内蒙古荒漠草原的地表反照率动态及其对陆—气通量的影响分析
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摘要
荒漠草原是典型草原向荒漠过渡的一类草原,研究荒漠草原地表-大气之间的相互作用对认识稀疏植被下垫面对大气的反馈作用,进而了解其在气候变化中的作用至关重要。地表反照率影响着地表对太阳辐射的吸收,直接控制了太阳辐射能在地表和大气之间的分配,是大气和陆面模式的重要参数。地表反照率取值的合理程度决定了数值模式计算中地面加热作用的准确程度。
本论文针对当前中尺度模式中陆面参数化方案对稀疏植被考虑的不足,以荒漠草原为研究对象,以地表反照率为切入口,利用2008年内蒙古荒漠草原的涡相关数据以及气象观测数据,分析研究了荒漠草原地表反照率动态及其参数化方案,探讨了荒漠草原地表反照率参数化方案对地表-大气之间的感热和潜热等通量模拟的影响。主要结论如下:
(1)荒漠草原水、热通量的日动态呈单峰型曲线,与净辐射的日变化趋势基本一致,但其峰值出现时间滞后净辐射峰值出现时间约1 h。感热通量和潜热通量的季节动态与净辐射基本一致,均受降水影响。感热通量受净辐射的影响明显,而潜热通量对降水的反应较敏感,且土壤含水量在潜热通量变化中起主要作用。发生较强降水时,感热通量和潜热通量均较小,在强降水之后如遇晴朗天气,则潜热通量较大。
(2)内蒙古荒漠草原的地表反照率在晴天呈早晚高、正午前后低的U形变化特征,降水引起的土壤含水量变化将导致地表反照率减小,云对地表反照率的影响比较复杂。晴天地表反照率随太阳高度角的增大而减小,当太阳高度角大于40°时,地表反照率趋于稳定。晴天地表反照率与太阳高度角呈指数关系,与土壤含水量呈指数或线性关系,两者共同解释了地表反照率变化的68%左右。据此,建立了内蒙古荒漠草原晴天地表反照率随太阳高度角与土壤含水量变化的双因子参数化方案。
(3)基于荒漠草原地表反照率双因子参数化方案的NOAH-LSM模式由于考虑了地表反照率的动态变化,提高了NOAH-LSM模式对反射太阳辐射和感热通量的模拟精度,但对潜热通量的模拟效果还有待进一步的改进,研究结果对区域气候及天气模式的开发研究有一定的参考意义。
Desert steppe is located in the transitional zone from typical steppe to desert region, it is very important in land-atmosphere interaction due to its rapid changes in land surface parameters. Especially, its surface albedo determines the absorption of solar radiation, and controls directly the distribution of absorbed solar radiation among latent heat flux, sensible heat flux and soil heat storage, etc. Thus, the surface albedo is very important for the accurate simulation of land– atmosphere fluxes.
At present, land surface parameterization scheme of sparse vegetation in meso-scale models has not drawn more attention yet. In this thesis, the dynamic characteristics of surface albedo over desert steppe and its parameterization would be studied, in terms of the whole year’s data of 2008 from eddy covariance tower and meteorological tower. Also, the effects of this parameterization scheme on land– atmosphere fluxes, including sensible and latent heat fluxes, would be discussed based on NOAH land surface model. The main results were listed as follows:
(1)Diurnal patterns of sensible and latent heat fluxes over the desert steppe were single kurtosis, which were similar to the diurnal pattern of net solar radiation, but their maximum values lagged about one hour. The patterns of sensible and latent heat fluxes and net solar radiation were affected by precipitation. Also, sensible heat fluxes were obviously affected by net solar radiation, but latent heat fluxes were more sensitive to precipitation. In addition, soil water content played a major role in the change of latent heat fluxes. When heavy rain occurred, both of sensible and latent heat fluxes were smaller. If sunny day took place after the heavy rain, latent heat fluxes were larger.
(2) Surface albedo over the desert steppe in Inner Mongolia presented U-shape with higher values just after sunrise and before sunset, and relatively lower midday values on sunny days. Changes of soil water content would result in the decrease of surface albedo, and the influence of cloud on surface albedo was complicated. On sunny days, the surface albedo decreased with the increase of solar altitude angle, and it almost became a constant when solar altitude angle was more than 40°. The surface albedo had a typical exponential relationship with solar altitude angle. The linear or exponential relationship existed between surface albedo and soil water content. Considering the effects of solar altitude angle and soil water content, a two-factor parameterization formula of surface albedo was developed preliminarily. This formula could explain about 68 percent of surface albedo variation.
(3)Based on the parameterization scheme of surface albedo over desert steppe, NOAH land surface model could capture well the diurnal variation of the surface albedo over the desert steppe in Inner Mongolia. By comparison, the application of the desert steppe surface albedo parameterization scheme improved the simulation of upward solar radiation and sensible heat fluxes, although the simulation of latent heat fluxes was not significantly improved. This study might be helpful for the development of the regional climate and weather models.
本论文针对当前中尺度模式中陆面参数化方案对稀疏植被考虑的不足,以荒漠草原为研究对象,以地表反照率为切入口,利用2008年内蒙古荒漠草原的涡相关数据以及气象观测数据,分析研究了荒漠草原地表反照率动态及其参数化方案,探讨了荒漠草原地表反照率参数化方案对地表-大气之间的感热和潜热等通量模拟的影响。主要结论如下:
(1)荒漠草原水、热通量的日动态呈单峰型曲线,与净辐射的日变化趋势基本一致,但其峰值出现时间滞后净辐射峰值出现时间约1 h。感热通量和潜热通量的季节动态与净辐射基本一致,均受降水影响。感热通量受净辐射的影响明显,而潜热通量对降水的反应较敏感,且土壤含水量在潜热通量变化中起主要作用。发生较强降水时,感热通量和潜热通量均较小,在强降水之后如遇晴朗天气,则潜热通量较大。
(2)内蒙古荒漠草原的地表反照率在晴天呈早晚高、正午前后低的U形变化特征,降水引起的土壤含水量变化将导致地表反照率减小,云对地表反照率的影响比较复杂。晴天地表反照率随太阳高度角的增大而减小,当太阳高度角大于40°时,地表反照率趋于稳定。晴天地表反照率与太阳高度角呈指数关系,与土壤含水量呈指数或线性关系,两者共同解释了地表反照率变化的68%左右。据此,建立了内蒙古荒漠草原晴天地表反照率随太阳高度角与土壤含水量变化的双因子参数化方案。
(3)基于荒漠草原地表反照率双因子参数化方案的NOAH-LSM模式由于考虑了地表反照率的动态变化,提高了NOAH-LSM模式对反射太阳辐射和感热通量的模拟精度,但对潜热通量的模拟效果还有待进一步的改进,研究结果对区域气候及天气模式的开发研究有一定的参考意义。
Desert steppe is located in the transitional zone from typical steppe to desert region, it is very important in land-atmosphere interaction due to its rapid changes in land surface parameters. Especially, its surface albedo determines the absorption of solar radiation, and controls directly the distribution of absorbed solar radiation among latent heat flux, sensible heat flux and soil heat storage, etc. Thus, the surface albedo is very important for the accurate simulation of land– atmosphere fluxes.
At present, land surface parameterization scheme of sparse vegetation in meso-scale models has not drawn more attention yet. In this thesis, the dynamic characteristics of surface albedo over desert steppe and its parameterization would be studied, in terms of the whole year’s data of 2008 from eddy covariance tower and meteorological tower. Also, the effects of this parameterization scheme on land– atmosphere fluxes, including sensible and latent heat fluxes, would be discussed based on NOAH land surface model. The main results were listed as follows:
(1)Diurnal patterns of sensible and latent heat fluxes over the desert steppe were single kurtosis, which were similar to the diurnal pattern of net solar radiation, but their maximum values lagged about one hour. The patterns of sensible and latent heat fluxes and net solar radiation were affected by precipitation. Also, sensible heat fluxes were obviously affected by net solar radiation, but latent heat fluxes were more sensitive to precipitation. In addition, soil water content played a major role in the change of latent heat fluxes. When heavy rain occurred, both of sensible and latent heat fluxes were smaller. If sunny day took place after the heavy rain, latent heat fluxes were larger.
(2) Surface albedo over the desert steppe in Inner Mongolia presented U-shape with higher values just after sunrise and before sunset, and relatively lower midday values on sunny days. Changes of soil water content would result in the decrease of surface albedo, and the influence of cloud on surface albedo was complicated. On sunny days, the surface albedo decreased with the increase of solar altitude angle, and it almost became a constant when solar altitude angle was more than 40°. The surface albedo had a typical exponential relationship with solar altitude angle. The linear or exponential relationship existed between surface albedo and soil water content. Considering the effects of solar altitude angle and soil water content, a two-factor parameterization formula of surface albedo was developed preliminarily. This formula could explain about 68 percent of surface albedo variation.
(3)Based on the parameterization scheme of surface albedo over desert steppe, NOAH land surface model could capture well the diurnal variation of the surface albedo over the desert steppe in Inner Mongolia. By comparison, the application of the desert steppe surface albedo parameterization scheme improved the simulation of upward solar radiation and sensible heat fluxes, although the simulation of latent heat fluxes was not significantly improved. This study might be helpful for the development of the regional climate and weather models.
引文
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