intermediate layer to form CZA@SAPO-34core-shell structured catalyst. CZA particles have relatively brittle surface and it leads to big challenge to coat SAPO-34zeolite membrane on their surface. To overcome above shortcomings, the intermediate layer of alumina was introduced to the surface of CZA particles and acted as a barrier to the high-temperature hydrothermal and acidic condition on the one hand, on the other hand it also acted as a transition to enhance SAPO-34zeolite membrane adherence to the surface of CZA particles. With the help of alumina layer, continuous and dense zeolite membrane was obtained on the surface of CZA particles. The Al-0bonds on the surface of the intermediate layer prefer to combine with the tetrahedral units of T-O4of SAPO-34zeolite which acts as protector of CZA particles against wild synthetic conditions of zeolite membrane. Simultaneously, Al-0bonds of the intermediate layer involve in the formation of tetrahedral units of SAPO-34zeolite membrane which may promote the adherence of the zeolite membrane.
The prepared CZA@SAPO-34core@shell structured catalyst has been used in CO hydrogenation to produce hydrocarbons. The selectivity of methanol on CZA@SAPO-34catalyst is lower than CZA+10%SAPO-34bifunctional catalyst which indicates the structural advantages of core@shell structured catalyst. However, CO conversion of CZA@SAPO-34catalyst is lower than CZA+10%SAPO-34bifunctional catalyst which is due to the catalytic activity of CZA is distroyed by the wild hydrothermal synthesis condition of SAPO-34zeolite membrane. The reason of the lower catalytic activity of CZA@SAPO-34is studied by exploring N-CZA, CuO, CA-CZ and AC-CZ as core catalyst. The change of ZnO in Cu/ZnO solid solution during the process of hydrothermal synthesis is considered as the main reason and it can reduce the number of the active sites of Cu/ZnO solid solution which is related to the degree of deactivation of the corresponding core@shell structured catalyst.
Finally, a novel core@shell structured catalyst of CZA@Composite-SAPO-34is prepared and its advantage is the preparation method can solve the problem of the deactivation of the core catalyst by avoiding exploring the method of hydrothermal synthesis. The shell is composed of γ-Al2O3and SAPO-34zeolite which possesses excellent pore structures and CZA@Composite-SAPO-34catalyst can realize the advantages of the core@shell structure.
论文首先研究了CZA/SAPO-34双功能催化剂上CO加氢制备低碳烃在不同反应温度下CO转化率和产物选择性,其反应机理为：CO和H2被CZA催化为甲醇,甲醇扩散到SAPO-34分子筛上生成烯烃,生成的烯烃再与CZA接触发生加氢反应生成烷烃。低温时SAPO-34主要作为二甲醚合成催化剂。随着反应温度的升高,低碳烃的选择性逐渐升高,反应温度为400℃时,C2-C4碳氢化合物的选择性在总碳氢化合物产物中高达96.5%。反应温度为280,320和360℃时,SAPO-34主要有三种类型的积碳物种,分为“活性积碳”和“惰性积碳”,“活性积碳”促进碳氢化合物生成,而“惰性积碳”抑制碳氢化合物生成。而反应温度为400和440℃时,只有“活性积碳”存在,因此400和440℃时主要产物是碳氢化合物。结合反应结果与催化剂性能,CZA/SAPO-34双功能催化剂上CO加氢直接生成低碳烃反应优选400℃为较佳反应温度。
其次,采用预涂覆中间过渡层法在CZA颗粒表面制备SAPO-34分子筛膜,从而得到CZA@SAPO-34核壳结构催化剂。采用该方法可成功制备出完整且交互生长良好的SAPO-34分子筛膜,膜层致密连续,无裂痕或针孔等缺陷存在。研究结果表明,Y-Al2O3中间过渡层的引入在分子筛膜合成过程中起两种作用。它一方面保护CZA避免受分子筛膜合成液的破坏,另一方面在分子筛膜合成过程中也起促进作用。氧化铝层表面大量的A1-O键更易与SAPO-34分子筛的T-04四面体单元结合,从而参与到SAPO-34分子筛膜的成膜过程中,同时,水热合成过程中在中间过渡层表面形成的AI-O-T-O4层也有效抑制了合成液中生成的NH3对核心催化剂CZA的还原作用。
将CZA@SAPO-34核壳结构催化剂用于CO加氢制备低碳烃反应,CZA@SAPO-34核壳结构催化剂的甲醇选择性低于CZA+10%SAPO-34催化剂,体现了核壳结构催化剂的结构优势。而CO转化率却低于CZA+10%SAPO-34催化剂,这是由于核壳结构催化剂制备过程中的高温水热合成导致CZA的催化活性降低。通过N-CZA、CuO、CA-CZ和AC-CZ对核心催化剂进行改进,研究发现水热合成过程会引起核心催化剂Cu/ZnO固溶体中的ZnO晶体变化,进而降低核心催化剂的活性。
最后,制备了CZA@Composite-SAPO-34核壳结构催化剂,该制备方法可避免高温水热合成过程核心催化剂的失活。CZA@Composite-SAPO-34的壳层膜是由γ-Al2O3和SAPO-34分子筛颗粒组成的复合膜,核心与壳层催化剂之间的协同作用发挥出了其核壳结构优势。
With the gradual depletion of petroleum reserves, it would be very desirable to effectively convert syngas (H2and CO) to light hydrocarbons for syngas can be obtained through the gasification of coal or natural gas. C2-C4hydrocarbons have environmentally benign characteristics and can been used as clean fuels and raw chemical feedstock. Therefore, the synthesis of C2-C4hydrocarbons from coal or biomass-derived syngas has drawn increasing attention for the resource constraints of petroleum. The present study focuses on the preparation of CZA/SAPO-34composite catalyst and explores its performance in direct production of hydrocarbons from syngas over the above catalyst. CZA (CuO/ZnO/Al2O3) catalyst is typical catalyst for methanol synthesis from syngas, and SAPO-34zeolite can catalyze methanol into light hydrocarbons. Therefore, the CZA/SAPO-34composite catalyst might catalyze the two reactions in a consecutive order and relieve the thermodynamic constraint. The application of CZA/SAPO-34composite catalyst in CO hydrogenation to produce hydrocarbons directly has theoretical and practical significance.
Firstly, in this dissertation, the synthesis of C2-C4hydrocarbons from syngas was investigated over CZA/SAPO-34bifunctional catalyst at temperatures ranging from240to440℃. The results indicate higher temperatures make the Cu metal aggregated and lead to the deactivation of CZA. Reaction temperatures have significant effect on the selectivity of C2-C4hydrocarbons and coke species of SAPO-34. The 'active coke' acts both as intermediates and as coke depositions. While the 'inert coke' acts only as coke depositions. The predominant products are dimethyl ether (DME) and methanol at temperatures from280to360℃and a small amount of hydrocarbons are found due to the deactivation of SAPO-34caused by a type of coke named 'inert coke'. While96.5%selectivity of C2-C4hydrocarbons in products of all hydrocarbons can be obtained at400℃for less coke named 'active coke' and the absent of 'inert coke' Comprehensive consideration of the characteristics of bifunctional catalyst, the moderate temperature for C2-C4hydrocarbons synthesis from syngas might be approximately400℃.
Secondly, the present study focuses on synthesis of SAPO-34zeolite membrane on the surface of CZA catalyst particles by intermediate layer to form CZA@SAPO-34core-shell structured catalyst. CZA particles have relatively brittle surface and it leads to big challenge to coat SAPO-34zeolite membrane on their surface. To overcome above shortcomings, the intermediate layer of alumina was introduced to the surface of CZA particles and acted as a barrier to the high-temperature hydrothermal and acidic condition on the one hand, on the other hand it also acted as a transition to enhance SAPO-34zeolite membrane adherence to the surface of CZA particles. With the help of alumina layer, continuous and dense zeolite membrane was obtained on the surface of CZA particles. The Al-0bonds on the surface of the intermediate layer prefer to combine with the tetrahedral units of T-O4of SAPO-34zeolite which acts as protector of CZA particles against wild synthetic conditions of zeolite membrane. Simultaneously, Al-0bonds of the intermediate layer involve in the formation of tetrahedral units of SAPO-34zeolite membrane which may promote the adherence of the zeolite membrane.
The prepared CZA@SAPO-34core@shell structured catalyst has been used in CO hydrogenation to produce hydrocarbons. The selectivity of methanol on CZA@SAPO-34catalyst is lower than CZA+10%SAPO-34bifunctional catalyst which indicates the structural advantages of core@shell structured catalyst. However, CO conversion of CZA@SAPO-34catalyst is lower than CZA+10%SAPO-34bifunctional catalyst which is due to the catalytic activity of CZA is distroyed by the wild hydrothermal synthesis condition of SAPO-34zeolite membrane. The reason of the lower catalytic activity of CZA@SAPO-34is studied by exploring N-CZA, CuO, CA-CZ and AC-CZ as core catalyst. The change of ZnO in Cu/ZnO solid solution during the process of hydrothermal synthesis is considered as the main reason and it can reduce the number of the active sites of Cu/ZnO solid solution which is related to the degree of deactivation of the corresponding core@shell structured catalyst.
Finally, a novel core@shell structured catalyst of CZA@Composite-SAPO-34is prepared and its advantage is the preparation method can solve the problem of the deactivation of the core catalyst by avoiding exploring the method of hydrothermal synthesis. The shell is composed of γ-Al2O3and SAPO-34zeolite which possesses excellent pore structures and CZA@Composite-SAPO-34catalyst can realize the advantages of the core@shell structure.
引文
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