城市绿地生态系统碳水通量研究
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摘要
随着城市化进程的推进,城市公园绿地的面积也在不断地增加。在碳循环与气候变化研究中,以人工植被为主要存在形态的城市绿地生态系统,其潜在的碳汇功能亦不容忽视。城市绿地生态系统内各组分之间存在极其复杂的物理过程和生理生态过程,它们的交互、综合作用使得碳通量在不同时间尺度产生动态变化,成为陆地生态系统碳收支机制分析的重要研究内容。本研究以北京奥林匹克森林公园城市绿地生态系统为研究对象,运用基于微气象理论的涡度相关技术,对北京奥林匹克森林公园城市绿地生态系统碳通量进行了长期连续观测,分析了城市绿地生态系统碳水通量各组分在不同时间尺度上的动态变化特征,确定出城市绿地生态系统碳源／汇属性及强度,定量分析了城市绿地生态系统土壤表面呼吸对整个生态系统呼吸的贡献,并探讨了城市绿地生态系统碳、水通量对环境控制因子的响应关系。本文主要研究结果如下：
(1)生态系统2011-2012年总光合生产(GEP)分别为1053.5和1150.4gC·m-2·y-1,呼吸释放(ER)分别为897.1和1040.3gC·m-2·y-1,生态系统净生产力(NEP)分别为156.4和110.1gC·m-2·y-1,总体表现为中等强度的碳汇。
(2)生态系统碳通量主要受光合有效辐射(PAR)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和温度(Ta)的控制。在生长季各月,日总GEP随PAR的升高而增加,生态系统光合作用表观光量子效率α和平均最大光合速率(Amax)也表现出明显的季节变化,均在7月达到最大。VPD通过直接影响植物的光合作用进而影响生态系统净碳交换(NEE),NEE随PAR的增强而明显增强,但当PAR大于一定阈值(PAR>1200μmol·m-2·s-1)后,NEE则受到一定的抑制；GEP、ER和NEP均与温度(Ta)显著相关,但存在响应差异。2011-2012年ER随温度的升高而增加,温度敏感系数(Q1o)分别为2.1和2.5；GEP也随Ta的升高而增加；GEP与ER对Ta的响应差异决定着NEP与Ta的关系：当Ta<10℃时,NEP随Ta升高而下降;当Ta>10℃时,NEP随Ta升高而增加。
(3)2012年全年蒸散(ET)为627.4mm·y-1,略小于降水的716.0mm·y-1,各月日平均水汽通量变化趋势几乎均呈倒“U”形,水汽通量在白天大都为正值,即城市绿地向大气中释放水汽,而夜间水汽通量较小且较为平缓。水汽通量与波文比λ(显热通量H与潜热通量LE之比,即λ=H/LE)之间的关系是：当λ<1时,即LE>H,下垫面植物生长较旺盛,蒸腾作用较强,生态系统与大气交换能量的形式主要表现为潜热；当λ>1时,暨H>LE,此时植株还没有完全复苏,植物生命活动不旺盛,蒸腾不强烈,还不能完全依靠自身活动向大气扩散能量,水汽通量较小,潜热通量必然也较小,生态系统与大气交换能量的方式主要表现形式为显热。
(4)奥林匹克森林公园城市绿地生态系统在半小时尺度上的能量平衡闭合度为0.72,在日尺度上的能量平衡闭合度为0.76,存在明显的能量平衡不闭合。在半小时和日尺度上生态系统湍流能量通(LE+H)分别被低估了28%和24%。
(5)奥林匹克森林公园绿地生态系统2011-2012年土壤呼吸速率的变化主要受温度和水分共同影响。土壤温度随季节变化,其变化范围为0.17-3.75μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,夏季6-8月日平均气温校高,土壤呼吸与土壤温度的变化趋势相似,并可用指数Q10模型来表达土壤呼吸对温度的响应,2011-2012土壤呼吸分别为475gC·m-2和432g C·m-2,分别占生态系统呼吸的53.0%和42.0%。6-8月的土壤呼吸和土壤含水量呈双曲线关系,土壤呼吸的土壤含水量阈值为0.17m3·m-3,小于该阈值时为正相关。
Abstract:The area of urban forests and green-land is expanding dramatically across China in order to face rapid urbanization. Urban green-land ecosystems, with plantations as their main vegetation type have the great potential to sequestrate atmospheric carbon. The different parts of the urban green-land ecosystem compositions have complicated physical processes and physiological and ecological processes, which precipitated the carbon flux in different time scale and had become an important content on carbon balance research in terrestrial ecosystem. Continuous measurements of CO2flux were made from2011to2012in a mixed forest in Beijing Olympic Forest Park to quantify controlling mechanisms in urban green ecosystem and its responses to environmental factors. We analyzed the dynamics the carbon and water flux components in different time scales and calculated the carbon source/sink properties and strength of urban green-land ecosystems. Meanwhile, we also analyzed the soil respiration in relation to its environment factors and its contribution to the whole ecosystem respiration. The major conclusions are summarized as follows:
(1) The predicted annual totals of gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP=-NEE) were1053.5,897.1, and156.4g C·m-2in2011, respectively, and1150.4,1040.3, and110.1g C·m-2in2012. Both years were moderate carbon sink.
(2) The carbon flux was influenced by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature (Ta). In growing season, daytime NEE increased with increasing PAR. The ecosystem quantum yield (a) and maximum photosynthesis (Amax) showed an apparent seasonal pattern, both peaking in July. VPD also affects the net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) through its direct effect on photosynthesis, NEE increased with the increasing PAR up to a threshold of1200μmol·m-2·s-1,but decreasing with increasing PAR above the threshold, which indicated that NEE was inhibited. The gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) were all influenced by air temperature (Ta), but responded differently. ER increased exponentially with the increasing Ta, with the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of ER being2.1and2.5in2011and2012, respectively. GEP also increased with Ta. The differential response of GEP and ER determined the relationship between NEP and Ta. NEP decreased with increasing Ta when Ta<10℃, but increased when Ta>10"C.
(3) In2012, the annual total evapotranspiration was627.4mm which was slightly smaller than precipitation of716.0mm. Monthly average daily water vapor flux changed almost as an inverted 'U' pattern. The water-vapor flux was small and flat at night, but positive during daytime, indicating that the urban green-land release water vapor into the atmosphere. When Bowen ratio (the ratio between sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE), that is X=H/LE) X<1, the underlying plants was relatively vigorous, the transpiration was stronger and the energy exchange form between ecosystems and the atmosphere was mainly latent heat. In contrast, when X>1, transpiration is small, the energy exchange form between ecosystems and the atmosphere was mainly sensible heat, indicating that the plants can't diffuse energy to atmosphere physilogically.
(4) The energy balance closure in Olympic forest park at half-hourly scale was0.72compared to daily sacle of0.76. An obvious energy balance misclosure was discovered in this urban green-land ecosystem. The ecosystem turbulence energy flux (LE+H) was underestimated by28%and26%in half-hourly and daily scale, respectively..
(5) Daily mean soil respiration (SR) varied from0.17to3.75μmol CO2·m-2·s-1during2011-2012. Over the period of measurements, SR increased exponentially with rising temperature; A Q10model with5-cm soil temperature as the independent variable explained76%and62%of the variation in half-hourly SR in2011and2012, respectively. The annual total SR estimated from the Q10model was475g C·m-2and432g C·m-2in2011and2012, respectively, accounting for53.0%and42.0%of ecosystem respiration for two years. SR was hyperbolically related to VWC, increasing with increasing VWC up to a VWC threshold of0.17m3·m-3and decreasing with increasing VWC above the threshold. A bivariate Q10-hyperbolical model, which incorporated both Ts and VWC effects, improved the performance of SR simulation in summer, but not annually. These results indicated that SR was dominantly controlled by soil temperature over the annual cycle. However, VWC served as the dominant control in summer. The temperature sensitivity of respiration (Q10) varied seasonally, being greater in fall than in spring, suggesting seasonal hysteresis in the SR-Ts relationship.
(1)生态系统2011-2012年总光合生产(GEP)分别为1053.5和1150.4gC·m-2·y-1,呼吸释放(ER)分别为897.1和1040.3gC·m-2·y-1,生态系统净生产力(NEP)分别为156.4和110.1gC·m-2·y-1,总体表现为中等强度的碳汇。
(2)生态系统碳通量主要受光合有效辐射(PAR)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和温度(Ta)的控制。在生长季各月,日总GEP随PAR的升高而增加,生态系统光合作用表观光量子效率α和平均最大光合速率(Amax)也表现出明显的季节变化,均在7月达到最大。VPD通过直接影响植物的光合作用进而影响生态系统净碳交换(NEE),NEE随PAR的增强而明显增强,但当PAR大于一定阈值(PAR>1200μmol·m-2·s-1)后,NEE则受到一定的抑制；GEP、ER和NEP均与温度(Ta)显著相关,但存在响应差异。2011-2012年ER随温度的升高而增加,温度敏感系数(Q1o)分别为2.1和2.5；GEP也随Ta的升高而增加；GEP与ER对Ta的响应差异决定着NEP与Ta的关系：当Ta<10℃时,NEP随Ta升高而下降;当Ta>10℃时,NEP随Ta升高而增加。
(3)2012年全年蒸散(ET)为627.4mm·y-1,略小于降水的716.0mm·y-1,各月日平均水汽通量变化趋势几乎均呈倒“U”形,水汽通量在白天大都为正值,即城市绿地向大气中释放水汽,而夜间水汽通量较小且较为平缓。水汽通量与波文比λ(显热通量H与潜热通量LE之比,即λ=H/LE)之间的关系是：当λ<1时,即LE>H,下垫面植物生长较旺盛,蒸腾作用较强,生态系统与大气交换能量的形式主要表现为潜热；当λ>1时,暨H>LE,此时植株还没有完全复苏,植物生命活动不旺盛,蒸腾不强烈,还不能完全依靠自身活动向大气扩散能量,水汽通量较小,潜热通量必然也较小,生态系统与大气交换能量的方式主要表现形式为显热。
(4)奥林匹克森林公园城市绿地生态系统在半小时尺度上的能量平衡闭合度为0.72,在日尺度上的能量平衡闭合度为0.76,存在明显的能量平衡不闭合。在半小时和日尺度上生态系统湍流能量通(LE+H)分别被低估了28%和24%。
(5)奥林匹克森林公园绿地生态系统2011-2012年土壤呼吸速率的变化主要受温度和水分共同影响。土壤温度随季节变化,其变化范围为0.17-3.75μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,夏季6-8月日平均气温校高,土壤呼吸与土壤温度的变化趋势相似,并可用指数Q10模型来表达土壤呼吸对温度的响应,2011-2012土壤呼吸分别为475gC·m-2和432g C·m-2,分别占生态系统呼吸的53.0%和42.0%。6-8月的土壤呼吸和土壤含水量呈双曲线关系,土壤呼吸的土壤含水量阈值为0.17m3·m-3,小于该阈值时为正相关。
Abstract:The area of urban forests and green-land is expanding dramatically across China in order to face rapid urbanization. Urban green-land ecosystems, with plantations as their main vegetation type have the great potential to sequestrate atmospheric carbon. The different parts of the urban green-land ecosystem compositions have complicated physical processes and physiological and ecological processes, which precipitated the carbon flux in different time scale and had become an important content on carbon balance research in terrestrial ecosystem. Continuous measurements of CO2flux were made from2011to2012in a mixed forest in Beijing Olympic Forest Park to quantify controlling mechanisms in urban green ecosystem and its responses to environmental factors. We analyzed the dynamics the carbon and water flux components in different time scales and calculated the carbon source/sink properties and strength of urban green-land ecosystems. Meanwhile, we also analyzed the soil respiration in relation to its environment factors and its contribution to the whole ecosystem respiration. The major conclusions are summarized as follows:
(1) The predicted annual totals of gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP=-NEE) were1053.5,897.1, and156.4g C·m-2in2011, respectively, and1150.4,1040.3, and110.1g C·m-2in2012. Both years were moderate carbon sink.
(2) The carbon flux was influenced by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature (Ta). In growing season, daytime NEE increased with increasing PAR. The ecosystem quantum yield (a) and maximum photosynthesis (Amax) showed an apparent seasonal pattern, both peaking in July. VPD also affects the net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) through its direct effect on photosynthesis, NEE increased with the increasing PAR up to a threshold of1200μmol·m-2·s-1,but decreasing with increasing PAR above the threshold, which indicated that NEE was inhibited. The gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) were all influenced by air temperature (Ta), but responded differently. ER increased exponentially with the increasing Ta, with the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of ER being2.1and2.5in2011and2012, respectively. GEP also increased with Ta. The differential response of GEP and ER determined the relationship between NEP and Ta. NEP decreased with increasing Ta when Ta<10℃, but increased when Ta>10"C.
(3) In2012, the annual total evapotranspiration was627.4mm which was slightly smaller than precipitation of716.0mm. Monthly average daily water vapor flux changed almost as an inverted 'U' pattern. The water-vapor flux was small and flat at night, but positive during daytime, indicating that the urban green-land release water vapor into the atmosphere. When Bowen ratio (the ratio between sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE), that is X=H/LE) X<1, the underlying plants was relatively vigorous, the transpiration was stronger and the energy exchange form between ecosystems and the atmosphere was mainly latent heat. In contrast, when X>1, transpiration is small, the energy exchange form between ecosystems and the atmosphere was mainly sensible heat, indicating that the plants can't diffuse energy to atmosphere physilogically.
(4) The energy balance closure in Olympic forest park at half-hourly scale was0.72compared to daily sacle of0.76. An obvious energy balance misclosure was discovered in this urban green-land ecosystem. The ecosystem turbulence energy flux (LE+H) was underestimated by28%and26%in half-hourly and daily scale, respectively..
(5) Daily mean soil respiration (SR) varied from0.17to3.75μmol CO2·m-2·s-1during2011-2012. Over the period of measurements, SR increased exponentially with rising temperature; A Q10model with5-cm soil temperature as the independent variable explained76%and62%of the variation in half-hourly SR in2011and2012, respectively. The annual total SR estimated from the Q10model was475g C·m-2and432g C·m-2in2011and2012, respectively, accounting for53.0%and42.0%of ecosystem respiration for two years. SR was hyperbolically related to VWC, increasing with increasing VWC up to a VWC threshold of0.17m3·m-3and decreasing with increasing VWC above the threshold. A bivariate Q10-hyperbolical model, which incorporated both Ts and VWC effects, improved the performance of SR simulation in summer, but not annually. These results indicated that SR was dominantly controlled by soil temperature over the annual cycle. However, VWC served as the dominant control in summer. The temperature sensitivity of respiration (Q10) varied seasonally, being greater in fall than in spring, suggesting seasonal hysteresis in the SR-Ts relationship.
引文
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