粉煤灰包膜缓释肥的制备及其对作物生长的影响研究
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摘要
针对当前化肥使用中存在的低利用效率及其给环境、农产品等带来的系列危害问题,开展缓/控释肥料的研究正成为植物营养与肥料学科研究的热点问题之一。缓/控释肥料一方面可以采用低渗透率的疏水性膜将肥料包覆起来加工而成;另一方面,还可以通过添加抑制剂,抑制代谢酶活性,降低或减缓养分的释放及转化速率,从而提高了养分的当季利用率和作物产量。本试验采用室内模拟同大田试验相结合的方法,选用粉煤灰、高岭土、滑石粉、硅藻土4种无机矿物材料以及硝化抑制剂双氰胺进行新型肥料的研制,并对肥料理化性能、养分释放特征及其生物效应进行了研究。主要研究结果如下:
1、采用开放式圆盘造粒工艺,选用粉煤灰等4种无机矿物材料并同有机黏结剂相结合,制成不同包膜厚度的缓释复合肥。通过对4种无机矿物材料进行激光粒度分析表明粉煤灰粒度均匀性最好,粒径小于90μm颗粒含量占36.8%;对肥料成粒率、抗压强度、耐磨性、龟裂率的测定与分析以及对肥料膜壳放大800和1200倍进行图像扫描,其成膜性能优劣表现为粉煤灰>滑石粉>高岭土>硅藻土。
2、筛选出成膜性能最好的粉煤灰作为包膜材料,通过室内恒温土柱淋洗试验,研究了包膜厚度分别为15%、20%和25%的三种缓释肥料养分释放规律。结果表明,28天以后,粉煤灰包膜肥淋溶液EC、NH4+-N、NO3--N均高于普通复合肥处理;3种自制粉煤灰包膜肥料能减缓氮、磷和钾素淋溶速率,且厚度越大效果越好。另外,粉煤灰包膜肥料氮、磷、钾素累积溶出量曲线特征符合一元二次方程。
3、明确了粉煤灰包膜缓释肥对大白菜的增产效应。通过田间试验,研究了包膜缓释肥料对大白菜生理特性、产量以及品质的影响。结果表明,在施肥水平相同的情况下,与普通复合肥相比,3种包膜缓释肥料可以提高大白菜生长后期叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,有效地降低叶片气孔限制值Ls;3种粉煤灰包膜复合肥处理能有效地改善大白菜单株参数,单株结球质量增加0.10～0.33 kg,产量提高9.72%～33.1%;同时,施用粉煤灰包膜缓释肥可以显著降低大白菜功能叶的NO3--N含量,也一定程度上降低了有机酸含量,提高了收获期大白菜球叶中可溶性糖含量、糖酸比以及Vc含量。
4、通过向粉煤灰包膜材料中添加硝化抑制剂,进一步制得具有双重缓释效果的新型包膜缓释肥,并研究了其对土壤养分含量及其酶活性的影响。结果表明,硝化抑制剂添加量分别为1%、2%和4%的粉煤灰包膜缓释肥能不同程度的改善土壤pH值、提高玉米生长后期土壤EC、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,降低硝态氮含量。3种自制包膜缓释肥能不同程度的提高土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性,但各处理过氧化氢酶活性差异不显著。综合考虑,以硝化抑制剂4%添加量对提高土壤养分含量和酶活性效果最佳。
5、研究了具有双重缓释效果新型包膜缓释肥对大田玉米生长效应的影响。结果表明,与普通复合肥相比,3种硝化抑制剂添加量包膜缓释肥能显著改善玉米后期光合性能和叶绿素荧光性能;提高玉米叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性和叶片可溶性蛋白含量;显著改善了玉米农艺性状,提高了玉米籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和维生素C含量。另外,与普通肥料处理相比,3种自制包膜缓释肥处理玉米籽粒产量分别提高24.0%、31.4%和35.8%,生物产量分别提高57.2%、64.6%和74.4%,且均以硝化抑制剂4%添加量最高;氮当季利用率提高1.24%～19.02%,磷提高7.35%～11.23%,钾提高15.77%～23.84%。
There are the low fertilizer use efficiency and environmental problems in agricultural. Carrying out of slow/controlled release fertilizer is becoming a hot topic in academic research. On the one hand, slow/controlled release fertilizer can be made by hydrophobic low permeability of the membrane covering up the fertilizer; on the other hand, it can be made by adding the inhibitor to improve nutrient utilization and crop production. In this experiment, we used the method of indoor simulation combining field experiments. We made homemade slow release fertilizer by using four kinds of inorganic mineral material and nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide. And the physical and chemical properties of fertilizer, nutrient release characteristics and biological effects were studied. The main results are as follows:
1. Several kinds of fertilizers were made by using four types of another inorganic mineral material and organic binder by an open disc granulation process. The results showed that the best material was flying ash and particle size less than 90μm particle content 36.8% by laser particle size analysis. The performance was flying ash> talc> kaolin> diatomaceous earth of fertilizer through determing and analyzing the grain rate, compressive strength, wear resistance, cracking and rate of fertilizer membrane shell 800-time and 1200-time magnification image scanning.
2. Fly ash as the best performance coating materials was selected. In soil column leaching experiment, the nutrients release characteristics of three kinds of slow-release fertilizers with coating thickness, which were 15%, 20% and 25% were studied. The results showed that after 28 days, the EC, NH4 +-N, NO3 - -N in leaching solution of fly ash coated fertilizer was higher than ordinary fertilizer treatment. The homemade coated fertilizer can reduce nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium leaching rate. In addition, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium leaching curves a quadratic equation.
3. A field experiment was conducted to study effects of the coated controlled release fertilizers on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of the Chinese cabbage growing in the field. Results show that the fertilizers increased chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance and decreased stomatal limitation (Ls) in the leaves of the plant during its late growth stage, and improved the plant parameter characteristics, and biomass per head by 0.10～0.33 kg, yied by 9.72%～33.1%. In addition, the coated controlled release fertilizers decreased NO3--N significantly and organic acid contents by a certain extent in the functional leaves of the plant, and improved sugar-acid ratio and soluble sugar and Vc contents of the head of the plant at the harvest stage.
4. New dual-release coated slow release fertilizer was made through adding the nitrification inhibitor to fly ash, and further studies on soil nutrient content and its enzyme activity. The results showed that the homemade coated slow release fertilizer with the addition of nitrification inhibitors, which were 1%, 2% and 4% improved soil pH, and increased soil EC, NH4+-N, available P and K content, and decreased NO3--N content at maize growth stage. The three kinds of homemade slow release fertilizer also enhanced urease activity and acid phosphatase activity by a certain extent, but there was no significant difference in catalase activity among the six treatments. In the summary, the treatment by adding 4% nitrification inhibitors improved the soil nutrient content and activity best.
5. We further studied the effect of the homemade coated slow release fertilizer on the growth effect of maize in the field. The results showed: compared with ordinary compound fertilizer, the three kinds of fertilizer significantly improved the performance of maize photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence; improved maize SOD, POD and CAT activity and soluble protein content; significantly improved the agronomic traits of maize, increased maize starch, protein and vitamin C content at late stage. In addition, compared with ordinary fertilizer, the three kinds of homemade slow release fertilizer increased maize grain yields by 24.0%, 31.4% and 35.8%, biomass increased by 57.2%, 64.6% and 74.4%; nitrogen utilization of the season increased by 1.24%～19.02%, P increased by 7.35% ~ 11.23%, K increased by 15.77% ~ 23.84%.
1、采用开放式圆盘造粒工艺,选用粉煤灰等4种无机矿物材料并同有机黏结剂相结合,制成不同包膜厚度的缓释复合肥。通过对4种无机矿物材料进行激光粒度分析表明粉煤灰粒度均匀性最好,粒径小于90μm颗粒含量占36.8%;对肥料成粒率、抗压强度、耐磨性、龟裂率的测定与分析以及对肥料膜壳放大800和1200倍进行图像扫描,其成膜性能优劣表现为粉煤灰>滑石粉>高岭土>硅藻土。
2、筛选出成膜性能最好的粉煤灰作为包膜材料,通过室内恒温土柱淋洗试验,研究了包膜厚度分别为15%、20%和25%的三种缓释肥料养分释放规律。结果表明,28天以后,粉煤灰包膜肥淋溶液EC、NH4+-N、NO3--N均高于普通复合肥处理;3种自制粉煤灰包膜肥料能减缓氮、磷和钾素淋溶速率,且厚度越大效果越好。另外,粉煤灰包膜肥料氮、磷、钾素累积溶出量曲线特征符合一元二次方程。
3、明确了粉煤灰包膜缓释肥对大白菜的增产效应。通过田间试验,研究了包膜缓释肥料对大白菜生理特性、产量以及品质的影响。结果表明,在施肥水平相同的情况下,与普通复合肥相比,3种包膜缓释肥料可以提高大白菜生长后期叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,有效地降低叶片气孔限制值Ls;3种粉煤灰包膜复合肥处理能有效地改善大白菜单株参数,单株结球质量增加0.10～0.33 kg,产量提高9.72%～33.1%;同时,施用粉煤灰包膜缓释肥可以显著降低大白菜功能叶的NO3--N含量,也一定程度上降低了有机酸含量,提高了收获期大白菜球叶中可溶性糖含量、糖酸比以及Vc含量。
4、通过向粉煤灰包膜材料中添加硝化抑制剂,进一步制得具有双重缓释效果的新型包膜缓释肥,并研究了其对土壤养分含量及其酶活性的影响。结果表明,硝化抑制剂添加量分别为1%、2%和4%的粉煤灰包膜缓释肥能不同程度的改善土壤pH值、提高玉米生长后期土壤EC、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,降低硝态氮含量。3种自制包膜缓释肥能不同程度的提高土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性,但各处理过氧化氢酶活性差异不显著。综合考虑,以硝化抑制剂4%添加量对提高土壤养分含量和酶活性效果最佳。
5、研究了具有双重缓释效果新型包膜缓释肥对大田玉米生长效应的影响。结果表明,与普通复合肥相比,3种硝化抑制剂添加量包膜缓释肥能显著改善玉米后期光合性能和叶绿素荧光性能;提高玉米叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性和叶片可溶性蛋白含量;显著改善了玉米农艺性状,提高了玉米籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和维生素C含量。另外,与普通肥料处理相比,3种自制包膜缓释肥处理玉米籽粒产量分别提高24.0%、31.4%和35.8%,生物产量分别提高57.2%、64.6%和74.4%,且均以硝化抑制剂4%添加量最高;氮当季利用率提高1.24%～19.02%,磷提高7.35%～11.23%,钾提高15.77%～23.84%。
There are the low fertilizer use efficiency and environmental problems in agricultural. Carrying out of slow/controlled release fertilizer is becoming a hot topic in academic research. On the one hand, slow/controlled release fertilizer can be made by hydrophobic low permeability of the membrane covering up the fertilizer; on the other hand, it can be made by adding the inhibitor to improve nutrient utilization and crop production. In this experiment, we used the method of indoor simulation combining field experiments. We made homemade slow release fertilizer by using four kinds of inorganic mineral material and nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide. And the physical and chemical properties of fertilizer, nutrient release characteristics and biological effects were studied. The main results are as follows:
1. Several kinds of fertilizers were made by using four types of another inorganic mineral material and organic binder by an open disc granulation process. The results showed that the best material was flying ash and particle size less than 90μm particle content 36.8% by laser particle size analysis. The performance was flying ash> talc> kaolin> diatomaceous earth of fertilizer through determing and analyzing the grain rate, compressive strength, wear resistance, cracking and rate of fertilizer membrane shell 800-time and 1200-time magnification image scanning.
2. Fly ash as the best performance coating materials was selected. In soil column leaching experiment, the nutrients release characteristics of three kinds of slow-release fertilizers with coating thickness, which were 15%, 20% and 25% were studied. The results showed that after 28 days, the EC, NH4 +-N, NO3 - -N in leaching solution of fly ash coated fertilizer was higher than ordinary fertilizer treatment. The homemade coated fertilizer can reduce nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium leaching rate. In addition, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium leaching curves a quadratic equation.
3. A field experiment was conducted to study effects of the coated controlled release fertilizers on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of the Chinese cabbage growing in the field. Results show that the fertilizers increased chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance and decreased stomatal limitation (Ls) in the leaves of the plant during its late growth stage, and improved the plant parameter characteristics, and biomass per head by 0.10～0.33 kg, yied by 9.72%～33.1%. In addition, the coated controlled release fertilizers decreased NO3--N significantly and organic acid contents by a certain extent in the functional leaves of the plant, and improved sugar-acid ratio and soluble sugar and Vc contents of the head of the plant at the harvest stage.
4. New dual-release coated slow release fertilizer was made through adding the nitrification inhibitor to fly ash, and further studies on soil nutrient content and its enzyme activity. The results showed that the homemade coated slow release fertilizer with the addition of nitrification inhibitors, which were 1%, 2% and 4% improved soil pH, and increased soil EC, NH4+-N, available P and K content, and decreased NO3--N content at maize growth stage. The three kinds of homemade slow release fertilizer also enhanced urease activity and acid phosphatase activity by a certain extent, but there was no significant difference in catalase activity among the six treatments. In the summary, the treatment by adding 4% nitrification inhibitors improved the soil nutrient content and activity best.
5. We further studied the effect of the homemade coated slow release fertilizer on the growth effect of maize in the field. The results showed: compared with ordinary compound fertilizer, the three kinds of fertilizer significantly improved the performance of maize photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence; improved maize SOD, POD and CAT activity and soluble protein content; significantly improved the agronomic traits of maize, increased maize starch, protein and vitamin C content at late stage. In addition, compared with ordinary fertilizer, the three kinds of homemade slow release fertilizer increased maize grain yields by 24.0%, 31.4% and 35.8%, biomass increased by 57.2%, 64.6% and 74.4%; nitrogen utilization of the season increased by 1.24%～19.02%, P increased by 7.35% ~ 11.23%, K increased by 15.77% ~ 23.84%.
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