二次风射流对方形循环流化床气固流动特性影响的研究
|
摘要
循环流化床作为一项高效、低污染的新型燃烧技术,推动了洁净煤发电技术的发展。在循环流化床给风控制上,经常利用空气分级将给风分为一次风和二次风。空气分级是循环流化床锅炉减少NOX排放、控制燃烧质量、降低风机能耗、保证锅炉颗粒循环倍率的有效手段。以往的研究工作都是在圆形循环流化床上进行的,而诸如二次风射流在同样应用较广的矩形/方形流化床上对床内气固流动特性的影响情况则缺少相关的资料。
本文在自建的CFB冷态实验台上研究了二次风射流对方形提升管气固流动特性的影响。在无空气分级时,应用压力梯度测量,随着操作参数的改变相继出现了直线型、单调指数函数型和S型分布形式;研究了Geldart-B类粒子的饱和夹带流率,主要考虑了颗粒循环流率和操作风速等的影响;利用PV6D光纤浓度速度测量仪对方形提升管的局部颗粒浓度、速度不均匀分布进行了相关的实验研究。回料流对主流的穿透和底部气流的偏流现象,这致使了床层颗粒的不均匀分布。在床层底部前墙区域的高浓度颗粒流迫使流化气体往后墙侧流动,造成后墙侧颗粒速度较高。
空气分级时,在床料存量一定情况下,改变风量的配比将影响到颗粒循环流率和颗粒在系统中的分布;应用压力梯度测量,研究了此时的饱和夹带流率;采用CO2示踪法研究了二次风射流的穿透性,并得出了合理的计算模型;以及射流对床内气固流动特性的影响进行了相关的研究与分析,局部颗粒浓度、速度与无空气分级情况下进行对比。
As a high effective and low pollution combustion technology, circulating fluidized bed (CFB) has promotes the development of clean coal power generation technology. Air Classification that divides the total air (TA) into the primary air (PA) and second air (SA) has been adopted, which has advantage to reduces NOX emission, controls burning quality, reduces energy consumption of fans and commits solids circulation rate (Gs). Most work has been done on the effects of circular CFB, but the effects of the SA jets on the hydrodynamics of riser are not fully understood, especially when the riser cross-section is square or rectangular.
The research on effects of the SA jets on the hydrodynamics of square riser has been taken on a cold CFB model. When air-staging was not adopted, it appeared subsequently straight line, monotonous exponent function and S-shape form. Saturation carrying capacity (Gs*) of Geldart-B particles has been researched, considering Gs and operating gas velocity. Uneven local solids concentration and particle velocity distribution in the cross-section riser was analyzed by PV6D. The phenomenon that the back feeding particles from recycling system penetrates the gas-solid flow in the riser and the bottom gas flows offset, leads to the asymmetry flow. High concentration particles of bottom in the front wall side makes fluidizing gas moves into the rear wall side, leading to a higher solid holdup in the rear wall side.
When air-staging was adopted, Gs and distribution in the riser was changed with the second air ratio (SAR). Gs* in this case was researched by pressure drop measurement. Using CO2 as tracer, the dispersion SA jets is investigated, and a modified model for calculating the SA jet's penetration was developed when the core-annulus gas-solid flow field is considered. The predicted value by the model has good agreement with the experimental results. The effects of the SA jets on the hydrodynamics of riser was compared with the case of no air-staging existing.
本文在自建的CFB冷态实验台上研究了二次风射流对方形提升管气固流动特性的影响。在无空气分级时,应用压力梯度测量,随着操作参数的改变相继出现了直线型、单调指数函数型和S型分布形式;研究了Geldart-B类粒子的饱和夹带流率,主要考虑了颗粒循环流率和操作风速等的影响;利用PV6D光纤浓度速度测量仪对方形提升管的局部颗粒浓度、速度不均匀分布进行了相关的实验研究。回料流对主流的穿透和底部气流的偏流现象,这致使了床层颗粒的不均匀分布。在床层底部前墙区域的高浓度颗粒流迫使流化气体往后墙侧流动,造成后墙侧颗粒速度较高。
空气分级时,在床料存量一定情况下,改变风量的配比将影响到颗粒循环流率和颗粒在系统中的分布;应用压力梯度测量,研究了此时的饱和夹带流率;采用CO2示踪法研究了二次风射流的穿透性,并得出了合理的计算模型;以及射流对床内气固流动特性的影响进行了相关的研究与分析,局部颗粒浓度、速度与无空气分级情况下进行对比。
As a high effective and low pollution combustion technology, circulating fluidized bed (CFB) has promotes the development of clean coal power generation technology. Air Classification that divides the total air (TA) into the primary air (PA) and second air (SA) has been adopted, which has advantage to reduces NOX emission, controls burning quality, reduces energy consumption of fans and commits solids circulation rate (Gs). Most work has been done on the effects of circular CFB, but the effects of the SA jets on the hydrodynamics of riser are not fully understood, especially when the riser cross-section is square or rectangular.
The research on effects of the SA jets on the hydrodynamics of square riser has been taken on a cold CFB model. When air-staging was not adopted, it appeared subsequently straight line, monotonous exponent function and S-shape form. Saturation carrying capacity (Gs*) of Geldart-B particles has been researched, considering Gs and operating gas velocity. Uneven local solids concentration and particle velocity distribution in the cross-section riser was analyzed by PV6D. The phenomenon that the back feeding particles from recycling system penetrates the gas-solid flow in the riser and the bottom gas flows offset, leads to the asymmetry flow. High concentration particles of bottom in the front wall side makes fluidizing gas moves into the rear wall side, leading to a higher solid holdup in the rear wall side.
When air-staging was adopted, Gs and distribution in the riser was changed with the second air ratio (SAR). Gs* in this case was researched by pressure drop measurement. Using CO2 as tracer, the dispersion SA jets is investigated, and a modified model for calculating the SA jet's penetration was developed when the core-annulus gas-solid flow field is considered. The predicted value by the model has good agreement with the experimental results. The effects of the SA jets on the hydrodynamics of riser was compared with the case of no air-staging existing.
引文
1杜晓峰,蒋斌,严桂英.洁净煤燃烧技术的新动态.污染防治技术. 2008,21(1):72~73
2岳光溪.循环流化床技术发展与应用.节能与环保. 2004 (1):11~12
3金涌,祝京旭.流态化工程原理.清华大学出版社, 2001
4刘德昌,吴正舜,张世红等.我国循环流化床锅炉的发展现状和建议.动力工程. 2003,23(3):2377~2379
5梁勇泽.循环流化床锅炉的应用及发展趋势.中国电力教育. 2008:715~716
6岳光溪.循环流化床燃烧技术的发展与展望.第一届中国循环流化床燃烧理论与技术学术会议暨全国电力行业CFB机组技术交流服务协作网第六届年会论文集
7聂立,王鹏,霍锁善,姚本荣.东方型300MW循环流化床锅炉开发设计.东方电气评论. 2007,21(2):33~42
8李军,卢啸风.大型循环流化床燃烧技术的最新进展.电站系统工程. 2004,20(5):1~3
9孙献斌.实现循环流化床自主创新的跨越式发展.电力设备. 2008,9(5):107~108
10 Nieuwland J.J, Huizenga P., Kuipers J.A.M and van Swaaij W.P.M.. Hydrodynamic Modeling of Circulating Fluidized Bed. Chem.Eng. J.. 2002,6(8):25~26
11赫俏,陆继东,张新文.循环流化床流动特性分析.燃烧科学与技术. 1999,5(3):23~24
12 Sharma A.K., Tuzla K, Matsen, J., Chen,J.C.. Parametric Effects of Particle Size and Gas Velocity on Cluster Characteristics in Fast Fluidized Beds. Powder Technol.. 2000,111:114~122
13 Rhodes M.J., Sollaart M., and Wang X.S. Flow Structure in a Fast Fluid Bed, Powder Technol.. 1998,99:194~200
14 Bolton L.W., and Davidson, J.F. Recirculating of Particles in Fast Fluidized Risers. Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology. II. Pergamon, Oxford. 1998:139～146
15 Bai D．R．，Shibuya E．，Masuda Y，Nakagawa N．，and Kato K．．Flow Structure in a Fast Fluidized Bed．Chem．Eng．Sci．．1996．51：957-966
16 Johnsson F．．Svensson A．．and Leckner B．Fluidization Regimes in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers．Fluidization VII．Engineering Foundation．New York．1992：471-478
17 Werther J．．Fluid Mechanics of Large-scale CFB Units．Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV AIChe．New York．1994：1-4
18 Schlichthaerle P．Werther J．Axial Pressure Profiles and Solids Concentration Distribution in the CFB Bottom Zone．Chem．Eng．Science．1999．54(22)：5485-5493
19 Malcus S．，Chaplin G，and Pugsley T．．The Hydrodynamics of the high density Bottom Zone in a CFB Riser Analyzed by Means of Electrical Capacitance Tomography(ECT)．Chem．Eng．Sci．2000．55：4129～4138
20 Schnitzlein M．G and Weinstein H．．Flow Characterization in High Velocity Fluidization Using Pressure Fluctuation．Chem．Eng．Sci．．1988．43：2605-2614
21 Bai D．R．，Jin Y，Yu Z．O．and Zhu J X．．The Axial Distribution ofthe Cross- sectionally Average Voidage in Fast Fluidized Beds．Powder Technol．1992．71：51～58
22 Berruti F．，CHaouki J．，Godfrov L．，Pugslet T．S．and Patience GS．．Hydrodynamics of CFB．Canadian J．of Chem．Eng．1995．73：579-602
23黄卫星，易彬，杨颖．循环床气固提升管中颗粒浓度的轴向分布．四川大学学报．2000，32(6)：38-41
24 Bai D，Kato K．Saturation Carrying Capacity of Gas and Flow Regimes in CFB．Journal Of Chemical engineering of Japan．1995．28：179-185
25黄卫星，肖泽仪，石炎福，祝京旭．气固两相上行流颗粒加速行为的研究．化学反应与工艺．2001，17(2)：38-41
26 Zhang W．，Tung Y，and Johnsson J E．．Radial Voidage Profiles in Fast Fludized Beds of Different Diameters．CHem．Eng．Sci．．1991．46：3045-3052
27 Wei F．．Lin H．F．．and Cheng Y．Profiles of Particle Velocity and Solids Fraction in a High Density Riser．Powder Technol．．1998．100：183-189
28 Issagya A．S．，Grace J R．，Bai D．R．，and Zhu J X．．Radial Voidage Variationin CFB Risers．Can．J．Of Chem．Eng．．2001．79：279-286
29 Hartge E. U．Rensner D．and Werther J. Solids Concentration and Velocity Patterns in Circulating Fluidized Beds．Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology II．Pergamon Press．OXford．1988：165-180
30白丁荣，蒋大洲，金涌，俞芷青．循环流化床颗粒内循环流动结构的实验研究．第六届全国流态化文集．1993：1-7
31 Yang Y，Jin Y，Yu Z．Q．，Zhu J．X．and Bi X．T．．Local Slip Behavior in the Circulating Fluidized Bed．AIChe Symp．Ser．．1993．89(296)：81-90
32钱诗智，陆继东，黄素华等．循环流化床壁面的几何结构对床层气固流动特性的影响．化工学报．1996，47(6)：706～711
33黄素华，陆继东，钱诗智．矩形平壁循环流化床冷态流动特性研究．热能动力工程．1995，10(3)：144～148
34 Zhou，J．，Grace，J．R．，Qin，S．，Brereton，C．M．H．，Lim，C．J．&Zhu，J．X．．Voidage Profiles in a Circulating Fluidized Bed of Square Cross-section．Chem．Eng．Sci．．1994．49(9)：3217-3223
35 Zhou，J．，Grace，J．R．，Lim，C．J．&Brereton，C．M．H．．Particle VelocitV Profiles in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser of Square Cross-section．Chem．Eng．Sci．1995，50(2)：237-244
36 Van der Meer，E．H．，Thorpe，R．B．&Davidson，J F．．Flow Patterns in the Square Cross-section Riser of a Circulating Fluidized Bed and the Effect of Riser Exit Design．Chem．Eng．Sci．2000，55(19)：4079-4099
37马志刚，方梦祥，骆仲泱等．矩形截面流化床内颗粒运动可视化试验研究．中国电机工程学报．2007，27(14)：24～30
38马志刚，方梦祥，王勤辉等．矩形截面流化床内磨损特性的分析．中国电机工程学报．2007，27(23)：38～45
39 Harris A T．Davidson J F．Thorpe R B．Particle Residence Time Distributions in Circulating Fluidized Beds．Chemical Engineering Science．2003，58(11)：2181-2202
40 S．B．Schut．E．H．van der Meer J, F Davidson R B Thrope Gas-solids Flow in the Diffuser of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser．Powder Technology．2000．11194～103
41 Q．Lin．F．Wei．Y Jin．Transient Density Signal Analysis and Two-phase Micro-structure Flow in Gas-solids Fluidization．Chemical EngineeringScience．2001．56：2179-2189
42 Koksal Murat．Gas Mixing and Flow Dynamics in Circulating Fluidized Beds with Secondary Air Ini ection．Dissertation，Dalhousie Universitv(Canada)．2002
43 Koksal Murat，Golriz，Mohammad R，Hamdullahpur Feridun．Thermal Aspects of a Circulating Fluidized Bed with Air Staging．International Journal ofEnergy Research．2005，29(10)：923-935
44 Ersoy L．E，Golriz M．R，Koksal，M，Hamdullahpur F，SNC Lavalin．Circulating Fluidized Bed Hydrodynamics with Air Staging：an Experimental Study．Powder Technology．2004．145：25-33
45 Thomas Knoebig，Joachim Werther．Horizontal Reactant Ini ection into Large-Scale Fluidized Bed Reactors-Modeling of Secondary Air Ini ection into a Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor．Chem．Eng．Technol．1999，21(8)：656-659
46 K．Savolainen．R．Karvinen．Experimental and Numerical Studies of Particle Turbulence Interaction and Jet Penetration in Gas-particle Flow．Advances in Fluid Mechanics．Computational Methods in Multiphase Flow．2001(29)：87-96
47 Ljungdahl B．．Zethrnus B．．Air Jet Penetration into Circulating Fluidized Bed Risers-A Simplified Model Approach．Proceeding of 5th Int．Conf．On Circulating Fluidized Beds．Beiiing，1996：31～36
48杨建华，杨海瑞，岳光溪．循环流化床二次风射流穿透规律的试验研究．动力工程．2008，28(4)：510～513
49 Zhu J X and Bi H T．Distinctions Between LOW Density and High Density Circulating Fluidized Beds．Can J Chem Eng．1995．73：644-649
50漆小波．循环流化床提升管气固两相流动力学研究．四川大学博士学文论文．2003
51 H．Zhang，P．M．Johnston，J．X．Zhu，H．I．De Lasa，M．A．Bergougnou．A Novel Calibration Procedure for a Fiber Optic Solids Concentration Probe．Powder Technology．1998．100：260-272
52 Malcus S，Chap lin G，Pugsley T．The Hydrodynamics of the High Density Bottom Zone in a CFB Riser Analyzed by Means of ECT．Chemical Engineering Science．2000．55：4129-4138
53 Grassler T．Wirth K-E．X-Ray Computer Tomography----Potential andLimitation for the Measurement of Local Solids Distribution in Circulating Fluidized Beds．Chemical Engineering Journal．2000．77：65-72
54 Hage B，Werther J，Narakuwa K，et al．Capacitance Probe Measurement Technique for Local Particle Volume Concentration in Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustors．Journal of Chemical Engineering Japan．1996，29：594-620
55 Wiesendorf Volker．Werther Joachim．Capacitance Probes for Solids Volume Concentration and Velocity Measurements in Fluidized Bed Reactors．Powder Technology．2000．110：143～157
56 Bai D．R．，Jin Y，Yu Z．O．，Zhu J．X．．The Axial Distribution of the Cross- Sectionally Averaged Voidage in Fast Fluidized Beds．Powder Technology．1992，71：51-58
57 Issangya A．S．，Bai D．R．，Bi H．T．，Lim K．S．，Zhu J．X．，J．R．．Grace．Suspension Densities in a High-Density Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser．Chem．Eng．Sci．．1999，54：5451-5460
58刘佳．循环流化床锅炉二次风射流特性的冷态实验研究与数值模拟．重庆大学硕士论文．2007
59杨勇林，金涌，俞芷青等．低密度循环流化床反应器床层截面平均颗粒速度的变化规律．化学反应工程与工艺．1990，6(4)：30～35
60 Qian G．Li J．Particle Velocity Measurement in CFB with an Integrated Probe．Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology VI(eds．Avidan A．A．)．New York AIChE．1994：320-325
61严兆大，王振子，俞小莉．热能与动力机械测试技术．北京，1999
62刘会娥，魏飞，金涌．气固循环流态化研究中常用的测试技术．化学反应工程与工艺．2001，17(2)：168～169
63 Levy Y．LDA Technique for Measurements in Free Boards of Fluidized Beds．AIChE Journal．1983．32：1579-1583
64石慧娴．循环流化床流动特性PIV测试和数值模拟．浙江大学博士学文论文．2003
65林海波，孔春林，黄卫星．气固循环流化床提升管颗粒速度和浓度的测量技术．四川轻化工学院学报．2002，15(4)：28～29
66易江．我国烟尘测试技术的进展．环境保护．1998(2)：45～46
67范治刚，徐超，曹生现，詹有涵，莫宗宝．火力发电厂烟尘测试技术与仪器．仪表技术．2005(5)：71～72
68魏飞，金涌，俞芷青等．磷光颗粒示踪技术在流化床中的应用．化工学报．1994，45(2)：230-235
69 Kojima T，Ishihara K I，Guilin Y．Measurement of Solids Behavior in a Fast Fluidized Bed．Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan．1989，22：341～346
70 Chenglin E，Lu，C．X．，Xu，C．M．，Gao，J．S．&Shi，M．X．．A New Method for Measurement of Local Solid Flux in Gas-Solid Two-phase Flow．Chinese J．Chem．Eng．．2003，11(6)：617～621
71 Bai D R．Jin Y．YU Z O．et al．The Axial Distribution of the CrOSS- Sectionallv Averaged Voidage in Fast Fluidized Beds．Powder Technology．1992(71)：5
72 Bai D R．Kato K．Saturation Carrying Capacity of Gas and Flow Regimes in CFB．J ofChem Eng of Japan．1995(28)：179-185
2岳光溪.循环流化床技术发展与应用.节能与环保. 2004 (1):11~12
3金涌,祝京旭.流态化工程原理.清华大学出版社, 2001
4刘德昌,吴正舜,张世红等.我国循环流化床锅炉的发展现状和建议.动力工程. 2003,23(3):2377~2379
5梁勇泽.循环流化床锅炉的应用及发展趋势.中国电力教育. 2008:715~716
6岳光溪.循环流化床燃烧技术的发展与展望.第一届中国循环流化床燃烧理论与技术学术会议暨全国电力行业CFB机组技术交流服务协作网第六届年会论文集
7聂立,王鹏,霍锁善,姚本荣.东方型300MW循环流化床锅炉开发设计.东方电气评论. 2007,21(2):33~42
8李军,卢啸风.大型循环流化床燃烧技术的最新进展.电站系统工程. 2004,20(5):1~3
9孙献斌.实现循环流化床自主创新的跨越式发展.电力设备. 2008,9(5):107~108
10 Nieuwland J.J, Huizenga P., Kuipers J.A.M and van Swaaij W.P.M.. Hydrodynamic Modeling of Circulating Fluidized Bed. Chem.Eng. J.. 2002,6(8):25~26
11赫俏,陆继东,张新文.循环流化床流动特性分析.燃烧科学与技术. 1999,5(3):23~24
12 Sharma A.K., Tuzla K, Matsen, J., Chen,J.C.. Parametric Effects of Particle Size and Gas Velocity on Cluster Characteristics in Fast Fluidized Beds. Powder Technol.. 2000,111:114~122
13 Rhodes M.J., Sollaart M., and Wang X.S. Flow Structure in a Fast Fluid Bed, Powder Technol.. 1998,99:194~200
14 Bolton L.W., and Davidson, J.F. Recirculating of Particles in Fast Fluidized Risers. Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology. II. Pergamon, Oxford. 1998:139～146
15 Bai D．R．，Shibuya E．，Masuda Y，Nakagawa N．，and Kato K．．Flow Structure in a Fast Fluidized Bed．Chem．Eng．Sci．．1996．51：957-966
16 Johnsson F．．Svensson A．．and Leckner B．Fluidization Regimes in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers．Fluidization VII．Engineering Foundation．New York．1992：471-478
17 Werther J．．Fluid Mechanics of Large-scale CFB Units．Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV AIChe．New York．1994：1-4
18 Schlichthaerle P．Werther J．Axial Pressure Profiles and Solids Concentration Distribution in the CFB Bottom Zone．Chem．Eng．Science．1999．54(22)：5485-5493
19 Malcus S．，Chaplin G，and Pugsley T．．The Hydrodynamics of the high density Bottom Zone in a CFB Riser Analyzed by Means of Electrical Capacitance Tomography(ECT)．Chem．Eng．Sci．2000．55：4129～4138
20 Schnitzlein M．G and Weinstein H．．Flow Characterization in High Velocity Fluidization Using Pressure Fluctuation．Chem．Eng．Sci．．1988．43：2605-2614
21 Bai D．R．，Jin Y，Yu Z．O．and Zhu J X．．The Axial Distribution ofthe Cross- sectionally Average Voidage in Fast Fluidized Beds．Powder Technol．1992．71：51～58
22 Berruti F．，CHaouki J．，Godfrov L．，Pugslet T．S．and Patience GS．．Hydrodynamics of CFB．Canadian J．of Chem．Eng．1995．73：579-602
23黄卫星，易彬，杨颖．循环床气固提升管中颗粒浓度的轴向分布．四川大学学报．2000，32(6)：38-41
24 Bai D，Kato K．Saturation Carrying Capacity of Gas and Flow Regimes in CFB．Journal Of Chemical engineering of Japan．1995．28：179-185
25黄卫星，肖泽仪，石炎福，祝京旭．气固两相上行流颗粒加速行为的研究．化学反应与工艺．2001，17(2)：38-41
26 Zhang W．，Tung Y，and Johnsson J E．．Radial Voidage Profiles in Fast Fludized Beds of Different Diameters．CHem．Eng．Sci．．1991．46：3045-3052
27 Wei F．．Lin H．F．．and Cheng Y．Profiles of Particle Velocity and Solids Fraction in a High Density Riser．Powder Technol．．1998．100：183-189
28 Issagya A．S．，Grace J R．，Bai D．R．，and Zhu J X．．Radial Voidage Variationin CFB Risers．Can．J．Of Chem．Eng．．2001．79：279-286
29 Hartge E. U．Rensner D．and Werther J. Solids Concentration and Velocity Patterns in Circulating Fluidized Beds．Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology II．Pergamon Press．OXford．1988：165-180
30白丁荣，蒋大洲，金涌，俞芷青．循环流化床颗粒内循环流动结构的实验研究．第六届全国流态化文集．1993：1-7
31 Yang Y，Jin Y，Yu Z．Q．，Zhu J．X．and Bi X．T．．Local Slip Behavior in the Circulating Fluidized Bed．AIChe Symp．Ser．．1993．89(296)：81-90
32钱诗智，陆继东，黄素华等．循环流化床壁面的几何结构对床层气固流动特性的影响．化工学报．1996，47(6)：706～711
33黄素华，陆继东，钱诗智．矩形平壁循环流化床冷态流动特性研究．热能动力工程．1995，10(3)：144～148
34 Zhou，J．，Grace，J．R．，Qin，S．，Brereton，C．M．H．，Lim，C．J．&Zhu，J．X．．Voidage Profiles in a Circulating Fluidized Bed of Square Cross-section．Chem．Eng．Sci．．1994．49(9)：3217-3223
35 Zhou，J．，Grace，J．R．，Lim，C．J．&Brereton，C．M．H．．Particle VelocitV Profiles in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser of Square Cross-section．Chem．Eng．Sci．1995，50(2)：237-244
36 Van der Meer，E．H．，Thorpe，R．B．&Davidson，J F．．Flow Patterns in the Square Cross-section Riser of a Circulating Fluidized Bed and the Effect of Riser Exit Design．Chem．Eng．Sci．2000，55(19)：4079-4099
37马志刚，方梦祥，骆仲泱等．矩形截面流化床内颗粒运动可视化试验研究．中国电机工程学报．2007，27(14)：24～30
38马志刚，方梦祥，王勤辉等．矩形截面流化床内磨损特性的分析．中国电机工程学报．2007，27(23)：38～45
39 Harris A T．Davidson J F．Thorpe R B．Particle Residence Time Distributions in Circulating Fluidized Beds．Chemical Engineering Science．2003，58(11)：2181-2202
40 S．B．Schut．E．H．van der Meer J, F Davidson R B Thrope Gas-solids Flow in the Diffuser of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser．Powder Technology．2000．11194～103
41 Q．Lin．F．Wei．Y Jin．Transient Density Signal Analysis and Two-phase Micro-structure Flow in Gas-solids Fluidization．Chemical EngineeringScience．2001．56：2179-2189
42 Koksal Murat．Gas Mixing and Flow Dynamics in Circulating Fluidized Beds with Secondary Air Ini ection．Dissertation，Dalhousie Universitv(Canada)．2002
43 Koksal Murat，Golriz，Mohammad R，Hamdullahpur Feridun．Thermal Aspects of a Circulating Fluidized Bed with Air Staging．International Journal ofEnergy Research．2005，29(10)：923-935
44 Ersoy L．E，Golriz M．R，Koksal，M，Hamdullahpur F，SNC Lavalin．Circulating Fluidized Bed Hydrodynamics with Air Staging：an Experimental Study．Powder Technology．2004．145：25-33
45 Thomas Knoebig，Joachim Werther．Horizontal Reactant Ini ection into Large-Scale Fluidized Bed Reactors-Modeling of Secondary Air Ini ection into a Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor．Chem．Eng．Technol．1999，21(8)：656-659
46 K．Savolainen．R．Karvinen．Experimental and Numerical Studies of Particle Turbulence Interaction and Jet Penetration in Gas-particle Flow．Advances in Fluid Mechanics．Computational Methods in Multiphase Flow．2001(29)：87-96
47 Ljungdahl B．．Zethrnus B．．Air Jet Penetration into Circulating Fluidized Bed Risers-A Simplified Model Approach．Proceeding of 5th Int．Conf．On Circulating Fluidized Beds．Beiiing，1996：31～36
48杨建华，杨海瑞，岳光溪．循环流化床二次风射流穿透规律的试验研究．动力工程．2008，28(4)：510～513
49 Zhu J X and Bi H T．Distinctions Between LOW Density and High Density Circulating Fluidized Beds．Can J Chem Eng．1995．73：644-649
50漆小波．循环流化床提升管气固两相流动力学研究．四川大学博士学文论文．2003
51 H．Zhang，P．M．Johnston，J．X．Zhu，H．I．De Lasa，M．A．Bergougnou．A Novel Calibration Procedure for a Fiber Optic Solids Concentration Probe．Powder Technology．1998．100：260-272
52 Malcus S，Chap lin G，Pugsley T．The Hydrodynamics of the High Density Bottom Zone in a CFB Riser Analyzed by Means of ECT．Chemical Engineering Science．2000．55：4129-4138
53 Grassler T．Wirth K-E．X-Ray Computer Tomography----Potential andLimitation for the Measurement of Local Solids Distribution in Circulating Fluidized Beds．Chemical Engineering Journal．2000．77：65-72
54 Hage B，Werther J，Narakuwa K，et al．Capacitance Probe Measurement Technique for Local Particle Volume Concentration in Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustors．Journal of Chemical Engineering Japan．1996，29：594-620
55 Wiesendorf Volker．Werther Joachim．Capacitance Probes for Solids Volume Concentration and Velocity Measurements in Fluidized Bed Reactors．Powder Technology．2000．110：143～157
56 Bai D．R．，Jin Y，Yu Z．O．，Zhu J．X．．The Axial Distribution of the Cross- Sectionally Averaged Voidage in Fast Fluidized Beds．Powder Technology．1992，71：51-58
57 Issangya A．S．，Bai D．R．，Bi H．T．，Lim K．S．，Zhu J．X．，J．R．．Grace．Suspension Densities in a High-Density Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser．Chem．Eng．Sci．．1999，54：5451-5460
58刘佳．循环流化床锅炉二次风射流特性的冷态实验研究与数值模拟．重庆大学硕士论文．2007
59杨勇林，金涌，俞芷青等．低密度循环流化床反应器床层截面平均颗粒速度的变化规律．化学反应工程与工艺．1990，6(4)：30～35
60 Qian G．Li J．Particle Velocity Measurement in CFB with an Integrated Probe．Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology VI(eds．Avidan A．A．)．New York AIChE．1994：320-325
61严兆大，王振子，俞小莉．热能与动力机械测试技术．北京，1999
62刘会娥，魏飞，金涌．气固循环流态化研究中常用的测试技术．化学反应工程与工艺．2001，17(2)：168～169
63 Levy Y．LDA Technique for Measurements in Free Boards of Fluidized Beds．AIChE Journal．1983．32：1579-1583
64石慧娴．循环流化床流动特性PIV测试和数值模拟．浙江大学博士学文论文．2003
65林海波，孔春林，黄卫星．气固循环流化床提升管颗粒速度和浓度的测量技术．四川轻化工学院学报．2002，15(4)：28～29
66易江．我国烟尘测试技术的进展．环境保护．1998(2)：45～46
67范治刚，徐超，曹生现，詹有涵，莫宗宝．火力发电厂烟尘测试技术与仪器．仪表技术．2005(5)：71～72
68魏飞，金涌，俞芷青等．磷光颗粒示踪技术在流化床中的应用．化工学报．1994，45(2)：230-235
69 Kojima T，Ishihara K I，Guilin Y．Measurement of Solids Behavior in a Fast Fluidized Bed．Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan．1989，22：341～346
70 Chenglin E，Lu，C．X．，Xu，C．M．，Gao，J．S．&Shi，M．X．．A New Method for Measurement of Local Solid Flux in Gas-Solid Two-phase Flow．Chinese J．Chem．Eng．．2003，11(6)：617～621
71 Bai D R．Jin Y．YU Z O．et al．The Axial Distribution of the CrOSS- Sectionallv Averaged Voidage in Fast Fluidized Beds．Powder Technology．1992(71)：5
72 Bai D R．Kato K．Saturation Carrying Capacity of Gas and Flow Regimes in CFB．J ofChem Eng of Japan．1995(28)：179-185