北大西洋北部全新世气候及海洋环境演变
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摘要
北大西洋北部海域是对全球气候变化响应最敏感的区域之一,因此长期以来一直是全球变化研究的重点和热点。冰岛北部陆架处在北大西洋冷暖水团交汇的海域,因此对区域甚至全球海洋环境的变化具有高度的敏感性,故近年来受到广大研究者的普遍关注。全新世气候长期以来被视为温暖而稳定,并因此导致了人类社会的迅速发展。然而近年来越来越多的研究发现全新世气候也存在显著的变化,并对生活在其中的人类生存和发展有着重大的影响。本论文试图通过对冰岛北部陆架海域全新世海洋环境演变的研究,结合北大西洋北部海域已有的全新世气候和海洋记录,综合讨论北大西洋北部海域全新世气候的演变情况。
本文主要以冰岛北部陆架海域一个高分辨率沉积物钻孔(MD99-2275孔)全新世硅藻记录为基础,结合该孔部分沉积物浮游和底栖有孔虫以及磁性特征数据,详细探讨了冰岛北部陆架海域近9000年以来海洋环境的演变情况。
研究结果显示,冰岛北部陆架海域全新世以来海洋环境总体上呈逐渐变冷的趋势。该海域全新世大暖期出现于～9000至5300 cal.yr BP期间,在此期间,冰岛北部陆架海域受到来自北大西洋的印明格暖流较强的影响,而来自东格陵兰寒流和东冰岛海流的极地水团对该区域的影响相对较弱。在～8100-8000 cal.yr BP期间,极地冷水水团对冰岛北部陆架海域的影响突然显著增强,改变了早全新世该海域温暖的海洋环境。在此次冷期结束后,～8000-7000 cal.yr BP期间,冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境达到了全新世以来最温暖的时期,印明格暖流在此期间对该海域的影响达到了最强。自7000 cal.yr BP以来,海洋环境开始转冷,极地冷水水团对冰岛北部陆架海域的影响开始有所增强。
在中全新世(～5500-5300 cal.yr BP),MD99-2275孔硅藻组合面貌和磁性特征都发生了一次显著的突变,这表明冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境在此时发生了一次重大的调整。此次海洋环境的突变可能在一定程度上改变了冰岛北部陆架海域水体性质,挪威—大西洋水团对该海域的影响可能显著增强。在此次中全新世海洋环境突变以后,冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境开始逐渐变冷,东格陵兰寒流和东冰岛海流对该海域的影响均逐渐增强。相对于全新世大暖期,冰岛北部陆架海域中全新世以来的海洋环境变得相当不稳定。有孔虫记录显示中全新世以来,在～4200cal.yr BP和3000 cal.yr BP冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境还发生过两次阶梯型的突然变冷。
全新世以来,除了逐渐变冷的总体变化趋势外,冰岛北部陆架海域还经历了几次快速的变冷事件,主要发生在8120-8000,6650-6100,4300-4100,3000-2700,1300-1100以及600-200 cal.yr BP,在这些时段,东格陵兰寒流和东冰岛海流对冰岛北部陆架海域的影响突然增强。
冰岛北部陆架Kolbeinsey海脊的隆起,使得海脊两侧海域的全新世海洋环境存在比较明显的差异性,这表明Kolbeinsey海脊对冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境尤其是对陆架中层和底层水体性质存在重要的影响。
本论文在此冰岛北部陆架全新世海洋记录基础上,收集和整理了大量前人研究的北大西洋北部海域全新世气候和海洋环境记录,并在此基础上对整个北大西洋北部海域全新世海洋环境的演变及其变化机制做了综合性的研究。
总体而言,全新世以来北大西洋北部海域海洋环境的演变受北半球高纬度地区接收太阳辐射能量变化的影响,因此表现出显著的逐渐变冷的趋势。整个北大西洋北部海域全新世大暖期的出现均明显滞后于太阳辐射能量达到最高值的时期,这主要与北半球高纬度地区末次冰期大型冰川的残留体有关。大型冰川残留体尤其是加拿大Laurentide冰川主要通过影响邻近区域大气环流以及大量冰川融水的涌入对北大西洋尤其是北大西洋北部海域海洋环境有着重要的影响,从而导致北大西洋北部海域全新世大暖期的显著滞后。除此之外,北大西洋北部海域全新世大暖期的出现也存在明显的区域差异性,其中Nordic海南部海域,包括冰岛北部陆架海域和挪威海南部海域全新世大暖期常始于10,000-9000 cal.yr BP,而受极地冷水水团影响较强烈的海域全新世大暖期的出现稍有滞后,出现于～8500 cal.yr BP,这与北大西洋暖水水团对Nordic海域影响的方向以及相应的海洋极锋移动的方向有关。在冰岛以南的北大西洋北部海域,全新世大暖期的滞后现象尤为明显,主要出现在～7500-7000 cal.yr BP,这可能与早全新世期间加拿大极地水团以及Laurentide冰川冰融水对该海域的强烈影响有密切的联系。
在～8200 cal.yr BP,一次短暂而显著的变冷扰乱了早全新世北大西洋北部海域海洋环境变暖的步伐。此次8200 cal.yr BP冷期在北大西洋及其邻近区域都有着广泛的记录。虽然如此,有关此次冷期在北大西洋北部海域的涉及范围、影响程度以及持续时间目前仍不甚明了。在冰岛北部陆架海域,此次8200 cal.yr BP冷期的影响也存在一定的区域差异,其中陆架东部和偏北部海域受到此次冷期的影响比较强烈,而在陆架西部受印明格暖流影响相对较强的海域,对此次短暂冷期的响应则可能较弱。此次显著的8200 cal.yr BP气候突变主要与加拿大Laurentide冰川最后一次崩塌以及由此导致的Agassize和Ojibway冰川湖水的大量涌出有关,北大西洋深水环流在此时受到了严重的影响。
在中全新世～6000-5000 cal.yr BP,由于受到北半球太阳辐射能量显著降低的影响,北大西洋北部海域海洋环境均发生了明显的变化,并在此后逐渐变冷,进入了全新世新冰期时期。除了太阳辐射能量的显著降低外,北大西洋深水环流的突然减弱也可能是启动北大西洋及其邻近区域新冰期气候的重要因素。
全新世期间,北大西洋北部海域海洋环境及其邻近地区气候环境还存在着一定的周期性变化规律,主要体现为一些快速气候变冷事件的周期性出现。这些快速的气候变化事件主要发生在～400,～1400,～2800,～4200,～5800,～8200,～9300以及～10,300 cal.yr BP几个时期。其中发生在近9000年以来的几次气候事件与冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境的几次快速变化基本一致。但其中于～6650-6100 cal.yrBP期间发生于冰岛北部陆架海域的冷期目前在北大西洋北部其他海域还未曾广泛的报道。
本论文还通过对在MD99-2275孔所在位置所获取的未扰动表层样品—重力多芯钻孔B05-MC04孔沉积物硅藻的研究,定性和定量的恢复了冰岛北部陆架海域在过去一百年以来海洋环境的变化情况,以探讨冰岛北部陆架海域对近代全球气候显著变暖趋势的响应。
研究发现冰岛北部陆架海域在过去一百年期间对工业革命以来全球气候变暖的现象有着明显的响应,表现在逐渐减少的海冰和极地硅藻百分含量以及逐渐上升的夏季表层海水温度记录上。在此逐渐变暖的趋势上,冰岛北部陆架海域还经历了几次比较短暂但却明显的冷期,主要发生于1920年左右、1960-1975年以及1995-2002年。研究发现,这几次明显的冷期与北大西洋涛动指数的变动存在显著的相关性,而1960-1975年期间的冷期更是与上世纪60、70年代发生在北大西洋海域的盐度大异常事件有着直接的联系。因此我们可以认为这些短暂的冷期主要是因北大西洋地区短时间尺度的大气和海洋环流系统的变化所引起。
B05-MC04孔沉积硅藻所重建的该孔所在海域夏季表层海水温度记录与邻近海域近一百年以来仪器测量的海水温度资料具有很好的一致性,因此我们认为,利用沉积物硅藻定量重建冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境变量的研究是切实可行的。
A high-resolution diatom record and selected foraminiferal and magnectic data from core MD99-2275 reveal a series of palaeoceanographic change on the North Icelandic shelf since about 9000 cal.yr BP.The influence of relatively warm high-salinity Atlantic water masses of the Irminger Current was strong in the study area during the Holocene Climate Optimum(HCO,8760(base of record)-c.5300 cal.yr BP).The relatively warm and stable period in the early Holocene was interrupted by remarkably enhanced influence of the East Greenland Current and East Icelandic Current during about 8120-8000 cal.yr BP.After that,the warmest conditon was reached between c.8000 and 7000 cal.yr BP on the North Icelandic shelf.There is a general cooling trend from c.7000 cal.yr BP to the present,which is indicated by an increase in the influence of cold Polar water masses from the East Greenland Current and the East Icelandic Current and a decrease in the influence of the Irminger Current.A major change in diatom assemblages at around 5300 cal.yr BP indicates a significant palaeoceanographic shift on the North Icelandic shelf in the mid-Holocene,which is also demonstrated by an abrupt change in the magnectic properties at c.5500 cal.yr BP. There should be an important change in the provenance and dynamic of the water mass in the mid-Holocene on the North Icelandic shelf,which is followed by gradual cooling and unstable condition during the remainder of the Holocene.The influence of the Norwegian-Atlantic Water might have increased on the North Icelandic shelf since this mid-Holocene palaeoceanogrphic change.Stepwise increases in the influence of Polar and Arctic water masses are indicated by the benthic and planktonic foraminiferal data at c.4200 cal.yr BP and c.3000 cal.yr BP.In addition,several abrupt palaeoceanographic changes are distinguished.Enhanced influence of Polar waters is reflected during the intervals 8120-8000,6650-6100,4300-4100,3000-2700,1300-1100 and 600-200 cal.yr BP.
Apparent regional differences are indicated on the North Icelandic shelf by comparing the floral and faunal indications from core MD99-2275 and the other Holocene records on the North Icelandic shelf.The Kolbeinsey Ridge influences the Holocene palaeoceanography,especially the middle and deep water mass,as an oceanographic barrier on the North Icelandic shelf.
The Holocene Palaeoclimatic and Palaeoceanographic changes in the northern North Atlantic are discussed in this thesis.There is a general cooling trend from the early Holocene to present in the northern North Atlantic,forced by gradual decreasing Nothern Hemisphere solar insolation.The HCO in the whole northern North Atlantic occurs later than the Holocene insolation maximum at～11,000 cal.yr BP.The lag is suggested to be the result of the remnants of the last Glacial ice sheets,as the atmospheric jet stream is sensitive to the size and geometry of the ice sheet,and the North Atlantic Deep Water(NADW)is susceptible to the melting water from the ice sheet.In addition,Regional differences in the onset and duration of the HCO are also shown in the northern North Atlantic.The HCO in the area strongly influenced by the North Atlantic water,such as the North Icelandic shelf and the southern Norwegian Sea, started at～10,000-9000 cal.yr BP,while HCO in the area mainly influenced by the Polar water mass(eg.The East Greenland shelf)occured at～8500 cal.yr BP.This HCO delay is suggested to be results of transgressively influence of the North Atlantic water in the Nordic Seas and the westwardly movement of the Polar and Arctic Front as the the initial Holocene warming took place.In the subpolar Atlantic to the south Iceland, the HCO occurred at～7500-7000 cal.yr BP,which is～3500-4000 years later than the Holocene Northern Hemisphere insolation maximum.This long-term lag is closely related to the strong influence of the Canadian Arctic Water and the melting water from the Laurentide ice sheet in the early Holocene.
An abrupt severe cooling around 8200 cal.yr BP interrupted the early Holocene warming in the northern North Atlantic.Regional difference is also indicated in the extent and timing of this 8200 cal.yr BP cooling event.For example,this early Holocene cooling event is distinctly revealed on the eastern and northern North Icelandic shelf,but is shown as an only minor change on the western North Icelandic shelf.The 8200 cal.yr BP cooling event is correlated with the final collapse of the Laurentide ice sheet and the resulting drainage of glacial lakes Agassiz and Ojibway.
A particularly profound change is indicated in the mid-Holocene(～6000-5000 cal.yr BP),which is followed by general cooling trend in the northern North Atlantic. The Neoglacial in the northern North Atlantic and adjacent areas is mainly forced by the markedly decreasing of the North Hemisphere solar insolation since the mid Holocene and may be also triggered by remarkable weakening of the NADW in the mid-Holocene.
In addition,periodically climatic and oceanographic change is revealed in the northern North Atlantic during the Holocene.It is apparently reflected by recurrence of the abrupt cooling events,occurring at～-400,～1400,～2800,～4200,～5800,～8200,～9300 and～10,300 cal.yr BF.
A diatom record from Multicore B05-MC04 reveals the oceanographic change on the North Icelandic shelf during the last 100 years.A general warming is indicated by gradually decreasing sea ice and Arctic diatom species and reconstructed summer sea surface water temperature(SSTs)based on diatom,which is coincident with the general global warming since the industrial revolution.Three short-term cooling events are shown superimposed on the general warming trend,occurring at～1920 A.D., 1960-1975 A.D.and 1995-2002 A.D.All of the three oceanographic coolings fell into the times of declined or negative North Atlantic Oscillation index,showing close correlation with this decadal timescale changes in atmospheric pattern.The cooling during 1960-1975 A.D is also related with the Great Salinity Anomaly(GSA)in the North Atlantic.The quantitatively reconstructed SSTs based on the diatom record from core B05-MC04 is consistent with the instrumental data at the adjacent observation sites in the north Iceland,indicating that it is feasible to quatitatively reconstruct the Falaeoclimatic and Falaeoceanographic changes on the North Icelandic shelf based on sediment diatom.
本文主要以冰岛北部陆架海域一个高分辨率沉积物钻孔(MD99-2275孔)全新世硅藻记录为基础,结合该孔部分沉积物浮游和底栖有孔虫以及磁性特征数据,详细探讨了冰岛北部陆架海域近9000年以来海洋环境的演变情况。
研究结果显示,冰岛北部陆架海域全新世以来海洋环境总体上呈逐渐变冷的趋势。该海域全新世大暖期出现于～9000至5300 cal.yr BP期间,在此期间,冰岛北部陆架海域受到来自北大西洋的印明格暖流较强的影响,而来自东格陵兰寒流和东冰岛海流的极地水团对该区域的影响相对较弱。在～8100-8000 cal.yr BP期间,极地冷水水团对冰岛北部陆架海域的影响突然显著增强,改变了早全新世该海域温暖的海洋环境。在此次冷期结束后,～8000-7000 cal.yr BP期间,冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境达到了全新世以来最温暖的时期,印明格暖流在此期间对该海域的影响达到了最强。自7000 cal.yr BP以来,海洋环境开始转冷,极地冷水水团对冰岛北部陆架海域的影响开始有所增强。
在中全新世(～5500-5300 cal.yr BP),MD99-2275孔硅藻组合面貌和磁性特征都发生了一次显著的突变,这表明冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境在此时发生了一次重大的调整。此次海洋环境的突变可能在一定程度上改变了冰岛北部陆架海域水体性质,挪威—大西洋水团对该海域的影响可能显著增强。在此次中全新世海洋环境突变以后,冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境开始逐渐变冷,东格陵兰寒流和东冰岛海流对该海域的影响均逐渐增强。相对于全新世大暖期,冰岛北部陆架海域中全新世以来的海洋环境变得相当不稳定。有孔虫记录显示中全新世以来,在～4200cal.yr BP和3000 cal.yr BP冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境还发生过两次阶梯型的突然变冷。
全新世以来,除了逐渐变冷的总体变化趋势外,冰岛北部陆架海域还经历了几次快速的变冷事件,主要发生在8120-8000,6650-6100,4300-4100,3000-2700,1300-1100以及600-200 cal.yr BP,在这些时段,东格陵兰寒流和东冰岛海流对冰岛北部陆架海域的影响突然增强。
冰岛北部陆架Kolbeinsey海脊的隆起,使得海脊两侧海域的全新世海洋环境存在比较明显的差异性,这表明Kolbeinsey海脊对冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境尤其是对陆架中层和底层水体性质存在重要的影响。
本论文在此冰岛北部陆架全新世海洋记录基础上,收集和整理了大量前人研究的北大西洋北部海域全新世气候和海洋环境记录,并在此基础上对整个北大西洋北部海域全新世海洋环境的演变及其变化机制做了综合性的研究。
总体而言,全新世以来北大西洋北部海域海洋环境的演变受北半球高纬度地区接收太阳辐射能量变化的影响,因此表现出显著的逐渐变冷的趋势。整个北大西洋北部海域全新世大暖期的出现均明显滞后于太阳辐射能量达到最高值的时期,这主要与北半球高纬度地区末次冰期大型冰川的残留体有关。大型冰川残留体尤其是加拿大Laurentide冰川主要通过影响邻近区域大气环流以及大量冰川融水的涌入对北大西洋尤其是北大西洋北部海域海洋环境有着重要的影响,从而导致北大西洋北部海域全新世大暖期的显著滞后。除此之外,北大西洋北部海域全新世大暖期的出现也存在明显的区域差异性,其中Nordic海南部海域,包括冰岛北部陆架海域和挪威海南部海域全新世大暖期常始于10,000-9000 cal.yr BP,而受极地冷水水团影响较强烈的海域全新世大暖期的出现稍有滞后,出现于～8500 cal.yr BP,这与北大西洋暖水水团对Nordic海域影响的方向以及相应的海洋极锋移动的方向有关。在冰岛以南的北大西洋北部海域,全新世大暖期的滞后现象尤为明显,主要出现在～7500-7000 cal.yr BP,这可能与早全新世期间加拿大极地水团以及Laurentide冰川冰融水对该海域的强烈影响有密切的联系。
在～8200 cal.yr BP,一次短暂而显著的变冷扰乱了早全新世北大西洋北部海域海洋环境变暖的步伐。此次8200 cal.yr BP冷期在北大西洋及其邻近区域都有着广泛的记录。虽然如此,有关此次冷期在北大西洋北部海域的涉及范围、影响程度以及持续时间目前仍不甚明了。在冰岛北部陆架海域,此次8200 cal.yr BP冷期的影响也存在一定的区域差异,其中陆架东部和偏北部海域受到此次冷期的影响比较强烈,而在陆架西部受印明格暖流影响相对较强的海域,对此次短暂冷期的响应则可能较弱。此次显著的8200 cal.yr BP气候突变主要与加拿大Laurentide冰川最后一次崩塌以及由此导致的Agassize和Ojibway冰川湖水的大量涌出有关,北大西洋深水环流在此时受到了严重的影响。
在中全新世～6000-5000 cal.yr BP,由于受到北半球太阳辐射能量显著降低的影响,北大西洋北部海域海洋环境均发生了明显的变化,并在此后逐渐变冷,进入了全新世新冰期时期。除了太阳辐射能量的显著降低外,北大西洋深水环流的突然减弱也可能是启动北大西洋及其邻近区域新冰期气候的重要因素。
全新世期间,北大西洋北部海域海洋环境及其邻近地区气候环境还存在着一定的周期性变化规律,主要体现为一些快速气候变冷事件的周期性出现。这些快速的气候变化事件主要发生在～400,～1400,～2800,～4200,～5800,～8200,～9300以及～10,300 cal.yr BP几个时期。其中发生在近9000年以来的几次气候事件与冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境的几次快速变化基本一致。但其中于～6650-6100 cal.yrBP期间发生于冰岛北部陆架海域的冷期目前在北大西洋北部其他海域还未曾广泛的报道。
本论文还通过对在MD99-2275孔所在位置所获取的未扰动表层样品—重力多芯钻孔B05-MC04孔沉积物硅藻的研究,定性和定量的恢复了冰岛北部陆架海域在过去一百年以来海洋环境的变化情况,以探讨冰岛北部陆架海域对近代全球气候显著变暖趋势的响应。
研究发现冰岛北部陆架海域在过去一百年期间对工业革命以来全球气候变暖的现象有着明显的响应,表现在逐渐减少的海冰和极地硅藻百分含量以及逐渐上升的夏季表层海水温度记录上。在此逐渐变暖的趋势上,冰岛北部陆架海域还经历了几次比较短暂但却明显的冷期,主要发生于1920年左右、1960-1975年以及1995-2002年。研究发现,这几次明显的冷期与北大西洋涛动指数的变动存在显著的相关性,而1960-1975年期间的冷期更是与上世纪60、70年代发生在北大西洋海域的盐度大异常事件有着直接的联系。因此我们可以认为这些短暂的冷期主要是因北大西洋地区短时间尺度的大气和海洋环流系统的变化所引起。
B05-MC04孔沉积硅藻所重建的该孔所在海域夏季表层海水温度记录与邻近海域近一百年以来仪器测量的海水温度资料具有很好的一致性,因此我们认为,利用沉积物硅藻定量重建冰岛北部陆架海域海洋环境变量的研究是切实可行的。
A high-resolution diatom record and selected foraminiferal and magnectic data from core MD99-2275 reveal a series of palaeoceanographic change on the North Icelandic shelf since about 9000 cal.yr BP.The influence of relatively warm high-salinity Atlantic water masses of the Irminger Current was strong in the study area during the Holocene Climate Optimum(HCO,8760(base of record)-c.5300 cal.yr BP).The relatively warm and stable period in the early Holocene was interrupted by remarkably enhanced influence of the East Greenland Current and East Icelandic Current during about 8120-8000 cal.yr BP.After that,the warmest conditon was reached between c.8000 and 7000 cal.yr BP on the North Icelandic shelf.There is a general cooling trend from c.7000 cal.yr BP to the present,which is indicated by an increase in the influence of cold Polar water masses from the East Greenland Current and the East Icelandic Current and a decrease in the influence of the Irminger Current.A major change in diatom assemblages at around 5300 cal.yr BP indicates a significant palaeoceanographic shift on the North Icelandic shelf in the mid-Holocene,which is also demonstrated by an abrupt change in the magnectic properties at c.5500 cal.yr BP. There should be an important change in the provenance and dynamic of the water mass in the mid-Holocene on the North Icelandic shelf,which is followed by gradual cooling and unstable condition during the remainder of the Holocene.The influence of the Norwegian-Atlantic Water might have increased on the North Icelandic shelf since this mid-Holocene palaeoceanogrphic change.Stepwise increases in the influence of Polar and Arctic water masses are indicated by the benthic and planktonic foraminiferal data at c.4200 cal.yr BP and c.3000 cal.yr BP.In addition,several abrupt palaeoceanographic changes are distinguished.Enhanced influence of Polar waters is reflected during the intervals 8120-8000,6650-6100,4300-4100,3000-2700,1300-1100 and 600-200 cal.yr BP.
Apparent regional differences are indicated on the North Icelandic shelf by comparing the floral and faunal indications from core MD99-2275 and the other Holocene records on the North Icelandic shelf.The Kolbeinsey Ridge influences the Holocene palaeoceanography,especially the middle and deep water mass,as an oceanographic barrier on the North Icelandic shelf.
The Holocene Palaeoclimatic and Palaeoceanographic changes in the northern North Atlantic are discussed in this thesis.There is a general cooling trend from the early Holocene to present in the northern North Atlantic,forced by gradual decreasing Nothern Hemisphere solar insolation.The HCO in the whole northern North Atlantic occurs later than the Holocene insolation maximum at～11,000 cal.yr BP.The lag is suggested to be the result of the remnants of the last Glacial ice sheets,as the atmospheric jet stream is sensitive to the size and geometry of the ice sheet,and the North Atlantic Deep Water(NADW)is susceptible to the melting water from the ice sheet.In addition,Regional differences in the onset and duration of the HCO are also shown in the northern North Atlantic.The HCO in the area strongly influenced by the North Atlantic water,such as the North Icelandic shelf and the southern Norwegian Sea, started at～10,000-9000 cal.yr BP,while HCO in the area mainly influenced by the Polar water mass(eg.The East Greenland shelf)occured at～8500 cal.yr BP.This HCO delay is suggested to be results of transgressively influence of the North Atlantic water in the Nordic Seas and the westwardly movement of the Polar and Arctic Front as the the initial Holocene warming took place.In the subpolar Atlantic to the south Iceland, the HCO occurred at～7500-7000 cal.yr BP,which is～3500-4000 years later than the Holocene Northern Hemisphere insolation maximum.This long-term lag is closely related to the strong influence of the Canadian Arctic Water and the melting water from the Laurentide ice sheet in the early Holocene.
An abrupt severe cooling around 8200 cal.yr BP interrupted the early Holocene warming in the northern North Atlantic.Regional difference is also indicated in the extent and timing of this 8200 cal.yr BP cooling event.For example,this early Holocene cooling event is distinctly revealed on the eastern and northern North Icelandic shelf,but is shown as an only minor change on the western North Icelandic shelf.The 8200 cal.yr BP cooling event is correlated with the final collapse of the Laurentide ice sheet and the resulting drainage of glacial lakes Agassiz and Ojibway.
A particularly profound change is indicated in the mid-Holocene(～6000-5000 cal.yr BP),which is followed by general cooling trend in the northern North Atlantic. The Neoglacial in the northern North Atlantic and adjacent areas is mainly forced by the markedly decreasing of the North Hemisphere solar insolation since the mid Holocene and may be also triggered by remarkable weakening of the NADW in the mid-Holocene.
In addition,periodically climatic and oceanographic change is revealed in the northern North Atlantic during the Holocene.It is apparently reflected by recurrence of the abrupt cooling events,occurring at～-400,～1400,～2800,～4200,～5800,～8200,～9300 and～10,300 cal.yr BF.
A diatom record from Multicore B05-MC04 reveals the oceanographic change on the North Icelandic shelf during the last 100 years.A general warming is indicated by gradually decreasing sea ice and Arctic diatom species and reconstructed summer sea surface water temperature(SSTs)based on diatom,which is coincident with the general global warming since the industrial revolution.Three short-term cooling events are shown superimposed on the general warming trend,occurring at～1920 A.D., 1960-1975 A.D.and 1995-2002 A.D.All of the three oceanographic coolings fell into the times of declined or negative North Atlantic Oscillation index,showing close correlation with this decadal timescale changes in atmospheric pattern.The cooling during 1960-1975 A.D is also related with the Great Salinity Anomaly(GSA)in the North Atlantic.The quantitatively reconstructed SSTs based on the diatom record from core B05-MC04 is consistent with the instrumental data at the adjacent observation sites in the north Iceland,indicating that it is feasible to quatitatively reconstruct the Falaeoclimatic and Falaeoceanographic changes on the North Icelandic shelf based on sediment diatom.
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