厚风积砂下浅埋工作面安全开采技术研究
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摘要
随着国家煤炭开发战略的西移，浅埋工作面将越来越多。而国内外对浅埋工作面安全开采技术的研究十分有限。就神东公司的情况看，各矿开采区域大部分集中于埋深100M左右，埋藏浅、基岩薄、上覆厚松散砂层是其典型的赋存特征。虽然煤层倾角近水平，赋存稳定，瓦斯浓度低，开采条件优越，影响矿井安全生产的因素主要表现在矿压显现剧烈和采空区自然发火倾向明显两个方面。在目前条件下，研究和建立适合我国西部煤田特点的浅埋煤层安全开采技术和理论，对于促进西部煤田的高效安全开采具有重要的理论和实际意义。因此，本文重点就工作面矿山压力与上覆岩层移动规律和采空区风流运移规律与采空区自然发火防治两个方面进行研究，
通过对大柳塔矿活鸡兔井12205工作面矿山压力进行了系统测试和理论分析，初步掌握了厚风积砂下浅埋回采工作面及两巷矿山压力和下沉及破坏的基本规律，得到了直接顶初次垮落步距、老顶初次垮落步距、老顶周期垮落步距、工作面超前压力影响范围等参数。实测结果表明：工作面支架初撑力、液压支架工作阻力和推进速度等参数选择合理，确保了工作面在整个回采期间未出现大面积冒顶，并延缓了台阶下沉的发生。但由于初撑力支设不均，造成个别支架工作阻力过大。
利用RFPA软件，模拟了12205工作面采动后其上覆岩体破坏的动态发展过程，模拟结果与实测结果吻合。通过对12205工作面地表移动进行了系统观测和分析计算，得到了12205工作面地表移动和变形的分布规律及其主要参数。
在调查分析21208工作面自然发火状况的基础上，对该面通风系统进行了实测，确定了该工作面自然发火模拟的边界条件，通过对采空区层面漏风流场流态和采空区平面流场流态的模拟，得到了地面漏风分布规律、沿采空区剖面风压分布规律和漏风流线和漏风速度等参数，以及不同条件下的采空区平面风压分布、速度场和综合流态，及工作面风量变化曲线和漏风分布等结果。确定了采空区自然发火的“三带”，分析了工作面推进度、工作面风量变化等对采空区自然发火的影响，并对采空区可能自然发火的位置进行了预测。结合神东矿区厚风积砂下浅埋工作面的实际，研究了采空区的防灭火的途径。并结合当前最可行的地面钻孔注氮方案进行了模拟分析，研究确定出地面钻孔注氮的位置、钻孔间距和注氮流量等参数，模拟出地面钻孔注氮的效果。
通过本论文的研究工作，初步建立起厚风积砂下浅埋工作面顶板灾害和采空区自然发火灾害发生的机理及防治理论与技术。
The number of shallow work faces will be bigger and bigger as national coal mining
strategy moves towards western. Howevef, research for their safe1y mining techniques is
farly limited in domestic and overseas. As far as Shendong is concemed, the mining
regions in mines are located in 100m underground mainly. Shallow imbedding, thin solid
socks and loose-and-scattered sands overlie are their twical characters. The ob1iquity of
coal beds is nearly horizontal. Coal beds are steady. Thickness of gas is low Mining
conditions are predominant. That mining pressure is smart and trend of goaf nature fire is
obvious are factors that affect the safe productions. Under present conditions, that
techniques and theories of safely mining of shallow coals Which axe good to western
coalfields are reseaxched and established is of great importance theoretically and
practically to promote their high-efficiency and safely mining productions. TherefOre,
this paPer is fOcused on research of two aspects: laws of work-face mining pressure and
movement of overlie rocks, laws of wind movement and prevention and cure of goaf
nature fire.
The basal laws of mining pressure and sinking and destroy of shallow mining-face
and two laneways under thick wind sands are primarily mastered and, such factors as
initial caving steps of immediate roofs, initial caving steps of main roofs, periodic
caving steps of main roofs and incidence of work-face advanced pressure, etc. are
gained through systemically testing and academically analyzing the mining pressure of
12205 work face in well Huojitu, mine Daliuta. The result of spot measure shows f such
right-selected factors as initial bearing pressure of work-face support, working
resistance and mining rate of hydraulic supports insured that work-face roofS collapse
didn't haPpen during all the mining process and, deferred the sinking of sidesteps. But
the working resistance of individual suPports is too big because their initial bearing
pressure is not even.
The dynamic developing process of destroy of mined overlie rocks of l2205 work
face has been simulated by a kind of softwaxe--arPA and, its result inosculates result
of spot measure. Distribution laws and their main parameters of movement and
distortion of 12205 work-face surface are gained thIough systemically observing and
accouning the surface movement of 12205 work face.
On the base of diagnoses of the nature fire status of 2l208 work face, the critical
conditions of simulating its nature fire are decided by spot measuring its ventilation
system. Such parameters as distribution law of surface air leak, distribution law of wind
pressure a1ong the sections of goaf and streamline and speed of air leak and, distribution
of p1ane wind pressure and speed fields and compositive flow in goaf and, work-face
variety curve and distribution of air leak are gained thIough simulating air leak flow
status and plane flow status of goaf "Three straPs" of goaf nature fire are decided and,
the factors that affect goaf nature fire, such as work-face mining distances and
wind-quantity variety are analyzed and, positions of potential nature fire in goaf are
forecasted. The ways of prevention and putting out goaf fire are researched in terms of
facts of shallow work faces under thick wind sands in Shendong field. Simulating and
analyzing are carried out combined with ground drilling nitrogen-injection prOject that
is most feasible one presently and, such parameters as positions, drilling intervals and
' quantity of nitrogen-injection of ground drilling nitrogen-injection are researched and
decided, then its effect can be simulated.
Through research of this paPef, mechanisms and theories and teclmiques of
prevention and cure of shallow roof disaster and goaf nature fire disaster under thick
wind sands are primarily established.
通过对大柳塔矿活鸡兔井12205工作面矿山压力进行了系统测试和理论分析，初步掌握了厚风积砂下浅埋回采工作面及两巷矿山压力和下沉及破坏的基本规律，得到了直接顶初次垮落步距、老顶初次垮落步距、老顶周期垮落步距、工作面超前压力影响范围等参数。实测结果表明：工作面支架初撑力、液压支架工作阻力和推进速度等参数选择合理，确保了工作面在整个回采期间未出现大面积冒顶，并延缓了台阶下沉的发生。但由于初撑力支设不均，造成个别支架工作阻力过大。
利用RFPA软件，模拟了12205工作面采动后其上覆岩体破坏的动态发展过程，模拟结果与实测结果吻合。通过对12205工作面地表移动进行了系统观测和分析计算，得到了12205工作面地表移动和变形的分布规律及其主要参数。
在调查分析21208工作面自然发火状况的基础上，对该面通风系统进行了实测，确定了该工作面自然发火模拟的边界条件，通过对采空区层面漏风流场流态和采空区平面流场流态的模拟，得到了地面漏风分布规律、沿采空区剖面风压分布规律和漏风流线和漏风速度等参数，以及不同条件下的采空区平面风压分布、速度场和综合流态，及工作面风量变化曲线和漏风分布等结果。确定了采空区自然发火的“三带”，分析了工作面推进度、工作面风量变化等对采空区自然发火的影响，并对采空区可能自然发火的位置进行了预测。结合神东矿区厚风积砂下浅埋工作面的实际，研究了采空区的防灭火的途径。并结合当前最可行的地面钻孔注氮方案进行了模拟分析，研究确定出地面钻孔注氮的位置、钻孔间距和注氮流量等参数，模拟出地面钻孔注氮的效果。
通过本论文的研究工作，初步建立起厚风积砂下浅埋工作面顶板灾害和采空区自然发火灾害发生的机理及防治理论与技术。
The number of shallow work faces will be bigger and bigger as national coal mining
strategy moves towards western. Howevef, research for their safe1y mining techniques is
farly limited in domestic and overseas. As far as Shendong is concemed, the mining
regions in mines are located in 100m underground mainly. Shallow imbedding, thin solid
socks and loose-and-scattered sands overlie are their twical characters. The ob1iquity of
coal beds is nearly horizontal. Coal beds are steady. Thickness of gas is low Mining
conditions are predominant. That mining pressure is smart and trend of goaf nature fire is
obvious are factors that affect the safe productions. Under present conditions, that
techniques and theories of safely mining of shallow coals Which axe good to western
coalfields are reseaxched and established is of great importance theoretically and
practically to promote their high-efficiency and safely mining productions. TherefOre,
this paPer is fOcused on research of two aspects: laws of work-face mining pressure and
movement of overlie rocks, laws of wind movement and prevention and cure of goaf
nature fire.
The basal laws of mining pressure and sinking and destroy of shallow mining-face
and two laneways under thick wind sands are primarily mastered and, such factors as
initial caving steps of immediate roofs, initial caving steps of main roofs, periodic
caving steps of main roofs and incidence of work-face advanced pressure, etc. are
gained through systemically testing and academically analyzing the mining pressure of
12205 work face in well Huojitu, mine Daliuta. The result of spot measure shows f such
right-selected factors as initial bearing pressure of work-face support, working
resistance and mining rate of hydraulic supports insured that work-face roofS collapse
didn't haPpen during all the mining process and, deferred the sinking of sidesteps. But
the working resistance of individual suPports is too big because their initial bearing
pressure is not even.
The dynamic developing process of destroy of mined overlie rocks of l2205 work
face has been simulated by a kind of softwaxe--arPA and, its result inosculates result
of spot measure. Distribution laws and their main parameters of movement and
distortion of 12205 work-face surface are gained thIough systemically observing and
accouning the surface movement of 12205 work face.
On the base of diagnoses of the nature fire status of 2l208 work face, the critical
conditions of simulating its nature fire are decided by spot measuring its ventilation
system. Such parameters as distribution law of surface air leak, distribution law of wind
pressure a1ong the sections of goaf and streamline and speed of air leak and, distribution
of p1ane wind pressure and speed fields and compositive flow in goaf and, work-face
variety curve and distribution of air leak are gained thIough simulating air leak flow
status and plane flow status of goaf "Three straPs" of goaf nature fire are decided and,
the factors that affect goaf nature fire, such as work-face mining distances and
wind-quantity variety are analyzed and, positions of potential nature fire in goaf are
forecasted. The ways of prevention and putting out goaf fire are researched in terms of
facts of shallow work faces under thick wind sands in Shendong field. Simulating and
analyzing are carried out combined with ground drilling nitrogen-injection prOject that
is most feasible one presently and, such parameters as positions, drilling intervals and
' quantity of nitrogen-injection of ground drilling nitrogen-injection are researched and
decided, then its effect can be simulated.
Through research of this paPef, mechanisms and theories and teclmiques of
prevention and cure of shallow roof disaster and goaf nature fire disaster under thick
wind sands are primarily established.
引文
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