青藏铁路高温不稳定冻土区桥梁基础施工技术研究
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摘要
修建青藏铁路格尔木至拉萨段是西部大开发的一项标志性工程,涉及“多年冻土、高寒缺氧、生态脆弱”三大世界性难题,没有成功的经验可借鉴。青藏铁路地处高原严寒地带,沿线高寒缺氧,空气稀薄,气候多变,自然条件十分恶劣。温(气温、低温)、水(地表水、地下水)、土(颗粒状况)、力(冻胀力)是影响冻土的四大要素,随着人类经济活动的加剧不断变化的动态因素,直接影响冻土的变化和冻胀的生成,对桥梁基础承载力将产生很大影响,更是施工过程中生态平衡和环境保护研究的主题。冻土工程技术有着长期的发展历史,随着冻土区的经济建设和资源开发,冻土铁路、公路和油气管线建设得到迅速发展,迫切要求对冻土工程问题开展研究。
本文结合青藏高原铁路第Ⅵ、Ⅺ段桥梁基础工程所处的高温不稳定多年冻土区地质环境、气候条件和设计要求,充分吸收各相关科研单位以往在高原多年冻土区的研究成果的基础上,采用实用、先进的技术装备和管理模式,在对高温多年冻土区桥梁基础耐久性混凝土的配制与施工、钻孔桩旋挖钻机干法成孔、钻孔扩底桩、钻孔插入桩、明挖基础快速开挖等施工技术进行了探索研究,其主要内容如下:
(1) 高原多年冻土区桥梁基础耐久混凝土施工技术研究。掺加DZ系列高性能混凝土外加剂、Ⅰ级粉煤灰掺合料,通过室内试验和现场浇筑混凝土结构的工程实践,调整配合比参数,改善新拌混凝土在低、负温条件下的工作性,并有效降低混凝土的水胶比,促进混凝土早期强度的发展,改善硬化混凝土的孔结构,使在负温条件下施工的混凝土达到了抗冻融循环、抗氯离子渗透、耐腐蚀等8项耐久性指标;选用水化热低的胶凝材料、专用复合外加剂和调整配合比参数等技术措施,配制出在低温条件具有高流动性的灌注桩用自密实混凝土,保证灌注桩混凝土的成型质量,减少了混凝土对冻土层的热扰动。
(2) 青藏铁路高温多年冻土区钻孔桩成孔施工技术。在青藏高原高温不稳定多年冻土区,采用旋挖钻机进行桩基干法钻孔施工,成孔施工速度快,孔位偏差小,减少了环境污染,节约成本,灵活性强,适用工程广,安全生产有保证。在钻孔过程中,当遇到坚硬岩石夹层嵌岩短螺旋钻头钻进困难时,换用比原来直径小一些的嵌岩短螺旋钻头穿过坚硬岩石层,再换用大直径嵌岩短螺旋钻头扩孔;当在硬质岩层中钻进工程量较大时,采用大功率钻机,
The construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway from Geermu to Lasa is a symbol project for the development of economy in the west district of China. There are three worldwide problems for the construction of the railway such as permafrost, lack of oxygen, and frail ecology, and furthermore, there is no successful experience from which could be drawn lessons. The Qinghai-Tibet railway lies in the severe frozen area of the plateau, where there is serious coldness, rare air, and mutable climate. The four elements including temperature (air temperature and low temperature), water (surface water and ground water), soil (granule status), force (frozen-heave force) and the dynamic reason of increasing economical activities impact directly the variety and frozen heave of frost earth. It has a great effect on the bearing force of bridge foundation, so that it becomes the research subject for ecological balance and environmental protection in the construction. There is a long history of the development of frozen soil technology. With the economic construction and the recourse exploitation in the permafrost regions, the construction of the railway, road and pipeline for the petrol and gas delivery in this area will make a swift progress. So the research on frozen soil is quite urgent.In this article, we adopt plenty of research productions about secular frozen area on plateau, which are provided by the very scientific research units. According to the geology, climate condition and design requirement of the VI and XI foundation in the high temperature instable area, an exploratory research is carried out on the construction techniques in this area, such as the mixture ratio of concrete, dry boring method by twist drill machine, drilling pedestal pile, drilling insert pile, fast excavation for open-cut foundation, and etc. The main content is as follow:(1) The construction tech research on endurable concrete of foundation in this frozen area. Adding with the series of DZ high performance concrete admixture and fly ash I ,through indoor experiment and casting practice of the concrete structure on spot, the proportion of the raw material was adjusted. The workability of fresh concrete in the low or minus temperature was improved, and the water cement ratio was decreased efficiently. The development of the early strength of concrete was accelerated, and the hole structure of harden concrete was improved, that makes the concrete used in the minus temperature reach 8 durability targets, such as anti-circulation of freezing and melting, anti-penetration of C1-, anti-corruption and so on. The gelation material with low hydrating heat and specific compound admixture was chosen, the proportion of
the raw material was adjusted, the self-compact concrete for cast-in-place pile with high fluidity used in the low temperature was made, that can ensure the casting quality of concrete in cast-in-place pile, and decrease the thermal disturbance of concrete to frozen layers.(2) Drilling pile method in high temperature secular frozen area. In this area, we adopt the twist drill machine to construct by dry drilling method. Because it has fast drill velocity with small location deviation, less environment pollution, low cost, good mobility, wide adaptability, and safe construction condition. In the drilling process, we could switch to use smaller diameter twist drill when being faced with hard rock interlayer. Then, we can resume the drill's diameter to enlarge the hole. If there is a great construction quantity in hard interlayer, we should use high power drilling machine, equipped by 3-4 rock short twist drill with different tapers, to accelerate the drilling. And as for non-uniform hardness of geology, high strength steel plates are fixed outside the drills to lead direction, and it can solve the drill-hole deflection problem.(3) In order to construct pedestal pile with a length of 2.45m in 1.0~1.5h, a tool named "gravity open-close pedestal drilling device" is researched and designed. Because of the pedestal pile, it could increase the bearing resistance and withdrawal capacity. And it can prevent the crack caused by frost heave, so that the pedestal pile is more suitable for bridge construction in high temperature and ice-contain secular frozen area.(4) Construction tech of drilling insert pile in secular frozen area in plateau. A study about calculation and craft of insert pile is achieved to ensure the quality of the clay mortar surrounding piles. In cold season, the temperature of casting concrete should be kept in 0-5 °C when casting the central concrete. Insert pile should be constructed in dry or less water condition, so the warm season and low temperature is suitable. Compared with cast-in-place pile, the insert pile has less bearing capacity, so it can be used in the structure that asks lower bearing ability.(5) Simple back frozen testing tech for driven cast-in-place pile in secular frozen area of plateau. Depending on the simple testing method, 4 cast-in-place piles, which are casting in warm season, are surveyed to make sure the back frozen time is 43~45d. It can support the back frozen monitoring of pile foundation in construction.(6) Fast excavating technique for the open cut foundation of bridge culvert in high temperature and instable frozen area. In this area, there is construction principle for fast excavation, which is "one time of explosive for shaping foundation ditch, one minute of excavation by mechanical device". According to the geology condition of ground, we should choose reasonable season, and
excavate one section by another, so that it can prevent collapsing and heat transmission. Corresponding to the section with dry ground and good foundation, it is good for construction from June to September. As far as the section with wet ground and ice-contain foundation is concerned, it is the best to choose the alternate season as April ~ June and September ~ October. And as for the section with thick underground ice, ground swamp, and surface stream, we 'd better construct in winter.
本文结合青藏高原铁路第Ⅵ、Ⅺ段桥梁基础工程所处的高温不稳定多年冻土区地质环境、气候条件和设计要求,充分吸收各相关科研单位以往在高原多年冻土区的研究成果的基础上,采用实用、先进的技术装备和管理模式,在对高温多年冻土区桥梁基础耐久性混凝土的配制与施工、钻孔桩旋挖钻机干法成孔、钻孔扩底桩、钻孔插入桩、明挖基础快速开挖等施工技术进行了探索研究,其主要内容如下:
(1) 高原多年冻土区桥梁基础耐久混凝土施工技术研究。掺加DZ系列高性能混凝土外加剂、Ⅰ级粉煤灰掺合料,通过室内试验和现场浇筑混凝土结构的工程实践,调整配合比参数,改善新拌混凝土在低、负温条件下的工作性,并有效降低混凝土的水胶比,促进混凝土早期强度的发展,改善硬化混凝土的孔结构,使在负温条件下施工的混凝土达到了抗冻融循环、抗氯离子渗透、耐腐蚀等8项耐久性指标;选用水化热低的胶凝材料、专用复合外加剂和调整配合比参数等技术措施,配制出在低温条件具有高流动性的灌注桩用自密实混凝土,保证灌注桩混凝土的成型质量,减少了混凝土对冻土层的热扰动。
(2) 青藏铁路高温多年冻土区钻孔桩成孔施工技术。在青藏高原高温不稳定多年冻土区,采用旋挖钻机进行桩基干法钻孔施工,成孔施工速度快,孔位偏差小,减少了环境污染,节约成本,灵活性强,适用工程广,安全生产有保证。在钻孔过程中,当遇到坚硬岩石夹层嵌岩短螺旋钻头钻进困难时,换用比原来直径小一些的嵌岩短螺旋钻头穿过坚硬岩石层,再换用大直径嵌岩短螺旋钻头扩孔;当在硬质岩层中钻进工程量较大时,采用大功率钻机,
The construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway from Geermu to Lasa is a symbol project for the development of economy in the west district of China. There are three worldwide problems for the construction of the railway such as permafrost, lack of oxygen, and frail ecology, and furthermore, there is no successful experience from which could be drawn lessons. The Qinghai-Tibet railway lies in the severe frozen area of the plateau, where there is serious coldness, rare air, and mutable climate. The four elements including temperature (air temperature and low temperature), water (surface water and ground water), soil (granule status), force (frozen-heave force) and the dynamic reason of increasing economical activities impact directly the variety and frozen heave of frost earth. It has a great effect on the bearing force of bridge foundation, so that it becomes the research subject for ecological balance and environmental protection in the construction. There is a long history of the development of frozen soil technology. With the economic construction and the recourse exploitation in the permafrost regions, the construction of the railway, road and pipeline for the petrol and gas delivery in this area will make a swift progress. So the research on frozen soil is quite urgent.In this article, we adopt plenty of research productions about secular frozen area on plateau, which are provided by the very scientific research units. According to the geology, climate condition and design requirement of the VI and XI foundation in the high temperature instable area, an exploratory research is carried out on the construction techniques in this area, such as the mixture ratio of concrete, dry boring method by twist drill machine, drilling pedestal pile, drilling insert pile, fast excavation for open-cut foundation, and etc. The main content is as follow:(1) The construction tech research on endurable concrete of foundation in this frozen area. Adding with the series of DZ high performance concrete admixture and fly ash I ,through indoor experiment and casting practice of the concrete structure on spot, the proportion of the raw material was adjusted. The workability of fresh concrete in the low or minus temperature was improved, and the water cement ratio was decreased efficiently. The development of the early strength of concrete was accelerated, and the hole structure of harden concrete was improved, that makes the concrete used in the minus temperature reach 8 durability targets, such as anti-circulation of freezing and melting, anti-penetration of C1-, anti-corruption and so on. The gelation material with low hydrating heat and specific compound admixture was chosen, the proportion of
the raw material was adjusted, the self-compact concrete for cast-in-place pile with high fluidity used in the low temperature was made, that can ensure the casting quality of concrete in cast-in-place pile, and decrease the thermal disturbance of concrete to frozen layers.(2) Drilling pile method in high temperature secular frozen area. In this area, we adopt the twist drill machine to construct by dry drilling method. Because it has fast drill velocity with small location deviation, less environment pollution, low cost, good mobility, wide adaptability, and safe construction condition. In the drilling process, we could switch to use smaller diameter twist drill when being faced with hard rock interlayer. Then, we can resume the drill's diameter to enlarge the hole. If there is a great construction quantity in hard interlayer, we should use high power drilling machine, equipped by 3-4 rock short twist drill with different tapers, to accelerate the drilling. And as for non-uniform hardness of geology, high strength steel plates are fixed outside the drills to lead direction, and it can solve the drill-hole deflection problem.(3) In order to construct pedestal pile with a length of 2.45m in 1.0~1.5h, a tool named "gravity open-close pedestal drilling device" is researched and designed. Because of the pedestal pile, it could increase the bearing resistance and withdrawal capacity. And it can prevent the crack caused by frost heave, so that the pedestal pile is more suitable for bridge construction in high temperature and ice-contain secular frozen area.(4) Construction tech of drilling insert pile in secular frozen area in plateau. A study about calculation and craft of insert pile is achieved to ensure the quality of the clay mortar surrounding piles. In cold season, the temperature of casting concrete should be kept in 0-5 °C when casting the central concrete. Insert pile should be constructed in dry or less water condition, so the warm season and low temperature is suitable. Compared with cast-in-place pile, the insert pile has less bearing capacity, so it can be used in the structure that asks lower bearing ability.(5) Simple back frozen testing tech for driven cast-in-place pile in secular frozen area of plateau. Depending on the simple testing method, 4 cast-in-place piles, which are casting in warm season, are surveyed to make sure the back frozen time is 43~45d. It can support the back frozen monitoring of pile foundation in construction.(6) Fast excavating technique for the open cut foundation of bridge culvert in high temperature and instable frozen area. In this area, there is construction principle for fast excavation, which is "one time of explosive for shaping foundation ditch, one minute of excavation by mechanical device". According to the geology condition of ground, we should choose reasonable season, and
excavate one section by another, so that it can prevent collapsing and heat transmission. Corresponding to the section with dry ground and good foundation, it is good for construction from June to September. As far as the section with wet ground and ice-contain foundation is concerned, it is the best to choose the alternate season as April ~ June and September ~ October. And as for the section with thick underground ice, ground swamp, and surface stream, we 'd better construct in winter.
引文
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