水肥异区交替灌水施肥条件下的生态环境效应研究
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摘要
在我国干旱半干旱区,水资源紧缺和灌溉水利用效率低、水资源浪费等问题并存,使得节水型农业成为该地区农业发展的必然趋势。交替灌溉施肥是一项新型节水施肥技术,其对作物根系生长及养分吸收、水分生理状况、光合作用与作物产量,以及水分利用效率等效应的研究已取得较大进展。但有关此项技术的环境效应研究还鲜见报道。因此研究水肥异区交替灌水施肥条件下的氨挥发和反硝化作用等,可揭示节水施肥条件下的土壤氮素转化规律,为合理施肥,提高氮肥效率提供依据。本文以夏玉米为供试作物,通过两年大田试验,采用二元二次正交旋转组合设计(二因素五水平),研究了交替灌溉施肥对夏玉米产量、氮素吸收与分配、水氮利用效率以及水氮最佳配比等的影响,着重探讨了交替施肥灌溉条件下土壤剖面中的氮素分布与运移,氨挥发和N_2O排放通量等。目的是探索夏玉米田交替灌溉施肥技术的生态环境效应。取得了以下主要结论和进展:
1.在陕西关中地区小麦-玉米轮作条件下夏玉米田补充灌溉和施用氮肥均有增产效应,且增产效果显著。但2年的水肥效应不同。2007年水、氮交互作用为正效应,且施肥效应显著大于灌水效应,交替灌溉施肥的最高产量以及相应水氮最佳配比为:最高产量6935.84 kg/hm~2,总灌水量为816.00m~3/hm~2,总施氮量为208.80kg/hm~2;2008年施肥和灌水对产量效应基本相当,交替灌溉施肥的最高产量以及相应水氮最佳配比为:最高产量6367.07kg/hm~2,总灌水量为930.12m~3/hm~2,总施氮量为238.19 kg/hm~2。在水肥异区交替灌溉施肥条件下,适宜的水肥配比条件下产量高于常规施肥灌水,并且最高产量的水氮投入量远低于当地生产中的常规灌水量(1800 m~3/hm~2)和施肥水平(300 kg/hm~2),说明交替灌溉施肥技术在当地玉米生产中节水节肥效应显著。
2.交替灌溉施肥处理可提高水分利用率,2007年的水分利用率高于2008年。2007年氮素作用显著大于水分作用,氮素投入量较高时更有利于水分利用率的提高,最高产量时WUE籽粒产量为1.47 kg/m~3;2008年施肥和灌水对水分利用的影响基本相当,最高产量时WUE籽粒产量为0.95 kg/m~3。
3.在同等产量水平下,交替灌溉施肥能有效地提高夏玉米氮肥利用率和氮肥效率。2007年氮素施入量处于中等水平(150 kg/hm~2)时,配以适宜的灌水量(总灌水量700 m~3/hm~2),氮肥利用率较高,氮肥利用率和氮肥效率分别为44%和45kg/kg;2008年,200 kg/hm~2配合800 m~3/hm~2处理的氮肥利用率和氮肥效率分别为40%和35kg/kg,较常规施肥灌水高一倍。
4.与常规施肥灌水处理相比,水肥异区交替灌溉施肥可显著降低夏玉米地的氨挥发。交替灌溉施肥条件下的氨挥发量为6.39-12.02 kg/hm~2,其中施肥量为200 kg/hm~2的两处理挥发量只有6.80和6.39 kg/hm~2,仅占施肥量的0.87%和0.67%;常规施肥灌水处理达13.82 kg/hm~2,占施肥量的2.92%;拔节期的氨挥发量和损失率略低于抽雄期,且两个时期交替灌溉施肥各处理的氨挥发量均大于对照而小于常规处理;灌水量为800 m~3/hm~2,施肥量为200 kg/hm~2时的氨挥发量在不同灌水量和施肥量水平下最低。随着施肥量的增加氨挥发量显著增加。
5.与常规施肥灌水处理相比,水肥异区交替灌溉施肥可显著降低夏玉米地的N_2O排放量。交替灌溉施肥条件下的N_2O排放累积量14.75-22.07 kg/hm~2,其中F3W1和F4W2处理的N_2O排放累积量只有19.20和16.26 kg/hm~2,仅占施肥量的5.62%和4.06%;常规施肥灌水处理达32.26 kg/hm~2,占施肥量的10.75%。拔节期的N_2O排放量和损失率远远低于抽雄期。
6.在同一施肥水平,随着灌水量的增加,土壤下层水分含量逐渐增加,且峰值下移。在同一灌水水平,随着施氮量的增加,土壤水分含量有下降趋势。灌水与施氮对土壤硝态氮影响明显,在同一施肥水平,随着灌水量的增加,土壤上层硝态氮的含量降低,峰值下移。在同一灌水水平,随着施肥量的增加,夏玉米收获后土壤硝态氮的残留量有增加趋势。同时,交替灌溉施肥条件下,各处理0-100cm的硝态氮累积量大于100-200cm,且土壤剖面中硝态氮含量均小于常规处理。
In the arid and semiarid region of China, water resource shortage, the low of irrigation water use efficiency and lavishly irrigation are coexisting. Water-saving agriculture became a necessary trend of agricultural development in the area. Alternating furrow irrigation and fertilization(AFIF) is a new technology of water-saving and fertilization. Researches has made further progress of alternating irrigation on plant root growth, physiology, grain yield and water utilization efficiency etc. However, there were few studied on environmental effect of alternating furrow irrigation and fertilizer placement. Therefore to research ammonia volatilization and N_2O release under alternating irrigation and fertilizer placement maybe reveal that soil nitrogen transformation under water-saving and fertilizer placement and provide evidence for reasonable fertilization and improving nitrogen fertilizer efficiency. The tested crop of experiments was summer maize. It was studied of the effects of water and N coupling on crop yield, nitrogen uptake and partitioning, utilizing efficiency of water and nitrogen and optimal coupling of water and nitrogen etc with binary quadric orthogonal rotational combination design in field experiment for 2 years. In order to explore the ecological environment effect of summer maize under alternating furrow irrigation and fertilizer placement, we mainly studied nitrogen distribution and migration of the soil profile, ammonia volatilization and denitrification etc. The main conclusion and results were as following:
1. Both supplemental irrigation and nitrogen application could raise maize yield significantly in wheat-corn rotation system in the zone of central Shaanxi plain. But there were different effect of water and N in 2007 and 2008. There were positive interactions between water and fertilizer and the effect of nitrogen is more significantly than that of water irrigation in 2007. The optimal coupling of water irrigation and nitrogen are 816.00m~3/hm~2 and 208.80kg/hm~2, respectively, and the highest yield is 6935.84 kg/hm~2 in2007. However, the effect of water and irrigation was equivalent important in 2008. The optimal coupling of water irrigation and nitrogen are 930.12m~3/hm~2 and 238.19kg/hm~2, respectively, and the highest yield is 6367.07 kg/hm~2. Compared with the traditional irrigation and fertilizer, the yield was higher under alternating irrigation and fertilizer placement conditions and the input of water and nitrogen of the highest output in AFIF treat was far lower than conventional irrigation amount 1800m~3/hm~2 and fertilizer level 300kg/hm~2 of local production. The effect of water-saving and fertilizer-saving AFIF technology was significant in local maize production.
2. The water use efficiency was increased under AFIF. The water use efficiency of 2007 was higher than that of 2008. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer is greater than that of water irrigation in 2007 and the water use efficiency improved significantly in higher nitrogen application. The highest WUE was 1.47kg/m~3 in 2007. However, the effect of water and irrigation was equivalent and the highest WUE was 0.95 kg/m~3 only in 2008.
3. In the similar yield, Nitrogen use effeciency(NUE)and N fertilizers effects(NFE) were increased significantly under alternating irrigation and fertilizer placement. The NUE of AFIF was surpassed that of CI by two times when N application was in middle level (150kg/hm~2) coordinated with suitable water level (total amount of irrigation 700m~3/hm~2) in 2007. NUE and NFE were 44% and 45kg/kg. separately。The NUE and NFE were 40% and 35kg/kg in the F2W2 treatments, they were two times higher than that of traditional irrigation in 2008.
4. Compared with conventional irrigation, the ammonia volatilization of maize filed was decreased significantly with AFIF. It was 6.39-12.20kg/hm~2. The accumulated ammonia volatilization was 6.80 and 6.39kg/hm~2 in the F2W2 and F2W4 treatments, and there were only 0.87% and 0.67% of N used. But accumulated ammonia volatilization was 13.82kg/hm~2 in the conventional irrigation treatment and it was 2.92% of N used. The accumulation and loss rate of soil ammonia volatilization were much less at the jointing stage of summer maize than those of the tasseling stage. The amount of soil ammonia volatilization was the lowest at the irrigation quantity of 800m~3/hm~2 and fertilization amount of 200kg/hm~2. Ammonia volatilization was increased significantly as increase of N fertilizer rate.
5. Compared to conventional irrigation, the amount of N_2O emissions of maize was decreased significantly under AFIF. It is about 14.75-22.07kg/hm~2 N_2O. The accumulated N_2O were 19.20 and 16.26kg/hm~2 in the F3W1 and F4W2 treatments, and they were only 5.62% and 4.06% of N used. But the amount of N_2O emissions was 32.26kg/hm~2 in the conventional irrigation treatment and the emission rate of N sued was 10.75%. The accumulation and loss rate of soil N_2O emissions were much less at the jointing stage of summer maize than those at the tasseling stage.
6. In the same level of fertilizer, the soil moisture content increased and the peak moved downward with the increase of irrigation water. In the same level of irrigation, the soil moisture content decreased with the increase of N fertilizer. The effect of irrigation and N fertilizer on soil NO_3-N was significant. In the same level of fertilizer, the soil NO_3-N content decreased and the peak moved downward with the increase of irrigation water. In the same level of irrigation, the soil NO_3-N content increased with the increase of N fertilizer. Meanwhile, the NO_3-N accumulation was more in 0-100cm than 100-200cm and the NO_3-N residue in soil profile in AFIF was smaller than that in conventional irrigation.
1.在陕西关中地区小麦-玉米轮作条件下夏玉米田补充灌溉和施用氮肥均有增产效应,且增产效果显著。但2年的水肥效应不同。2007年水、氮交互作用为正效应,且施肥效应显著大于灌水效应,交替灌溉施肥的最高产量以及相应水氮最佳配比为:最高产量6935.84 kg/hm~2,总灌水量为816.00m~3/hm~2,总施氮量为208.80kg/hm~2;2008年施肥和灌水对产量效应基本相当,交替灌溉施肥的最高产量以及相应水氮最佳配比为:最高产量6367.07kg/hm~2,总灌水量为930.12m~3/hm~2,总施氮量为238.19 kg/hm~2。在水肥异区交替灌溉施肥条件下,适宜的水肥配比条件下产量高于常规施肥灌水,并且最高产量的水氮投入量远低于当地生产中的常规灌水量(1800 m~3/hm~2)和施肥水平(300 kg/hm~2),说明交替灌溉施肥技术在当地玉米生产中节水节肥效应显著。
2.交替灌溉施肥处理可提高水分利用率,2007年的水分利用率高于2008年。2007年氮素作用显著大于水分作用,氮素投入量较高时更有利于水分利用率的提高,最高产量时WUE籽粒产量为1.47 kg/m~3;2008年施肥和灌水对水分利用的影响基本相当,最高产量时WUE籽粒产量为0.95 kg/m~3。
3.在同等产量水平下,交替灌溉施肥能有效地提高夏玉米氮肥利用率和氮肥效率。2007年氮素施入量处于中等水平(150 kg/hm~2)时,配以适宜的灌水量(总灌水量700 m~3/hm~2),氮肥利用率较高,氮肥利用率和氮肥效率分别为44%和45kg/kg;2008年,200 kg/hm~2配合800 m~3/hm~2处理的氮肥利用率和氮肥效率分别为40%和35kg/kg,较常规施肥灌水高一倍。
4.与常规施肥灌水处理相比,水肥异区交替灌溉施肥可显著降低夏玉米地的氨挥发。交替灌溉施肥条件下的氨挥发量为6.39-12.02 kg/hm~2,其中施肥量为200 kg/hm~2的两处理挥发量只有6.80和6.39 kg/hm~2,仅占施肥量的0.87%和0.67%;常规施肥灌水处理达13.82 kg/hm~2,占施肥量的2.92%;拔节期的氨挥发量和损失率略低于抽雄期,且两个时期交替灌溉施肥各处理的氨挥发量均大于对照而小于常规处理;灌水量为800 m~3/hm~2,施肥量为200 kg/hm~2时的氨挥发量在不同灌水量和施肥量水平下最低。随着施肥量的增加氨挥发量显著增加。
5.与常规施肥灌水处理相比,水肥异区交替灌溉施肥可显著降低夏玉米地的N_2O排放量。交替灌溉施肥条件下的N_2O排放累积量14.75-22.07 kg/hm~2,其中F3W1和F4W2处理的N_2O排放累积量只有19.20和16.26 kg/hm~2,仅占施肥量的5.62%和4.06%;常规施肥灌水处理达32.26 kg/hm~2,占施肥量的10.75%。拔节期的N_2O排放量和损失率远远低于抽雄期。
6.在同一施肥水平,随着灌水量的增加,土壤下层水分含量逐渐增加,且峰值下移。在同一灌水水平,随着施氮量的增加,土壤水分含量有下降趋势。灌水与施氮对土壤硝态氮影响明显,在同一施肥水平,随着灌水量的增加,土壤上层硝态氮的含量降低,峰值下移。在同一灌水水平,随着施肥量的增加,夏玉米收获后土壤硝态氮的残留量有增加趋势。同时,交替灌溉施肥条件下,各处理0-100cm的硝态氮累积量大于100-200cm,且土壤剖面中硝态氮含量均小于常规处理。
In the arid and semiarid region of China, water resource shortage, the low of irrigation water use efficiency and lavishly irrigation are coexisting. Water-saving agriculture became a necessary trend of agricultural development in the area. Alternating furrow irrigation and fertilization(AFIF) is a new technology of water-saving and fertilization. Researches has made further progress of alternating irrigation on plant root growth, physiology, grain yield and water utilization efficiency etc. However, there were few studied on environmental effect of alternating furrow irrigation and fertilizer placement. Therefore to research ammonia volatilization and N_2O release under alternating irrigation and fertilizer placement maybe reveal that soil nitrogen transformation under water-saving and fertilizer placement and provide evidence for reasonable fertilization and improving nitrogen fertilizer efficiency. The tested crop of experiments was summer maize. It was studied of the effects of water and N coupling on crop yield, nitrogen uptake and partitioning, utilizing efficiency of water and nitrogen and optimal coupling of water and nitrogen etc with binary quadric orthogonal rotational combination design in field experiment for 2 years. In order to explore the ecological environment effect of summer maize under alternating furrow irrigation and fertilizer placement, we mainly studied nitrogen distribution and migration of the soil profile, ammonia volatilization and denitrification etc. The main conclusion and results were as following:
1. Both supplemental irrigation and nitrogen application could raise maize yield significantly in wheat-corn rotation system in the zone of central Shaanxi plain. But there were different effect of water and N in 2007 and 2008. There were positive interactions between water and fertilizer and the effect of nitrogen is more significantly than that of water irrigation in 2007. The optimal coupling of water irrigation and nitrogen are 816.00m~3/hm~2 and 208.80kg/hm~2, respectively, and the highest yield is 6935.84 kg/hm~2 in2007. However, the effect of water and irrigation was equivalent important in 2008. The optimal coupling of water irrigation and nitrogen are 930.12m~3/hm~2 and 238.19kg/hm~2, respectively, and the highest yield is 6367.07 kg/hm~2. Compared with the traditional irrigation and fertilizer, the yield was higher under alternating irrigation and fertilizer placement conditions and the input of water and nitrogen of the highest output in AFIF treat was far lower than conventional irrigation amount 1800m~3/hm~2 and fertilizer level 300kg/hm~2 of local production. The effect of water-saving and fertilizer-saving AFIF technology was significant in local maize production.
2. The water use efficiency was increased under AFIF. The water use efficiency of 2007 was higher than that of 2008. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer is greater than that of water irrigation in 2007 and the water use efficiency improved significantly in higher nitrogen application. The highest WUE was 1.47kg/m~3 in 2007. However, the effect of water and irrigation was equivalent and the highest WUE was 0.95 kg/m~3 only in 2008.
3. In the similar yield, Nitrogen use effeciency(NUE)and N fertilizers effects(NFE) were increased significantly under alternating irrigation and fertilizer placement. The NUE of AFIF was surpassed that of CI by two times when N application was in middle level (150kg/hm~2) coordinated with suitable water level (total amount of irrigation 700m~3/hm~2) in 2007. NUE and NFE were 44% and 45kg/kg. separately。The NUE and NFE were 40% and 35kg/kg in the F2W2 treatments, they were two times higher than that of traditional irrigation in 2008.
4. Compared with conventional irrigation, the ammonia volatilization of maize filed was decreased significantly with AFIF. It was 6.39-12.20kg/hm~2. The accumulated ammonia volatilization was 6.80 and 6.39kg/hm~2 in the F2W2 and F2W4 treatments, and there were only 0.87% and 0.67% of N used. But accumulated ammonia volatilization was 13.82kg/hm~2 in the conventional irrigation treatment and it was 2.92% of N used. The accumulation and loss rate of soil ammonia volatilization were much less at the jointing stage of summer maize than those of the tasseling stage. The amount of soil ammonia volatilization was the lowest at the irrigation quantity of 800m~3/hm~2 and fertilization amount of 200kg/hm~2. Ammonia volatilization was increased significantly as increase of N fertilizer rate.
5. Compared to conventional irrigation, the amount of N_2O emissions of maize was decreased significantly under AFIF. It is about 14.75-22.07kg/hm~2 N_2O. The accumulated N_2O were 19.20 and 16.26kg/hm~2 in the F3W1 and F4W2 treatments, and they were only 5.62% and 4.06% of N used. But the amount of N_2O emissions was 32.26kg/hm~2 in the conventional irrigation treatment and the emission rate of N sued was 10.75%. The accumulation and loss rate of soil N_2O emissions were much less at the jointing stage of summer maize than those at the tasseling stage.
6. In the same level of fertilizer, the soil moisture content increased and the peak moved downward with the increase of irrigation water. In the same level of irrigation, the soil moisture content decreased with the increase of N fertilizer. The effect of irrigation and N fertilizer on soil NO_3-N was significant. In the same level of fertilizer, the soil NO_3-N content decreased and the peak moved downward with the increase of irrigation water. In the same level of irrigation, the soil NO_3-N content increased with the increase of N fertilizer. Meanwhile, the NO_3-N accumulation was more in 0-100cm than 100-200cm and the NO_3-N residue in soil profile in AFIF was smaller than that in conventional irrigation.
引文
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