莫里森小说的叙事手法与作品自由主题的展现
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摘要
托尼·莫里森（Toni Morrison，1931-）是世界文学最重要的女作家之一，1993年以其作品选集获诺贝尔文学奖。她是迄今唯一获此殊荣的黑人女作家,其主要代表作有《最蓝的眼睛》、《秀拉》、《所罗门之歌》、《宠儿》、《爵士乐》、《天堂》等。
对于托尼·莫里森，国内外专家学者的研究已具备相当规模，论述得也比较深透，但尚有进一步探索之空间，因国外对其研究主要集中在莫里森小说的社会研究、语言技巧以及神话原型研究，而国内对莫里森的研究多局限于对作家单个作品的解读，少见对其多个作品的研究，且大多着重在对作品中象征、隐喻等单纯的叙事特征的研究。莫里森的作品描绘的不是一般意义上的现实的反映，而是关注更深层次的美国黑人的社会和文化发展，她推敲整体的结构，讲究细节的修辞。因此，对莫里森小说的研究，尤其是通过探讨莫里森小说以非线性叙述从不同的叙事视角反映的种族歧视、黑人身份意识、生存状态等问题，能为我们在文学领域深入开展个人价值的思考提供借鉴。而对莫里森小说叙事手法与作品自由主题的展现的关系的研究，补充了前人研究的不足，具有较大的文学价值。本论文在继承、总结、吸收、扬弃国内外相关研究成果和经验的基础上，以系统叙事学理论为指导，探究其叙事风格及其叙事风格与小说自由主题的展现之间的关系。
莫里森的小说自始至终贯穿着黑人对自由的不息的追求，本论文以叙事学为理论基础，结合弗洛伊德精神分析理论，分别从死亡现象的运用、叙述时序以及隐喻模式等多个角度，分析托尼·莫里森小说的各个叙事层面与小说自由主题展现的内在关系，总结托尼·莫里森小说的叙事特点。论文共分四章进行论述。
引言部分为莫里森小说的国内外研究综述。本章从社会研究、语言研究以及神话原型研究方面入手，介绍莫里森小说的国内外研究现状。
第一章界定自由，积极自由和消极自由的概念，讨论世界其他文学作品中表现的对自由的追求，以及在莫里森小说中追求自由的主题，并根据以赛亚·柏林的自由主义理论，提出莫里森作品中所凸显的自由，总体上属于消极自由，如小说《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》、《秀拉》、《柏油孩子》及《所罗门之歌》。但作品中也不乏对积极自由的追求，如作品《秀拉》。
第二章讨论莫里森在小说中如何运用死亡现象作为叙事元素以促进对自由的不息追求这一主题的展现。本章从莫里森不同小说中的死亡现象入手，结合弗洛伊德的死亡本能理论与反向作用机制，以及爱米尔·涂尔干的自杀论，提出莫里森小说中的各种死亡现象在其小说中发挥着积极的建构及凸显作品自由主题的功能，如《所罗门之歌》里史密斯和奶娃的自杀，《宠儿》中塞丝杀婴，和《秀拉》里夏娃杀子等。
第三章论述莫里森小说的叙述时间的运用对小说自由主题的展现。非线性叙述是莫里森惯用的一种叙事技巧。莫里森深谙叙事时间对叙述产生的深远影响，其作品中的叙事时序与叙事频率的选择独具匠心。结合热奈特的叙事学理论，本章主要分析其对故事时间与叙事时间的合理调配和由此产生的不同叙事时序，以及叙事中采用的叙事频率，进而分析不同时序和特定叙事频率对小说自由主题的烘托功能。论文提出，莫里森小说中预叙、倒叙以及交错的运用，尤其是多重性的倒序的采用，凸显了作品的自由主题。而叙事频率的选择使故事以碎片的形式出现，形成了莫里森迷宫式小说的特点，深化了其小说中追求的自由主题。
第四章集中论述莫里森小说中多种隐喻模式的运用及其对小说自由主题的展现发挥的功能。莫里森善于运用多种隐喻，如人名、神话、民间故事，乃至身体、音乐和符号，突出作品的主题。在对莫里森小说进行细读的基础上，论文提出，莫里森小说中各种不同的隐喻形式的采用彰显了其作品的自由主题，表现了白人社会对黑人心灵的戕害，以及整个黑人群体对自由的渴望和追求。
结语论述莫里森叙事风格的多样性对美国文学的影响。莫里森叙事方法的娴熟运用使她成为美国后现代文学的领军人物之一。她对黑人文学，美国文学，乃至世界文学的影响是不容忽略的。
Toni Morrison (1931—) is absolutely one of the most significant female writers in theliterary world, who, for her selected works, was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in1993. She is so far the only black female writer to have won such an award, whosemasterpieces include The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, Beloved, Jazz, Paradise andso on.
Considerable thorough achievements at home and aboard have been focused on ToniMorrison. However, researches abroad are mostly restrained in some fields such as socialresearch, linguistic techniques, and myth archetype research. Studies at home are relativelyweaker. In most cases, researchers confine themselves to close reading of one single fictioninstead of a stylistic study of many works, with the focus on the research of a certainfeature in narration, such as symbolism, and metaphor. However, Morrison’s fictions aredepicting not only a reflection of reality in the general sense, but a concern at the depth ofthe development of American black society and culture. She is particular about the polishof the holistic organization and the figures of speech in details. Hence, the study ofMorrison’s novels is of significance in literature, esp. the study of the problems in racialdiscrimination, consciousness of black identity, and living state from different narrativeperspectives through nonlinear narration, which will provide us a reference to provokethoughts on individual value in the field of literature. Meanwhile, a tentative exploration inthe relation between Morrison’s narrative techniques and the manifestation of thefreedom-quest motif is possibly supplementary to the current research, with a potentialvalue. This thesis aims to probe into Morrison’s holistic narrative style based on theachievements and experience at home and abroad, and with the guideline of systematicnarrative theory.
The motif consistent in all Morrison’s novels is the unceasing pursuit of freedom bythe black. From the perspectives of the application of death as a narrative element,narrative sequence, and metaphor mode, the dissertation will analyze the relation betweenthe diverse narrating aspects in Morrison’s fictions and the manifestation of thefreedom-quest motif as well as a wrapping up of the features of her narration. And thedissertation is aimed to explore Morrison’s narrative techniques’ contribution to the freedom-quest motif in four chapters.
The introduction reviews researches of Morrison’s works both at home and abroad. Itstarts with a brief introduction of the prevalence of her works. Then it goes on to presentthe researches from many aspects such as social research, linguistic research and mytharchetype research, introducing the current research situation of her novels.
Chapter one discusses the concept of freedom, including the division of positivefreedom and negative freedom, and the quest for it embodied in world literature and inMorrison’s fictions. Furthermore, based on Isaiah Berlin’s theory of freedom, it is heldthat freedom manifest in Morrison’s works is mainly negative freedom, which is wellexemplified in The Bluest Eye, Beloved, Sula, Tar Baby, and Song of Solomon, though thequest for positive freedom can also be felt in Sula.
Chapter two deals with the narrative element of death and the way how this element isharnessed by Morrison to reveal the harshness the black had to undergo to attain theirfreedom. Dealing with different phenomena of death in Morrison’s novels, and with regardto Freud’s theory of thanatos—death instinct and Freud’s mechanism of retrodirection, aswell as émile Durkheim’s theory on suicide, it will put forward that the diversephenomena of death in Morrison’s works exert a positive and constructive function inmaking the freedom-quest motif prominent, such as the suicide of Mr. Smith and Milkmanin Song of Solomon, Seth’s killing her baby in Beloved, and Eva’s killing her son in Sula.
Chapter three explores the narrative time in Morrison’s novels and its assistance tomanifest the motif of quest for freedom. Nonlinear narration is a narrative techniquefrequently used by Morrison, who has a deep understanding of the profound influence ofnarrative time on narration, which is well exemplified in narrative sequence and narrativefrequency in her works. Based on Gérard Genette’s narrative theory, this chapter mainlyanalyzes Morrison’s proper management of story time and narrative time, the consequentdiversified narrating sequences, and narrative frequencies. Furthermore, the function of thediversified narrating sequences and narrative frequencies to bring forth the freedom-questmotif is also to be explored. It is claimed that the employment of prolepsis, analepsis andsyllepsis, esp. that of multiple analepsis, contributes much to the freedom-quest motif,while the choice of narrative frequencies breaks the stories into pieces, making Morrison’snovels labyrinths, and consequently deepening the motif of freedom.
Chapter four focuses on the multitudinous kinds of metaphor in Morrison’s fictionsand its contribution to reveal the freedom-quest motif. Morrison is especially expert inemploying different metaphors such as proper name, mythology, folk story, and even body,music and symbols. These elements are so expressive in her novels as to be indicative ofthe motif of her works. On the basis of perusing Morrison’s fictions, the thesis putsforward that the different metaphors employed in her fictions are also a contribution to thefreedom-quest motif, and are indicative of the injustice by the white world on the black andthe eagerness and quest of the black for freedom.
The conclusion is to deal with the role Morrison has played in American literature.The diversified techniques and styles of Morrison’s novels have exerted a far-reachinginfluence on American literature. Her skillfulness in narration has made her a name inAmerican post-modern literature. Hence her influence on black literature, Americanliterature as well as literature in the world is too important to be ignored.
对于托尼·莫里森，国内外专家学者的研究已具备相当规模，论述得也比较深透，但尚有进一步探索之空间，因国外对其研究主要集中在莫里森小说的社会研究、语言技巧以及神话原型研究，而国内对莫里森的研究多局限于对作家单个作品的解读，少见对其多个作品的研究，且大多着重在对作品中象征、隐喻等单纯的叙事特征的研究。莫里森的作品描绘的不是一般意义上的现实的反映，而是关注更深层次的美国黑人的社会和文化发展，她推敲整体的结构，讲究细节的修辞。因此，对莫里森小说的研究，尤其是通过探讨莫里森小说以非线性叙述从不同的叙事视角反映的种族歧视、黑人身份意识、生存状态等问题，能为我们在文学领域深入开展个人价值的思考提供借鉴。而对莫里森小说叙事手法与作品自由主题的展现的关系的研究，补充了前人研究的不足，具有较大的文学价值。本论文在继承、总结、吸收、扬弃国内外相关研究成果和经验的基础上，以系统叙事学理论为指导，探究其叙事风格及其叙事风格与小说自由主题的展现之间的关系。
莫里森的小说自始至终贯穿着黑人对自由的不息的追求，本论文以叙事学为理论基础，结合弗洛伊德精神分析理论，分别从死亡现象的运用、叙述时序以及隐喻模式等多个角度，分析托尼·莫里森小说的各个叙事层面与小说自由主题展现的内在关系，总结托尼·莫里森小说的叙事特点。论文共分四章进行论述。
引言部分为莫里森小说的国内外研究综述。本章从社会研究、语言研究以及神话原型研究方面入手，介绍莫里森小说的国内外研究现状。
第一章界定自由，积极自由和消极自由的概念，讨论世界其他文学作品中表现的对自由的追求，以及在莫里森小说中追求自由的主题，并根据以赛亚·柏林的自由主义理论，提出莫里森作品中所凸显的自由，总体上属于消极自由，如小说《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》、《秀拉》、《柏油孩子》及《所罗门之歌》。但作品中也不乏对积极自由的追求，如作品《秀拉》。
第二章讨论莫里森在小说中如何运用死亡现象作为叙事元素以促进对自由的不息追求这一主题的展现。本章从莫里森不同小说中的死亡现象入手，结合弗洛伊德的死亡本能理论与反向作用机制，以及爱米尔·涂尔干的自杀论，提出莫里森小说中的各种死亡现象在其小说中发挥着积极的建构及凸显作品自由主题的功能，如《所罗门之歌》里史密斯和奶娃的自杀，《宠儿》中塞丝杀婴，和《秀拉》里夏娃杀子等。
第三章论述莫里森小说的叙述时间的运用对小说自由主题的展现。非线性叙述是莫里森惯用的一种叙事技巧。莫里森深谙叙事时间对叙述产生的深远影响，其作品中的叙事时序与叙事频率的选择独具匠心。结合热奈特的叙事学理论，本章主要分析其对故事时间与叙事时间的合理调配和由此产生的不同叙事时序，以及叙事中采用的叙事频率，进而分析不同时序和特定叙事频率对小说自由主题的烘托功能。论文提出，莫里森小说中预叙、倒叙以及交错的运用，尤其是多重性的倒序的采用，凸显了作品的自由主题。而叙事频率的选择使故事以碎片的形式出现，形成了莫里森迷宫式小说的特点，深化了其小说中追求的自由主题。
第四章集中论述莫里森小说中多种隐喻模式的运用及其对小说自由主题的展现发挥的功能。莫里森善于运用多种隐喻，如人名、神话、民间故事，乃至身体、音乐和符号，突出作品的主题。在对莫里森小说进行细读的基础上，论文提出，莫里森小说中各种不同的隐喻形式的采用彰显了其作品的自由主题，表现了白人社会对黑人心灵的戕害，以及整个黑人群体对自由的渴望和追求。
结语论述莫里森叙事风格的多样性对美国文学的影响。莫里森叙事方法的娴熟运用使她成为美国后现代文学的领军人物之一。她对黑人文学，美国文学，乃至世界文学的影响是不容忽略的。
Toni Morrison (1931—) is absolutely one of the most significant female writers in theliterary world, who, for her selected works, was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in1993. She is so far the only black female writer to have won such an award, whosemasterpieces include The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, Beloved, Jazz, Paradise andso on.
Considerable thorough achievements at home and aboard have been focused on ToniMorrison. However, researches abroad are mostly restrained in some fields such as socialresearch, linguistic techniques, and myth archetype research. Studies at home are relativelyweaker. In most cases, researchers confine themselves to close reading of one single fictioninstead of a stylistic study of many works, with the focus on the research of a certainfeature in narration, such as symbolism, and metaphor. However, Morrison’s fictions aredepicting not only a reflection of reality in the general sense, but a concern at the depth ofthe development of American black society and culture. She is particular about the polishof the holistic organization and the figures of speech in details. Hence, the study ofMorrison’s novels is of significance in literature, esp. the study of the problems in racialdiscrimination, consciousness of black identity, and living state from different narrativeperspectives through nonlinear narration, which will provide us a reference to provokethoughts on individual value in the field of literature. Meanwhile, a tentative exploration inthe relation between Morrison’s narrative techniques and the manifestation of thefreedom-quest motif is possibly supplementary to the current research, with a potentialvalue. This thesis aims to probe into Morrison’s holistic narrative style based on theachievements and experience at home and abroad, and with the guideline of systematicnarrative theory.
The motif consistent in all Morrison’s novels is the unceasing pursuit of freedom bythe black. From the perspectives of the application of death as a narrative element,narrative sequence, and metaphor mode, the dissertation will analyze the relation betweenthe diverse narrating aspects in Morrison’s fictions and the manifestation of thefreedom-quest motif as well as a wrapping up of the features of her narration. And thedissertation is aimed to explore Morrison’s narrative techniques’ contribution to the freedom-quest motif in four chapters.
The introduction reviews researches of Morrison’s works both at home and abroad. Itstarts with a brief introduction of the prevalence of her works. Then it goes on to presentthe researches from many aspects such as social research, linguistic research and mytharchetype research, introducing the current research situation of her novels.
Chapter one discusses the concept of freedom, including the division of positivefreedom and negative freedom, and the quest for it embodied in world literature and inMorrison’s fictions. Furthermore, based on Isaiah Berlin’s theory of freedom, it is heldthat freedom manifest in Morrison’s works is mainly negative freedom, which is wellexemplified in The Bluest Eye, Beloved, Sula, Tar Baby, and Song of Solomon, though thequest for positive freedom can also be felt in Sula.
Chapter two deals with the narrative element of death and the way how this element isharnessed by Morrison to reveal the harshness the black had to undergo to attain theirfreedom. Dealing with different phenomena of death in Morrison’s novels, and with regardto Freud’s theory of thanatos—death instinct and Freud’s mechanism of retrodirection, aswell as émile Durkheim’s theory on suicide, it will put forward that the diversephenomena of death in Morrison’s works exert a positive and constructive function inmaking the freedom-quest motif prominent, such as the suicide of Mr. Smith and Milkmanin Song of Solomon, Seth’s killing her baby in Beloved, and Eva’s killing her son in Sula.
Chapter three explores the narrative time in Morrison’s novels and its assistance tomanifest the motif of quest for freedom. Nonlinear narration is a narrative techniquefrequently used by Morrison, who has a deep understanding of the profound influence ofnarrative time on narration, which is well exemplified in narrative sequence and narrativefrequency in her works. Based on Gérard Genette’s narrative theory, this chapter mainlyanalyzes Morrison’s proper management of story time and narrative time, the consequentdiversified narrating sequences, and narrative frequencies. Furthermore, the function of thediversified narrating sequences and narrative frequencies to bring forth the freedom-questmotif is also to be explored. It is claimed that the employment of prolepsis, analepsis andsyllepsis, esp. that of multiple analepsis, contributes much to the freedom-quest motif,while the choice of narrative frequencies breaks the stories into pieces, making Morrison’snovels labyrinths, and consequently deepening the motif of freedom.
Chapter four focuses on the multitudinous kinds of metaphor in Morrison’s fictionsand its contribution to reveal the freedom-quest motif. Morrison is especially expert inemploying different metaphors such as proper name, mythology, folk story, and even body,music and symbols. These elements are so expressive in her novels as to be indicative ofthe motif of her works. On the basis of perusing Morrison’s fictions, the thesis putsforward that the different metaphors employed in her fictions are also a contribution to thefreedom-quest motif, and are indicative of the injustice by the white world on the black andthe eagerness and quest of the black for freedom.
The conclusion is to deal with the role Morrison has played in American literature.The diversified techniques and styles of Morrison’s novels have exerted a far-reachinginfluence on American literature. Her skillfulness in narration has made her a name inAmerican post-modern literature. Hence her influence on black literature, Americanliterature as well as literature in the world is too important to be ignored.
引文
1Yao, Peizhi.“Criticism of Toni Morrison Abroad and at Home”[J], Teacher,2012，（5）.
1Berlin, Isaiah.“Two Concepts of Liberty”(1958)[Z]. in Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford UniversityPress,1969, P1.
2Hannah Arendt,“What is Freedom?”, Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought,New York: Penguin,1993. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_freedom.
1Article1, Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
2Article2, Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
3Article3&4, Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
1Iris Marion Young,“Five Faces of Oppression", Justice and the Politics of Difference”(PrincetonUniversity press,1990),39-65. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_freedom.
2Michael Sandel,“Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do?”(Farrar, Straus and Giroux,2010). Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_freedom.
3Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (Anchor Books,2000). Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_freedom.
4Karl Marx,“Alienated Labour” in Early Writings. Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_freedom.
5Berlin, Isaiah.“Two Concepts of Liberty”(1958)[Z]. in Four Essays on Liberty. Oxford UniversityPress,1969, P1.
1Zhuang, zhou. Philosophy in Health Regimen, http://www.edu789.com/ws/zhuangzi/ws_7768.html.
2Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Translated by G. D. H. Cole. The Social Contact or Principles of PoliticalRight [M]. Digireads.com,2006, P49.
3Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Translated by G. D. H. Cole. The Social Contact or Principles of PoliticalRight [M]. Digireads.com,2006, P55.
1Shelley, Percy Bysshe. The Revolt of Islam [M]. General Books,2012. P1.
1Hedrick, Joan D. Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life [M] New York: Oxford University Press,1995,P208.
1Morrison, Toni. Beloved [M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2008, P125.
2Morrison, Toni. Jazz [M]. Vintage Books USA,2004. PI.
1Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon [M]. Vintage Books USA,2004, P135.
1Freud, Sigmund. Translated by Teng Shouyao. Sex and Civilization [M]. Anhui Literature&ArtPublishing House，1987，P331.
1Durkheim, émile. Translated by Feng Yunwen. On Suicide [M]. The Commercial Press，1996, P11.
1Durkheim, émile. Translated by Feng Yunwen. On Suicide [M]. The Commercial Press,1996, P144.
23Durkheim, émile. Translated by Feng Yunwen. On Suicide [M]. The Commercial Press,1996, P225.
4Durkheim, émile. Translated by Feng Yunwen. On Suicide [M]. The Commercial Press,1996, P254.
5Durkheim, émile. Translated by Feng Yunwen. On Suicide [M]. The Commercial Press,1996, P298.Harriford, Diane, and Thomson, When the Center is on Fire, P165. From [OL].http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_(book).
6[OL]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_(book).
7Harriford, Diane, and Thomson, When the Center is on Fire, P166. From [OL]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_(book).
8Thompson, Kenneth.1982. Emile Durkheim. London: Tavistock Publications, PP109-111. From[OL] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_(book).
1Harriford, Diane, and Thomson, When the Center is on Fire, P163. From [OL]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_(book).
2Harriford, Diane, and Thomson, When the Center is on Fire [OL] P167. Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_(book).
3[OL] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_(book).
1Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon [M]. Vintage Books USA,2004, P11.
1Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon [M]. Vintage Books USA,2004, P13.
1Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon [M]. Vintage Books USA,2004, P17.
1Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon [M]. Vintage Books USA,2004, P80.
1Morrison, Toni. Sula [M]. Vintage Books USA,2004, P22.
1Freud, Sigmund. Edited by Liang Fengyan. Freud on Instinct and Success [M].China Worker Press,2009, P145.
1Morrison, Toni. Beloved.[M] Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2008, P163.
2Morrison, Toni. Beloved.[M] Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2008, P162.
1Morrison, Toni. Sula [M]. Vintage Books USA,2004, P61,62.
1Morrison, Toni. Sula [M]. Vintage Books USA,2004, P32.
2Morrison, Toni. Sula [M]. Vintage Books USA,2004, P48.
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