零价金属铁、锌以及双金属铁/钯、铁/银脱氯降解林丹、1，2，3，4-四氯代二苯并对二噁英的研究
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摘要
毒害有机化合物污染对自然生态造成严重危害，对人体健康产生可怕威胁，已经成为了世界范围内的社会公害。控制有毒化学品的污染，治理工厂、生活区产生的污染，以及修复被污染的地下水、海洋和土壤等是重大环境问题之一。利用零价金属，特别是零价金属铁，在处理环境污染物方面显示了很大的潜能，对大多数有机化合物都有效，被认为是最有应用前景的污染物治理技术之一，是目前处理难降解污染物比较热门的领域。
本文选取两类毒害有机污染物——六六六的gamma异构体和二噁英中的1，2，3，4-TCDD作为重点研究对象，采用7ml的样品瓶作为反应器，以批处理的方法，在实验室条件下设计了一系列实验，在无氧条件下研究林丹被零价金属铁、1，2，3，4-TCDD被锌以及双金属铁／钯、铁／银脱氯降解的情况。主要获得如下的成果和认识：
(1)林丹被零价金属铁脱氯还原降解主要生成苯及少量的一氯苯。尽管没有检测到反应的中间产物，但是根据形成的最终产物分布，以及可能的反应机理，本论文推测林丹被零价金属铁还原降解的主要途径是经过逐步的双氯消除，依次形成TeCCH和DCCD，最后生成最终脱氯产物苯。林丹在零价金属铁悬浮液中的反应动力学遵循准一级速率反应，反应溶液起始pH值、温度、零价金属铁浓度是影响转化速率的几个重要因素，实验结果表明，随着反应溶液pH值降低、温度升高、以及零价金属铁浓度增大，林丹的降解速率提高。
(2)相对于零价金属铁而言，零价金属锌具有更高的反应活性。在磷酸盐缓冲液中，常温以及无氧条件下零价金属锌能够有效的脱氯降解PCDD。根据对1，2，3，4-TCDD被零价金属锌脱氯转化产物的分布分析，以及通过对其降解中间产物——三氯代二噁英(1，2，3-TrCDD和1，2，4-TrCDD)、二氯代二噁英(1，2-DCDD，1，3-DCDD，1，4-DCDD和2，3-DCDD)在相同实验条件下被零价金属锌降解的实验确证，确定了1，2，3，4-TCDD→1，2，4-TrCDD→1，3-DCDD→1-MCDD→DD以及1，2，3，4-TCDD→1，2，3-TrCDD→2，3-DCDD→2-MCDD→DD是1，2，3，4-TCDD被零价金属锌脱氯降解的俩条主要反应途径。PCDD被零价金属锌脱氯降解的反应动力学遵循准一级速率反应，而且二噁英异构体所含氯原子数越多，其脱氯降解的反应速率也越快，即反应准一级速率常数遵循TCDD＞TrCDD＞DCDD的规律。在本实验条件下，零价金属锌分别脱氯降解1，2，3，4-TCDD，1，2，3-TrCDD，1，2，4-TrCDD，1，2-DCDD，1，3-DCDD，1，4-DCDD和2，3-DCDD的反应半衰期分别为0.56，2.62，5.71，24.93，41.53，93.67和169.06小时。
(3)双金属Fe／Pd和Fe／Ag也是良好的脱氯降解PCDD的材料。在磷酸盐缓冲液中，它们能够使1，2，3，4-TCDD逐步脱氯降解形成不含氯原子的二噁英DD。通过分析1，2，3，4-TCDD被脱氯降解的产物分布，本文推测1，2，3，4-TCDD被双金属Fe／Ag还原脱氯降解的主要途径是1，2，3，4-TCDD→1，2，4-TrCDD→1，2-DCDD→1-MCDD→DD；而被双金属Fe／Pd还原脱氯降解的主要途径则是1，2，3，4-TCDD→1，2，3-TrCDD→1，2-DCDD→1-MCDD→DD。在1，2，3，4-TCDD被逐步脱氯降解的过程中，最终脱氯降解产物DD相对于脱氯降解中间产物TrCDDs、DCDDs和MCDDs的比例在双金属Fe／Pd悬浮液中要明显的比在双金属Fe／Ag中的高。在双金属Fe／Pd和Fe／Ag的悬浮液中，1，2，3，4-TCDD降解的反应动力学也遵循准一级速率反应，其降解的准一级速率常数k_(1，obs)分别为0.14hr~(-1)和0.62hr~(-1)。对比1，2，3，4-TCDD被双金属Fe／Ag、Fe／Pd和零价金属锌脱氯降解的反应，其脱氯降解途径不同，被双金属Fe／Ag、Fe／Pd降解形成的二氯代二噁英中间产物以1，2-DCDD为主，而被零价金属锌降解的则以1，3-DCDD和2，3-DCDD为主；相比较而言，双金属Fe／Pd和Fe／Ag要比零价金属锌能使1，2，3，4-TCDD在较短时间更彻底的完全脱氯形成DD。
本研究成果丰富了零价金属元素铁、锌、以及铁／钯、铁／银等双金属降解六六六、二噁英等有机污染物研究的理论，为利用该技术经济效地处理这些持久有机毒害污染物、并且治理及修复被污染地区环境提供了实验基础和理论依据。
The widespread use of organic pollutants has led to considerable environmental contamination and cause severe health problems for humans and other wildlife. The environmental pollution has been one of the most serious social problems. Prevention of the pollution, and remediation of groundwater, soils contaminated with organic pollutants have been challenging. Zero-valent metal, especially zero-valent iron, which is very promising for removal of contaminants and can be used to nearly all organic compounds, has been identified as a leading potential technology, and received increasing attentions in recent years.
So, two organic pollutants,γ-HCH and 1,2,3,4-TCDD chosen as the main model compounds, a series of batch experiments with 7ml amber glass vials capped with PTFE lined septa employed as the reactors were designed in the lab to study the degradation of organic pollutants by iron, zinc, and bimetal Fe/Pd, Fe/Ag under anaerobic conditions. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The dechlorination ofγ-HCH by iron proceeded successfully and large benzene with a little chlorobenzene were identified as the final products. A possible main degradation pathway which involves two intermediate products of TeCCH and DCCD and final product of benzene formed via dichloroelimination is proposed based on the identified final products, though no intermediates identified. The reaction is preudo-first-order in respect toγ-HCH concentration, and the initial solution pH, reaction temperature and iron content were the important factors for the transformation rate ofγ-HCH by iron in the reaction. In general, the extent ofγ-HCH degradation increases with pH growth, temperature increment, and increasing the dosage of iron.
(2) Zinc was shown to be thermodynamically more favorable and kinetically more reactive than iron which is the preferred metallic species utilized in most zero-valent metal applications. The successful treatment of PCDDs by zinc powder was achieved in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution at pH 6.85 and at room temperature and under anaerobic condition, and reductive dechlorination was observed that 1,2,3,4-TCDD can be stepwise and completely dechlorinated to DD mainly both via 1,2,4-TrCDD, 1,3-DCDD, 1-MCDD to DD and via 1,2,4-TrCDD, 2,3-DCDD, 2-MCDD to DD based on the species and distribution of products in the 7 separate systems. The rate phenomena of PCDD dechlorination kinetics for these give reaction systems can be described using preudo-first-order reaction model. The more chlorinated dioxin congeners are degraded at faster rate, that is, the tendency of rate constant follows TCDD>TrCDD>DCDD. In each separate systems, the observed half-lives of 1,2,3,4-TCDD, 1,2,3-TrCDD, 1,2,4-TrCDD, 1,2-DCDD, 1,3-DCDD, 1,4-DCDD and 2,3-DCDD are 0.56, 2.62, 5.71, 24.93,41.53,93.67 and 169.06 hours respectively.
(3) Bimetallic Fe/Pd and Fe/Ag are very effective material at remediation of PCDD and the 1,2,3,4-TCDD can be stepwise and completely dechlorinated to DD in phosphate buffer solution at pH 6.85 by them. It is proposed that the pathway of 1,2,3,4-TCDD dechlorination can be mainly via 1,2,3-TrCDD, 1,2-DCDD, 1-MCDD to DD in Fe/Pd bimetallic system while via 1,2,4-TrCDD, 1,2-DCDD, 1-MCDD to DD in Fe/Ag according to the species and distribution of products in both the systems. In the process of 1,2,3,4-TCDD dechlorination, the final product, DD, was formed larger and more rapidly in Fe/Pd system than in Fe/Ag system in reaction time. The rate phenomena of PCDD dechlorination kinetics for both given reaction systems can be also described using preudo-first-order reaction model and the k_((?),obs) is 0.14hr~(-1) in Fe/Pd bimetallic system and 0.62~(-1) in Fe/Ag bimetallic system respectively. Compared the results of 1,2,3,4-TCDD dechlorination in bimetallic Fe/Pd and Fe/Ag systems with that in zero-valent zinc system, three differences were obvious: (i) the dechlorination pathways of 1,2,3,4-TCDD were different; (ii) 1,2-DCDD, the intermediate of 1,2,3,4-TCDD dechlorination, is the major DCDD in bimetallic Fe/Pd and Fe/Ag systems, while 2,3-DCDD and 1,3-DCDD are the major in the zinc system; and (iii) 1,2,3.4-TCDD can be completely dechlorinated to form DD more rapidly in the Fe/Pd and Fe/Ag systems than in the zinc system in shorter time.
The results enrich the theory of environmental application of zero-valent iron, zinc, and bimetallic Fe/Pd, Fe/Ag for treatment of HCH and dioxins, and also lay a foundation for the application of the technology to remediation of polluted areas.
本文选取两类毒害有机污染物——六六六的gamma异构体和二噁英中的1，2，3，4-TCDD作为重点研究对象，采用7ml的样品瓶作为反应器，以批处理的方法，在实验室条件下设计了一系列实验，在无氧条件下研究林丹被零价金属铁、1，2，3，4-TCDD被锌以及双金属铁／钯、铁／银脱氯降解的情况。主要获得如下的成果和认识：
(1)林丹被零价金属铁脱氯还原降解主要生成苯及少量的一氯苯。尽管没有检测到反应的中间产物，但是根据形成的最终产物分布，以及可能的反应机理，本论文推测林丹被零价金属铁还原降解的主要途径是经过逐步的双氯消除，依次形成TeCCH和DCCD，最后生成最终脱氯产物苯。林丹在零价金属铁悬浮液中的反应动力学遵循准一级速率反应，反应溶液起始pH值、温度、零价金属铁浓度是影响转化速率的几个重要因素，实验结果表明，随着反应溶液pH值降低、温度升高、以及零价金属铁浓度增大，林丹的降解速率提高。
(2)相对于零价金属铁而言，零价金属锌具有更高的反应活性。在磷酸盐缓冲液中，常温以及无氧条件下零价金属锌能够有效的脱氯降解PCDD。根据对1，2，3，4-TCDD被零价金属锌脱氯转化产物的分布分析，以及通过对其降解中间产物——三氯代二噁英(1，2，3-TrCDD和1，2，4-TrCDD)、二氯代二噁英(1，2-DCDD，1，3-DCDD，1，4-DCDD和2，3-DCDD)在相同实验条件下被零价金属锌降解的实验确证，确定了1，2，3，4-TCDD→1，2，4-TrCDD→1，3-DCDD→1-MCDD→DD以及1，2，3，4-TCDD→1，2，3-TrCDD→2，3-DCDD→2-MCDD→DD是1，2，3，4-TCDD被零价金属锌脱氯降解的俩条主要反应途径。PCDD被零价金属锌脱氯降解的反应动力学遵循准一级速率反应，而且二噁英异构体所含氯原子数越多，其脱氯降解的反应速率也越快，即反应准一级速率常数遵循TCDD＞TrCDD＞DCDD的规律。在本实验条件下，零价金属锌分别脱氯降解1，2，3，4-TCDD，1，2，3-TrCDD，1，2，4-TrCDD，1，2-DCDD，1，3-DCDD，1，4-DCDD和2，3-DCDD的反应半衰期分别为0.56，2.62，5.71，24.93，41.53，93.67和169.06小时。
(3)双金属Fe／Pd和Fe／Ag也是良好的脱氯降解PCDD的材料。在磷酸盐缓冲液中，它们能够使1，2，3，4-TCDD逐步脱氯降解形成不含氯原子的二噁英DD。通过分析1，2，3，4-TCDD被脱氯降解的产物分布，本文推测1，2，3，4-TCDD被双金属Fe／Ag还原脱氯降解的主要途径是1，2，3，4-TCDD→1，2，4-TrCDD→1，2-DCDD→1-MCDD→DD；而被双金属Fe／Pd还原脱氯降解的主要途径则是1，2，3，4-TCDD→1，2，3-TrCDD→1，2-DCDD→1-MCDD→DD。在1，2，3，4-TCDD被逐步脱氯降解的过程中，最终脱氯降解产物DD相对于脱氯降解中间产物TrCDDs、DCDDs和MCDDs的比例在双金属Fe／Pd悬浮液中要明显的比在双金属Fe／Ag中的高。在双金属Fe／Pd和Fe／Ag的悬浮液中，1，2，3，4-TCDD降解的反应动力学也遵循准一级速率反应，其降解的准一级速率常数k_(1，obs)分别为0.14hr~(-1)和0.62hr~(-1)。对比1，2，3，4-TCDD被双金属Fe／Ag、Fe／Pd和零价金属锌脱氯降解的反应，其脱氯降解途径不同，被双金属Fe／Ag、Fe／Pd降解形成的二氯代二噁英中间产物以1，2-DCDD为主，而被零价金属锌降解的则以1，3-DCDD和2，3-DCDD为主；相比较而言，双金属Fe／Pd和Fe／Ag要比零价金属锌能使1，2，3，4-TCDD在较短时间更彻底的完全脱氯形成DD。
本研究成果丰富了零价金属元素铁、锌、以及铁／钯、铁／银等双金属降解六六六、二噁英等有机污染物研究的理论，为利用该技术经济效地处理这些持久有机毒害污染物、并且治理及修复被污染地区环境提供了实验基础和理论依据。
The widespread use of organic pollutants has led to considerable environmental contamination and cause severe health problems for humans and other wildlife. The environmental pollution has been one of the most serious social problems. Prevention of the pollution, and remediation of groundwater, soils contaminated with organic pollutants have been challenging. Zero-valent metal, especially zero-valent iron, which is very promising for removal of contaminants and can be used to nearly all organic compounds, has been identified as a leading potential technology, and received increasing attentions in recent years.
So, two organic pollutants,γ-HCH and 1,2,3,4-TCDD chosen as the main model compounds, a series of batch experiments with 7ml amber glass vials capped with PTFE lined septa employed as the reactors were designed in the lab to study the degradation of organic pollutants by iron, zinc, and bimetal Fe/Pd, Fe/Ag under anaerobic conditions. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The dechlorination ofγ-HCH by iron proceeded successfully and large benzene with a little chlorobenzene were identified as the final products. A possible main degradation pathway which involves two intermediate products of TeCCH and DCCD and final product of benzene formed via dichloroelimination is proposed based on the identified final products, though no intermediates identified. The reaction is preudo-first-order in respect toγ-HCH concentration, and the initial solution pH, reaction temperature and iron content were the important factors for the transformation rate ofγ-HCH by iron in the reaction. In general, the extent ofγ-HCH degradation increases with pH growth, temperature increment, and increasing the dosage of iron.
(2) Zinc was shown to be thermodynamically more favorable and kinetically more reactive than iron which is the preferred metallic species utilized in most zero-valent metal applications. The successful treatment of PCDDs by zinc powder was achieved in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution at pH 6.85 and at room temperature and under anaerobic condition, and reductive dechlorination was observed that 1,2,3,4-TCDD can be stepwise and completely dechlorinated to DD mainly both via 1,2,4-TrCDD, 1,3-DCDD, 1-MCDD to DD and via 1,2,4-TrCDD, 2,3-DCDD, 2-MCDD to DD based on the species and distribution of products in the 7 separate systems. The rate phenomena of PCDD dechlorination kinetics for these give reaction systems can be described using preudo-first-order reaction model. The more chlorinated dioxin congeners are degraded at faster rate, that is, the tendency of rate constant follows TCDD>TrCDD>DCDD. In each separate systems, the observed half-lives of 1,2,3,4-TCDD, 1,2,3-TrCDD, 1,2,4-TrCDD, 1,2-DCDD, 1,3-DCDD, 1,4-DCDD and 2,3-DCDD are 0.56, 2.62, 5.71, 24.93,41.53,93.67 and 169.06 hours respectively.
(3) Bimetallic Fe/Pd and Fe/Ag are very effective material at remediation of PCDD and the 1,2,3,4-TCDD can be stepwise and completely dechlorinated to DD in phosphate buffer solution at pH 6.85 by them. It is proposed that the pathway of 1,2,3,4-TCDD dechlorination can be mainly via 1,2,3-TrCDD, 1,2-DCDD, 1-MCDD to DD in Fe/Pd bimetallic system while via 1,2,4-TrCDD, 1,2-DCDD, 1-MCDD to DD in Fe/Ag according to the species and distribution of products in both the systems. In the process of 1,2,3,4-TCDD dechlorination, the final product, DD, was formed larger and more rapidly in Fe/Pd system than in Fe/Ag system in reaction time. The rate phenomena of PCDD dechlorination kinetics for both given reaction systems can be also described using preudo-first-order reaction model and the k_((?),obs) is 0.14hr~(-1) in Fe/Pd bimetallic system and 0.62~(-1) in Fe/Ag bimetallic system respectively. Compared the results of 1,2,3,4-TCDD dechlorination in bimetallic Fe/Pd and Fe/Ag systems with that in zero-valent zinc system, three differences were obvious: (i) the dechlorination pathways of 1,2,3,4-TCDD were different; (ii) 1,2-DCDD, the intermediate of 1,2,3,4-TCDD dechlorination, is the major DCDD in bimetallic Fe/Pd and Fe/Ag systems, while 2,3-DCDD and 1,3-DCDD are the major in the zinc system; and (iii) 1,2,3.4-TCDD can be completely dechlorinated to form DD more rapidly in the Fe/Pd and Fe/Ag systems than in the zinc system in shorter time.
The results enrich the theory of environmental application of zero-valent iron, zinc, and bimetallic Fe/Pd, Fe/Ag for treatment of HCH and dioxins, and also lay a foundation for the application of the technology to remediation of polluted areas.
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