当代海盗问题及其治理研究
摘要
海盗虽然是一个古老的现象,但自冷战结束之后便重新活跃起来。当代海盗与古代的海盗在形象打扮、打劫目标、登船方式、武器装备、活动性质和活动范围方面的异同,造就了当代海盗的本质特征。而2008年以来猖狂作案的索马里海盗则因其作案次数与成功率、活动范围、武器装备以及作案性质的发展演变,正引领着当今海盗活动的整体走向。
索马里海盗既具有当代海盗的共同特点,又与一般意义上的海盗不同,这种不同具体表现在其运作模式、与国家关系以及外部干预性这三个方面。本文通过对海盗产生的背景和根源进行剖析,总结了索马里海盗“新三论”,即运作模式的系统性(“人力-军火-资金”黑三角)、失败国家的依附性以及国际打击的合法性。
鉴于索马里海盗问题具有“本土-全球化”问题的属性,本文通过对不同治理模式的横向比较,论证了“多元多层”治理模式对于打击索马里海盗的必要性。文章指出,国际社会目前的治理包括如下三方面：第一根支柱由各国政府所组成的海上巡逻舰队,通过军事干预的方式直接地慑止发生在海上的海盗打劫行为；第二根支柱由各国政府与区域之间的司法合作,通过“登船执法人员制度”和双边协议的签订,以期对索马里海盗进行有效抓捕；第三根支柱由各国政府、索马里当地政府、部落与媒体等相互结合,通过主题论坛、区域海事合作以及公众外交等方式,试图切断索马里海盗的陆地根源。
由于国际的多重努力与现实的治理效果相差甚远,文章进一步从治理的三个维度出发,指出治理的困境主要存在于国际社会重堵轻疏、不愿投入、对失败国家傀儡政府的扶植这三方面。文章通过将索马里海盗成功的操作性原因和根本性原因,与相应的治理手段进行比较,发现正是由于没有“对症下药”、“标本兼治”,才导致了现有的行动虽旨在治理,其有效性却十分有限的现状。作者最后根据以上原因,分别从三个方面提出了六点建议,期待能够对国际社会更好地打击海盗起到作用。
As an ancient phenomenon, piracy has regained its vitality since the end of the Cold War. It is the similarities and differences between modern pirates and ancient ones on their dressing, target, way of boarding, arms, nature and location that make the essence of contemporary piracy. Piracy off the coast of Somalia, which has become rampant ever since 2008, is currently leading the general trend of global piracy activities, considering the evolution of its success rate, weaponry, nature and scope of the activities.
Somali pirates share the commonalities as well as differences with contemporary pirates in general. The differences lie in the mode of operation, the relationship with the home country and the possibility of exterior intervention. By analyzing the background and root of Somali pirates, the author concludes with three characteristics of Somali Piracy, namely the systematicness of operation (People-Weaponry-Funding Triangle), the parasitism on a "failed-state", and the legitimacy of international interference.
Piracy being a "local-globalized issue" in nature, the author elucidates the necessity of a "multi actor and multi layer" pattern of governance, through comparison of various modes of governance. The current structure of governance is composed of "three columns":naval escort, deterring and capturing pirates by the deployment of multinational naval forces; judicial cooperation, repatriating and prosecuting captured pirates; and regional capacity building, cutting off the "root" of piracy through general coordination forum, regional anti-piracy regime and public diplomacy towards local Somalis, with participation of multi-national governments, Somali local government and clans, NGOs and media groups.
Nevertheless, effects have been very limited thus far, despite the multiple efforts in combating pirates. Based on the three dimensions of governance, the article continues to point out that it is the arbitrary containment of piracy, unwillingness to devote money and effort, and reckless fostering of puppet government that contribute to the predicament of the situation. Through reexamining the two factors(namely, operational and fundamental)leading to the success of pirates and the multiple efforts the international community has endeavored, the original aim of governance--"to address both its symptoms and root causes" is found merely achieved, thus causing the limited effects. The author ends the thesis by putting forward six recommendations based on the above mentioned limitations, which hopefully will be conductive to combating piracy in a more effective manner.
索马里海盗既具有当代海盗的共同特点,又与一般意义上的海盗不同,这种不同具体表现在其运作模式、与国家关系以及外部干预性这三个方面。本文通过对海盗产生的背景和根源进行剖析,总结了索马里海盗“新三论”,即运作模式的系统性(“人力-军火-资金”黑三角)、失败国家的依附性以及国际打击的合法性。
鉴于索马里海盗问题具有“本土-全球化”问题的属性,本文通过对不同治理模式的横向比较,论证了“多元多层”治理模式对于打击索马里海盗的必要性。文章指出,国际社会目前的治理包括如下三方面：第一根支柱由各国政府所组成的海上巡逻舰队,通过军事干预的方式直接地慑止发生在海上的海盗打劫行为；第二根支柱由各国政府与区域之间的司法合作,通过“登船执法人员制度”和双边协议的签订,以期对索马里海盗进行有效抓捕；第三根支柱由各国政府、索马里当地政府、部落与媒体等相互结合,通过主题论坛、区域海事合作以及公众外交等方式,试图切断索马里海盗的陆地根源。
由于国际的多重努力与现实的治理效果相差甚远,文章进一步从治理的三个维度出发,指出治理的困境主要存在于国际社会重堵轻疏、不愿投入、对失败国家傀儡政府的扶植这三方面。文章通过将索马里海盗成功的操作性原因和根本性原因,与相应的治理手段进行比较,发现正是由于没有“对症下药”、“标本兼治”,才导致了现有的行动虽旨在治理,其有效性却十分有限的现状。作者最后根据以上原因,分别从三个方面提出了六点建议,期待能够对国际社会更好地打击海盗起到作用。
As an ancient phenomenon, piracy has regained its vitality since the end of the Cold War. It is the similarities and differences between modern pirates and ancient ones on their dressing, target, way of boarding, arms, nature and location that make the essence of contemporary piracy. Piracy off the coast of Somalia, which has become rampant ever since 2008, is currently leading the general trend of global piracy activities, considering the evolution of its success rate, weaponry, nature and scope of the activities.
Somali pirates share the commonalities as well as differences with contemporary pirates in general. The differences lie in the mode of operation, the relationship with the home country and the possibility of exterior intervention. By analyzing the background and root of Somali pirates, the author concludes with three characteristics of Somali Piracy, namely the systematicness of operation (People-Weaponry-Funding Triangle), the parasitism on a "failed-state", and the legitimacy of international interference.
Piracy being a "local-globalized issue" in nature, the author elucidates the necessity of a "multi actor and multi layer" pattern of governance, through comparison of various modes of governance. The current structure of governance is composed of "three columns":naval escort, deterring and capturing pirates by the deployment of multinational naval forces; judicial cooperation, repatriating and prosecuting captured pirates; and regional capacity building, cutting off the "root" of piracy through general coordination forum, regional anti-piracy regime and public diplomacy towards local Somalis, with participation of multi-national governments, Somali local government and clans, NGOs and media groups.
Nevertheless, effects have been very limited thus far, despite the multiple efforts in combating pirates. Based on the three dimensions of governance, the article continues to point out that it is the arbitrary containment of piracy, unwillingness to devote money and effort, and reckless fostering of puppet government that contribute to the predicament of the situation. Through reexamining the two factors(namely, operational and fundamental)leading to the success of pirates and the multiple efforts the international community has endeavored, the original aim of governance--"to address both its symptoms and root causes" is found merely achieved, thus causing the limited effects. The author ends the thesis by putting forward six recommendations based on the above mentioned limitations, which hopefully will be conductive to combating piracy in a more effective manner.
引文
13何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,海洋出版社,2009年7月
14张家栋：“世界海盗活动状况与国际反海盗机制建设”,《现代国际关系》,2009年第1期
15《联合国海洋法公约》1982年出台,其文本可见联合国网上数据库：httn://www.un.org/Dents/los/convention agreements/texts/unclos/unclos c.pdf.访问日期2009-11-30
16同上
17国际海事组织网站有关于“海盗和海上武装抢劫”的定义：http://www.imp.org/Facilitation/mainframe.asp?tonic id=362,访问日期：2009-12-01
18何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第40页
24石刚：《全球海盗问题综述》,《国际资料信息》,2004年第3期
25何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,海洋出版社,2009年7月,第2页
26徐松岩：《古代海盗行为述论》,《世界历史》,1999年第4期
27何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第2页
28同上。
29法国《历史月刊》,转自《参考消息》2002年11月14日。
33张家栋：“海盗问题及对策思考”；李子迟：《千年海盗》,第81-84页。
34 Joseph R.Clark,"East African Piracy Issur Brief",Homeland Security Policy Institute Report,July 8,2009: http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/IssueBrief East AfricanPiracy.pdf.访问日期，2009-12-15
35 Freedom C Onuoha, "Sea piracy and maritime security in the Horn of Africa:The Somali coast and Gulf of Aden in perspective", African Security Review, Vol.18,No.3, Sept.2009.
36 United States Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book-Somalia: https://www.cia.gov/librarv/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html,访问日期：2009-10-10
37 United States Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book-Somalia
38 Gary E. Weir, "Fish, Family, and Profit:Piracy and the Horn of Africa ", Naval War College Review, Summer 2009
39见国际海事局年度报告2008年(ICC International Maritime Bureau Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report 2008)
40何学明、逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第7页
41见国际海事局年度报告2008年(ICC International Maritime Bureau Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report 2008)
47同上
48 Marv Harner. "Life in Somalia's pirate town." BBC. Sent.2008:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7623329.stm,访问日期：2010-01-22
49卢琛：“索马里海盗让全世界头疼：用GPS在船上烤羊”,《世界新闻报》,2008年9月28日
50 Sa'eed Al-Batati,'The shadow of death in the Arabian Sea', Yemen Times, August 2008: http://vementimes.com/article.shtml?i=1169&n=report&a=2.访问日期：2010-01-05
51 Abdinur, Mustafa Haji, "Life in Somalia's pirate army." Agence France-Presse. http://www.nationalpost.com/news/storv.html?id=1549233.访问日期：2009-12-22
52 Lynne Griffiths-Fulton, Small arms and light weapons in the Horn of Africa:The Ploughshares Monitor 23(2)(2002).http://www.ploughshares.ca/lihraries/monitor/moni02a.html,访问日期：2009-12-22
53 Mwangi S. Kimenyi, "Fractionalized, Armed and Lethal:Why Somalia Matters", Africa Growth Initiative.The Brookings Institution:http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2010/0203 Somalia kimenvi.aspx,访问日期：2010-01-22
54何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第30页；Caponiti, James, Testimony before the US Senate Armed Services Committee-05 May 2009:"FACTBOX-Somali pirates risk choking key world trade route." Reuters,: http:/www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LD681364.htm.访问日期：2010-01-22
55 William Pentland, "Sea piracy's bloody growth": http://www.forbes.com/2008/06/09/piracv-loaistics-shipping-biz-logistics-cx wp 0610oiracv.html,访问日期：2009-12-22
36 Roger Middleton, "Piracy in Somalia--Threatening global trade, feeding local wars"
57 Favvzia Sheikh, "As Washington Crafts Somalia Review, Arms Deal Draws Criticism," Inside the Pentagon, Vol.25, No.34, August 27,2009
58张家栋：“索马里海盗：为何日益猖獗?”,《新民晚报》,2008年11月28日。
59 Comments by Admiral Mark Fitzgerald in "Work with Yemen Government on Somali Piracy:U.S. Admiral," Reuters, March 9,2009. Cited Lauren Ploch et al, "Piracy off the Horn of Africa"
60 James J.Carafano and Richard Weitz, "Maritime Security—Fighting Piracy in the Gulf of Aden and Beyond", Heritage Foundation Special Report, June 2009: www.heritage.org/cs upload/research/nationalsecurity/sr 59.pdf,访问日期：2009-10-13
61 Roger Middleton, "Piracy in Somalia--Threatening global trade, feeding local wars"
62中华人民共和国外交部新闻发布会：“中国被劫“德新海”轮成功获救”,2009年12月28日：http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/cgtx/t648324.htm.访问日期：2010-03-24
63 "Piracy Revenues FinancingWarlords in Somali Insurgency", Terrorism Focus, Vol.Ⅳ, Issue 42, December 19, 2007.
64同上
65
66采访索马里过渡联邦政府驻联合国大使Dr. Elm Ahmed Dualeh. Correspondent Email: elmiduale@yahoo.com.采访日期：2009-03-04
72在索马里,很多孩子都将海盗看做偶像,希望自己长大后也能成为海盗。相关论述参见：http://english.aliazeera.net/news/africa/2009/06/2009614125245860630.html.访问日期：2010-01-25
73具体参见：Ted Dagne, "Somalia:Current Conditions and Prospects for a Lasting Peace" Congressional Research Service Report.http://www.fas.org/sgn/crs/row/RI.33911.pdf.访问日期2010-03-25
74 Cedric Barnes and Harun Hassan. "The Rise and fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts"
75 Shashank Bengali. "An interview with a jailed Somali pirate leader", The Christian Science Monitor: http:/www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2009/0503/p06s12-woaf.html,访问日期：2010-01-30
76 DFID, "Review of Impacts of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing on Developing Countries," July
2005. Cited from Lauren Ploch et al, "Piracy off the Horn of Africa",Congressional Research Service, Sept.2009,: httn://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40528.pdf.访问日期：2010-01-05
77 "Somali Piracy reduces 'tuna haul'", BBC, Jan 2009 httn://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7845173.stm.访问日期：2010-01-22
78 Interview with Mohamed Abshir Waldo, a consultant and analyst from Kenya, "Somalia Piracy Began in Response to Illegal Fishing and Toxic Dumping by Western Ships off Somali Coast", Democracy Now. April 2009: http://www.democracvnow.ore/2009/4/14/analvsis somalia niracv began in response,访问日期：2010-01-22
84 Brian Wilson. "Naval Diplomacy and Maritime Security in the Western Indian Ocean"
85 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1816: http://dods un.org/.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/RES/1816%20 (2008) &Lang=E&Area=UNDOC访问日期：2009-01-05
86 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1838:http://dods. un.org/.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/RES/1838%20 (2008)&Lang=E&Area=UNDOC,访问日期：2009-01-05
87 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1846: http://ddds un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/257/27/PDF/N0925727 pdf?OpenElement,访问日期：2009-01-05
88 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1851: http://ddds.un.ora/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/257/27/PDF/N0925727.pdf?OpenElement,访问日期2009-01-05
89国际干预的国际法视角分析
90Thomas G. Weiss. "Intervention:Whither the UN?", The Washington Quarterly, Winter 1994
91丁韶彬：《国际援助制度与发展治理》,《国际观察》,2008年第2期
92[美]詹姆斯·罗西瑙等编,张胜军等译：《没有政府的治理》,江西人民出版社,2001年9月
93[美]格里·斯托克：《作为理论的治理：五个论点》,《国际社会科学》(中文版),1999年第2期
94 Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash, Roland Robertsen:Global Modernities, SAGE Publications Ltd,1995.
95[美]罗伯特·基欧汉 约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译：《权力与相互依赖》,北京大学出版社,2002年,第292、276、292、311页。
96“法国打击索马里海盗活动”,参见法国驻华使馆网站http://www.ambafrance-cn.org/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9 %AC%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8.html?lang=zh,访问日期：2010-01-23
97有关NAVCO,前文已有论述。详见欧盟内部资料对其介绍：http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/081015 EU naval coordination cell.ppt,访问日期：2010-01-05
98 EU naval operation against piracy (EU NAVFOR Somalia-Operation ATALANTA) Report June 2009: http:/www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms data/docs/missionPress/files/090622%20Factsheet%20EU%20NAVF OR%20Somalia%20-%20version%208 EN pdf.访问日期：2009-12-22
99 EU NAVFOR Report Aug.2009: http//www consilium eurona eu/uedocs/cms data/docs/missionPress/files/090812%20Factsheet%20EU%20NAVF OR%20Somalia%20-%20version%2010 EN.pdf,访问日期：2009-12-22
100海上安全交流中心网址：httn://www.mschoa.eu/EUCouncil.aspx任何船只也可向安全中心汇报情况,例如http://www.eunavfor.eu/2010/01/uk-flagged-vehicle-carrier-hiiacked/.访问日期：2010-02-02
101“法国打击索马里海盗活动”,见http://www.ambafrance-cn.org/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9 %AC%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8.html?lang=zh
102 EU NAVFOR Report Feb 2010: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms data/docs/missionPress/files/100201%20Factsheet%20EU%20NAVF OR%20Somalia%20-%20version%2014 EN04.pdf.访问日期：2010-03-02
103 "First Croatian Navy member in Atalanta Operation". Ministry of Defense of Republic of Croatia, httn://arhiva.morh.hr/en/viiesti main en.asp?id=785,访问日期：2010-02-10
104 "EU Atlanta anti-niracv escorts:shins should register for nrotection". European Parliament: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress page/0.31-64524-320-11-47-903-20091116IPR64522-16-11-2009-2009-false/default de.htm,访问日期：2009-12-22
105 EU NAVFOR Report Feb 2010
106 http://en.wikinedia.org/wiki/Comhined Task Force 150.访问日期：2010-01-05
109同上
110 "Group Transit". NATO Shipping Centre.:http://www.shipping.nato.int/GroupTrans,访问日期2010-01-11
111“法国打击索马里海盗活动”,见http://www ambafrance-cn org/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9 %AC%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8.html?lang=zh
112 Lauren Ploch et al, "Piracy off the Horn of Africa"
113 Royal Navy Warship HMS Chatham Arrives in Gulf of Aden for NATO Counter-Piracy Operation, http://www.manw.nato.int/pdf/Press%20Releases%202010/Jan%20-%20Mav%202010/SNMG1%202010%2003% 20(2)%20HMS%20CHATHAM pdf.访问日期：2010-01-05
114 Statement of Vice Admiral William E.Gortney, U.S. Navy, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command Before the House Armed Services Committee on Counter-Piracy Operations in the U.S. Central Command Area of Operations. March 5 2009:http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/FC030509/Gortnev Testimonv030509.pdf,访问日期：2010-01-20; "Counter Piracy Command Meet in Gulf of Aden", NATO Anti-Piracy Centre, Nov.2009: http://www.manw.nato.int/pdf/Press%20Releases/SNMG2%202009%2011.pdf,访问日期：2010-01-22
115 "The Growing Threat of Piracy to Regional and Global Security", NATO Parliamentary Assembly: http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=1770.访问日期：2010-01-25
116参见新浪网“中国军舰护航索马里海域专题”http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/nz/izsml/index.shtml,访问日期2009-09-10
117 "The Growing Threat of Piracy to Regional and Global Security", NATO Parliamentary Assembly
118王志国少将谈护航”,新华网http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2009-12/03/content 12583027.htm,访问日期：2010-02-25
119亚丁湾上 海纳百川——中国海军第三批护航编队护航期间对外交流纪实”,见新华网：http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2009-12/03/content 12583027.htm,访问日期2010-01-25
120 http://mil.news.sohu.com/20090225/n262447064.shtml
121同上。
122“中国舰队单次护航31艘船舶编队长达近20公里”,中国军舰护航索马里海域专题,见http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2010-03-01/1305585453.html,访问日期：2010-03-01
123“欧盟海军指挥官访舟山舰与中方交流反海盗问题”,中国军舰护航索马里海域专题,见http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2009-11-10/1333573329.html,访问日期：2010-03-01
124 "EU NAVFOR hosts Chinese Delegation", EU NAVFOR, March 2010: http://www.eunavfor.eu/2010/03/eu-navfor-hosts-chinese-delegation/访问日期：2010-03-03
125“法国打击索马里海盗活动”,见http://www.ambafrance-cn.ore/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9 %AC%F9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8.html?lang=zh
126“亚丁湾上 海纳百川——中国海军第三批护航编队护航期间对外交流纪实”,见新华网http:/news xinhuanet com/mil/2009-12/03/content 12583027 htm.访问日期：2010-01-22
127“中国舰队单次护航31艘船舶 编队长达近20公里”,中国军舰护航索马里海域专题
128 Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation: http://ww.nti.org/e research/official docs/inventory/pdfs/maritime.pdf.访问日期：2010-01-05
129 "Piracy and Legal Issues:Reconciling Public and Private Interests", African Programme and International Law Conference Report. Chatham House:http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/15221 011009piracy law.pdf,访问日期：2010-01-26
130何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第48页
131 Jason R. Zaiasky,"Combating Piracy off Somalia—Swift Naval Response is Only Part of the Solution", Military Technology, March 2009
132张家栋：“海盗问题及对策思考”
133 "Piracy and Legal Issues:Reconciling Public and Private Interests", African Programme and International Law Conference Report, Chatham House
134 James Kraska and Brian Wilson. "Piracy Repression. Partnering and the Law", Journal of Ma(?) Commerce. Vol.40. No.1. Jan 2009
135 Brian Wilson, "Naval Diplomacy and Maritime Security in the Western Indian Ocean"
136 James J.Carafano and Richard Weitz, "Maritime Security—Fighting Piracy in the Gulf of Aden and Beyond"
137 EU NAVFOR Report Oct.2009
138 Ship riders':tackling Somali pirates at sea", United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/ship-riders-tackling-somali-pirates-at-sea.html,2010-03-01
139 "UN Office on Drugs and Crime's Role in Combating Piracy". Testimony by Mr. Antonio Maria Costa. Executive Director of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, under Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights and Oversight, House of Representatives Committee of Foreign Affairs. May 14, 2009:http://international.edgeboss.net/real/international/oi05142009 1.smi(视频资料),访问日期：2010-03-03
140 UN Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolution 1846
141 "Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia". http://www.state.gov/t/pm/ppa/piracv/contactgroup/index.htm访问日期：2010-02-02
142 Horn of Africa Section, U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration: http://www marad.dot.gov/news room landing page/horn of africa niracv/horn of africa piracv.htm#,访问日期2010-02-02
143 UNSC Res.1816
144参见张家栋：“世界海盗状况与国际反海盗机制建设”
145 Brian Wilson, "Naval Diplomacy and Maritime Security in the Western Indian Ocean"
146 Freedom C Onuoha. "Sea piracy and maritime security in the Horn of Africa:The Somali coast and Gulf of Aden in perspective"
147 Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) Working Group on Public Diplomacy, Communication Strategy: http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/WG4-PD Cairo Paner-Communication Stratesy.pdf,访问日期：2010-02-02
148 Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) Working Group on Public Diplomacy, May 2009 Chairman's Summary: http://www.marad dot gov/documents/WG4-2nd-meeting-Chairman Summary-May 2009 pdf.访问日期：2010-01-22
149关于索马里内部的社会结构,参见：Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, "The Crisis in Somalia", Transcript of speech at Chatham House.:http://www.chathamhouse.ora.uk/files/11931 190608ouldabdallah.pdf,2010-01-27
150同上
151 VOA Somali Service:http:/voanews com/somali.访问日期：2010-02-01
152尽管索马里的和平早在20年前已经破坏,但是媒体业却似乎是唯一一个未受影响的产业。具体请见：
Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) Working Group on Public Diplomacy, Communication Strategy
153如索马里兰通讯社Somaliland Press:http://somalilandpress.com,访问日期2010-02-12
154 Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) Working Group on Public Diplomacy, Communication Strategy
155 "Making waves:Piracy floods the Horn of Africa", CSS Analyses in Security Policy, June 2009.
156 Ibid.
157 Statement of The Honorable Elijah E. Cummings, Chairman Subcommittee on the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing on "Piracy Against U.S. Flag Vessels:Lessons Learned", May 20,2009: httn://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/Statement of Chairman Eliiah Cummings.pdf.2010-02-05
158 "The Growing Threat of Piracy to Regional and Global Security", NATO Parliamentary Assembly
159 "Horn of Africa:Threat Factors for Commercial Shipping and Forecast of Pirate Activity Through 2009", U.S. Department of Homeland Security Homeport Special Report: http://homeport.uscg.mil/cgi-bin/st/portal/uscg docs/MvCG/Editorial/20090929/Factors Affectine Pirate Success HOA 3.pdf?id=55886a725a59042fba667c6d4fa6a9ff59ca4371.访问日期：2010-01-22
160同上。
161 Summary of the meeting of the Committee on the Civil Dimension of Security, NATO Parliamentary Assembly. Nov.2009:httn://www.nato-na.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2018,访问日期：2010-03-01
162 Report of the UN Secretary General. S/2009/146:http://www.un-somalia.ore/docs/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf,访问日期：2009-12-22
163亚特兰塔行动纲领：http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/081015 EU naval coordination cell.ppt
164联合国训练研究所(United Nations Institute for Training and Research, UNITAR)下设UNOSAT,是 UNITAR运用卫星图进行定位分析的项目。UNOSAT开辟“索马里海盗专栏”,运用卫星拍摄和数学统计的方法对索马里海盗的作案特点和动向进行统计。具体参见网站链接：http://unosat.web cern.ch/unosat/asp/prod free asp?id=28.访问日期2010-01-05
165 "Somalia Joint Strategy Paper for the period 2008-2013", Council of European Union: http://ec.europa eii/development/icenter/repositorv/scanned so csp10 en.pdf.访问日期：2010-03-01
166 Statement of Roy Keinitz Under Secretary of Policy, U.S. Department of Transportation, Before the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, May 5 2009: http://www.marad dot gnv/documents/RnvKienitzTestimonvPiracv.pdf.访问日期：2010-02-25
167 U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, "Announcement of counter-piracy Initiatives", April 2009: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SNAA-7R63NA?OpenDocument&query=somalia piracy,访问日期：2010-02-25
168 "A Cooperative Strategy for 21 st Century Seapower":http://www.navv.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategv.pdf.访 问日期：2010-02-05
169 James Kraska and Brian Wilson, "The Global Maritime Partnership and Somali Piracy", Defense and Security Analysis, Vol.25, No.3, Sept.2009
170 Ibid.
171何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第108页
172“亚丁湾护航国际合作协调会议在北京召开”,中国政府网：httn://www.gov.cn/irzg/2009-11/19/content 1468073.htm,访问日期：2010-02-02
173刘江平、李大光：“什么是“分区护航”设想方案的军事解读”,《环球》,2009年11月12日
174 Zhang Haizhou, "Navies agree on 'set areas' for Somali patrols" Jan 2010: http://www.chinadailv.com.cn/cndv/2010-01/30/content 9401201.htm,访问日期：2010-03-01
175 "Making waves:Piracy floods the Horn of Africa", CSS Analyses in Security Policy, No.55, June 2009
176“海军此行任务为反海盗不会有上陆攻击”,新浪网“中国军舰护航索马里海域专题”：http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2008-12-18/1555535512.html
177 Zhang Haizhou, "Navies agree on'set areas' for Somali patrols"
178“海军此行任务为反海盗不会有上陆攻击”,新浪网“中国军舰护航索马里海域专题”
179 "Mauritius:Country declines to host detention camp for pirates", Norwegian Council for Africa, March 2010: http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/18804.html,访问日期：2010-03-03
180 "The Growing Threat of Piracy to Regional and Global Security", NATO Parliamentary Assembly
181 "Kenya concerns:growing over Trial": http://www.123 muslim.com/current-muslim-issues/4750-kenya-concerns-growing-over-trial-pirates-kenva.html,访问日期：2010-02-28
182 "Mauritius:Country declines to host detention camp for pirates", Norwegian Council f
183 Ibid.
184 "Piracy and Legal Issues:Reconciling Public and Private Interests", African Programme and International Law Conference Report. Chatham House
185 "Mauritius:Country declines to host detention camp for pirates", Norwegian Council for Afric
186 "NATO Meeting with Puntland Coastguard", Operation Ocean Shield Current News: http://www ihlb nato.int/NewsEvents/News.aspx?historico=True&pageCorr=0,访问日期：2010-02-05
187 James Kraska, "Fresh Thinking for an Old Problem:Report of the Naval War College Workshop on Countering Maritime Piracy", Naval War College Workshop, Aug.2009: http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/3713b4a5-4133-4be5-bb55-aa3bfa589413/Fresh-Thinking-for-an-Old-Proble m--Report-of-the-N,访问日期：2010-02-01
188 UN Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolution 1846
189 Mary Harper, "Chasing the Somali piracy money trail", May 2009, http:/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8061535.stm#map,访问日期：2010-02-28
190 Ms. Michele Flournoy Under Secretary of Defense Vice Admiral James A.Winnefeld Testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, May 5 2009: http://armed-services senate gov/statemnt/2009/Mav/Flournov-Winnefeld%2005-05-09.pdf访问日期：2010-02-25
191黄娜译：“IMO在吉布提召开高层会议通过关于打击海盗及海上武装抢劫行为守则”,《中国海事》,2009年第3期
192“沙特阿拉伯签署了打击海盗规则”,见上海国际海事信息与文献网http://www.simic.net.cn/news/detail.isp?id=52128,访问日期2010-03-01
193沙特阿拉伯是2010年3月才加入该组织的。
194 Lauren Ploch et al, "Piracy off the Horn of Africa",Congressional Research Service
195 Berouk Mesfin, "The Eritrea-Djibouti Border Dispute", Insitute for Security Studies Situation Report, http://www.iss.co.za/dvnamic/administration/file manager/file links/SITRFP150908.PDF?link id=3&slink id=65 72&link type=12&slink type=13&tmpl id=3,访问时间：2010-03-01；http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict
196 "The Final Blow to the BBC Somali Service".: http://somalilandpress.com/7539/the-final-blow-to-the-bbc-somali-service/访问时间：2010-03-01
197 BjΦrn MΦller. "The Somali Conflict:The Role of External Actors", Danish Institute for International Studies Working Report,: http://www diis dk/graphics/Publications/Reports2009/DIlS report 2009 03 Somali conflict pdf'.访问日期：2010-02-05
198 Cedric Barnes and Harun Hassan, "The Rise and fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts"; Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, "The Crisis in Somalia"
199 African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM): http://www africa-union.org/root/AU/AUC/Departments/PSC/AMISOM/doc/AMISOM STRUCTURE.pdf.访问日期：2010-03-01
200 BjΦrn MΦller,"The Somali Conflict:The Role of External Actors"
201 Jeffrey Yong,"Failed States:A Threat to World Stability,"http://voanews.com/english/archive/2005-10 /2005-10-31-voa25.cfm,访问日期：2010-01-03
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[1]联合国安理会：www.un.org/sc
[2]联合国索马里政治办公室(UNPOS):http://www.un-somalia.org/
[3]非洲联盟：http://www.africa-union.org
[4]非洲联盟在索马里行动(AMISOM): http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/AUC/Departments/PSC/AMISOM/amisom.htm
[5]新华网：http://www.xinhuanet.com
[6]政府间发展管理局(IGAD):http://www.igad.org
[7]伊斯兰国家会议(OIC):http://www.oic-oci.org/
[8]国际海事组织(IMO):http://www.imo.org
[9]Comite MaritimeInternational (CMI) http://www.comitemaritime.org
[10]国际商会International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) http://www.iccwbo.org
[11]EU NAVFOR Somalia-Maritime Security Center http://www.mschoa.eu/
[12]Federation of American Scientists (FAS) Intelligence Resource http://www.fas. org/irp/world/para/pirates.htm
[13]ICC International Maritime Bureau-ICC Commercial Crime Services Live Pira cy Report http://www.icc-ccs.org/
[14]The International Institute for Asian Studies http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/
[15]The Law Offices of Countryman & McDaniel The serious problem of modern high Seas Piracy:http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_pirates.html
[16]Maritime Security Council http://www.maritimesecurity.org/
[17]National Union of Marine,Aviation and Shipping Transport Officers (NUMAS T) http://www.numast.org
[18]NATO Shipping Centre http://www.shipping.nato.int/
[19]Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) http://www.ocimf.com
[20]Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery ag ainst Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) http://www.recaap.org/publish/recaap/index.html
[21]Maritime Council (BIMCO) http://www.bimco.dk
[22]BBC:http://news.bbc.co.uk
[23]The Christian Science Monitor:http://www.csmonitor.com
14张家栋：“世界海盗活动状况与国际反海盗机制建设”,《现代国际关系》,2009年第1期
15《联合国海洋法公约》1982年出台,其文本可见联合国网上数据库：httn://www.un.org/Dents/los/convention agreements/texts/unclos/unclos c.pdf.访问日期2009-11-30
16同上
17国际海事组织网站有关于“海盗和海上武装抢劫”的定义：http://www.imp.org/Facilitation/mainframe.asp?tonic id=362,访问日期：2009-12-01
18何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第40页
24石刚：《全球海盗问题综述》,《国际资料信息》,2004年第3期
25何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,海洋出版社,2009年7月,第2页
26徐松岩：《古代海盗行为述论》,《世界历史》,1999年第4期
27何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第2页
28同上。
29法国《历史月刊》,转自《参考消息》2002年11月14日。
33张家栋：“海盗问题及对策思考”；李子迟：《千年海盗》,第81-84页。
34 Joseph R.Clark,"East African Piracy Issur Brief",Homeland Security Policy Institute Report,July 8,2009: http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/IssueBrief East AfricanPiracy.pdf.访问日期，2009-12-15
35 Freedom C Onuoha, "Sea piracy and maritime security in the Horn of Africa:The Somali coast and Gulf of Aden in perspective", African Security Review, Vol.18,No.3, Sept.2009.
36 United States Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book-Somalia: https://www.cia.gov/librarv/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html,访问日期：2009-10-10
37 United States Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book-Somalia
38 Gary E. Weir, "Fish, Family, and Profit:Piracy and the Horn of Africa ", Naval War College Review, Summer 2009
39见国际海事局年度报告2008年(ICC International Maritime Bureau Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report 2008)
40何学明、逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第7页
41见国际海事局年度报告2008年(ICC International Maritime Bureau Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report 2008)
47同上
48 Marv Harner. "Life in Somalia's pirate town." BBC. Sent.2008:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7623329.stm,访问日期：2010-01-22
49卢琛：“索马里海盗让全世界头疼：用GPS在船上烤羊”,《世界新闻报》,2008年9月28日
50 Sa'eed Al-Batati,'The shadow of death in the Arabian Sea', Yemen Times, August 2008: http://vementimes.com/article.shtml?i=1169&n=report&a=2.访问日期：2010-01-05
51 Abdinur, Mustafa Haji, "Life in Somalia's pirate army." Agence France-Presse. http://www.nationalpost.com/news/storv.html?id=1549233.访问日期：2009-12-22
52 Lynne Griffiths-Fulton, Small arms and light weapons in the Horn of Africa:The Ploughshares Monitor 23(2)(2002).http://www.ploughshares.ca/lihraries/monitor/moni02a.html,访问日期：2009-12-22
53 Mwangi S. Kimenyi, "Fractionalized, Armed and Lethal:Why Somalia Matters", Africa Growth Initiative.The Brookings Institution:http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2010/0203 Somalia kimenvi.aspx,访问日期：2010-01-22
54何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第30页；Caponiti, James, Testimony before the US Senate Armed Services Committee-05 May 2009:"FACTBOX-Somali pirates risk choking key world trade route." Reuters,: http:/www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LD681364.htm.访问日期：2010-01-22
55 William Pentland, "Sea piracy's bloody growth": http://www.forbes.com/2008/06/09/piracv-loaistics-shipping-biz-logistics-cx wp 0610oiracv.html,访问日期：2009-12-22
36 Roger Middleton, "Piracy in Somalia--Threatening global trade, feeding local wars"
57 Favvzia Sheikh, "As Washington Crafts Somalia Review, Arms Deal Draws Criticism," Inside the Pentagon, Vol.25, No.34, August 27,2009
58张家栋：“索马里海盗：为何日益猖獗?”,《新民晚报》,2008年11月28日。
59 Comments by Admiral Mark Fitzgerald in "Work with Yemen Government on Somali Piracy:U.S. Admiral," Reuters, March 9,2009. Cited Lauren Ploch et al, "Piracy off the Horn of Africa"
60 James J.Carafano and Richard Weitz, "Maritime Security—Fighting Piracy in the Gulf of Aden and Beyond", Heritage Foundation Special Report, June 2009: www.heritage.org/cs upload/research/nationalsecurity/sr 59.pdf,访问日期：2009-10-13
61 Roger Middleton, "Piracy in Somalia--Threatening global trade, feeding local wars"
62中华人民共和国外交部新闻发布会：“中国被劫“德新海”轮成功获救”,2009年12月28日：http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/cgtx/t648324.htm.访问日期：2010-03-24
63 "Piracy Revenues FinancingWarlords in Somali Insurgency", Terrorism Focus, Vol.Ⅳ, Issue 42, December 19, 2007.
64同上
65
66采访索马里过渡联邦政府驻联合国大使Dr. Elm Ahmed Dualeh. Correspondent Email: elmiduale@yahoo.com.采访日期：2009-03-04
72在索马里,很多孩子都将海盗看做偶像,希望自己长大后也能成为海盗。相关论述参见：http://english.aliazeera.net/news/africa/2009/06/2009614125245860630.html.访问日期：2010-01-25
73具体参见：Ted Dagne, "Somalia:Current Conditions and Prospects for a Lasting Peace" Congressional Research Service Report.http://www.fas.org/sgn/crs/row/RI.33911.pdf.访问日期2010-03-25
74 Cedric Barnes and Harun Hassan. "The Rise and fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts"
75 Shashank Bengali. "An interview with a jailed Somali pirate leader", The Christian Science Monitor: http:/www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2009/0503/p06s12-woaf.html,访问日期：2010-01-30
76 DFID, "Review of Impacts of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing on Developing Countries," July
2005. Cited from Lauren Ploch et al, "Piracy off the Horn of Africa",Congressional Research Service, Sept.2009,: httn://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40528.pdf.访问日期：2010-01-05
77 "Somali Piracy reduces 'tuna haul'", BBC, Jan 2009 httn://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7845173.stm.访问日期：2010-01-22
78 Interview with Mohamed Abshir Waldo, a consultant and analyst from Kenya, "Somalia Piracy Began in Response to Illegal Fishing and Toxic Dumping by Western Ships off Somali Coast", Democracy Now. April 2009: http://www.democracvnow.ore/2009/4/14/analvsis somalia niracv began in response,访问日期：2010-01-22
84 Brian Wilson. "Naval Diplomacy and Maritime Security in the Western Indian Ocean"
85 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1816: http://dods un.org/.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/RES/1816%20 (2008) &Lang=E&Area=UNDOC访问日期：2009-01-05
86 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1838:http://dods. un.org/.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/RES/1838%20 (2008)&Lang=E&Area=UNDOC,访问日期：2009-01-05
87 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1846: http://ddds un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/257/27/PDF/N0925727 pdf?OpenElement,访问日期：2009-01-05
88 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1851: http://ddds.un.ora/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/257/27/PDF/N0925727.pdf?OpenElement,访问日期2009-01-05
89国际干预的国际法视角分析
90Thomas G. Weiss. "Intervention:Whither the UN?", The Washington Quarterly, Winter 1994
91丁韶彬：《国际援助制度与发展治理》,《国际观察》,2008年第2期
92[美]詹姆斯·罗西瑙等编,张胜军等译：《没有政府的治理》,江西人民出版社,2001年9月
93[美]格里·斯托克：《作为理论的治理：五个论点》,《国际社会科学》(中文版),1999年第2期
94 Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash, Roland Robertsen:Global Modernities, SAGE Publications Ltd,1995.
95[美]罗伯特·基欧汉 约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译：《权力与相互依赖》,北京大学出版社,2002年,第292、276、292、311页。
96“法国打击索马里海盗活动”,参见法国驻华使馆网站http://www.ambafrance-cn.org/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9 %AC%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8.html?lang=zh,访问日期：2010-01-23
97有关NAVCO,前文已有论述。详见欧盟内部资料对其介绍：http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/081015 EU naval coordination cell.ppt,访问日期：2010-01-05
98 EU naval operation against piracy (EU NAVFOR Somalia-Operation ATALANTA) Report June 2009: http:/www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms data/docs/missionPress/files/090622%20Factsheet%20EU%20NAVF OR%20Somalia%20-%20version%208 EN pdf.访问日期：2009-12-22
99 EU NAVFOR Report Aug.2009: http//www consilium eurona eu/uedocs/cms data/docs/missionPress/files/090812%20Factsheet%20EU%20NAVF OR%20Somalia%20-%20version%2010 EN.pdf,访问日期：2009-12-22
100海上安全交流中心网址：httn://www.mschoa.eu/EUCouncil.aspx任何船只也可向安全中心汇报情况,例如http://www.eunavfor.eu/2010/01/uk-flagged-vehicle-carrier-hiiacked/.访问日期：2010-02-02
101“法国打击索马里海盗活动”,见http://www.ambafrance-cn.org/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9 %AC%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8.html?lang=zh
102 EU NAVFOR Report Feb 2010: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms data/docs/missionPress/files/100201%20Factsheet%20EU%20NAVF OR%20Somalia%20-%20version%2014 EN04.pdf.访问日期：2010-03-02
103 "First Croatian Navy member in Atalanta Operation". Ministry of Defense of Republic of Croatia, httn://arhiva.morh.hr/en/viiesti main en.asp?id=785,访问日期：2010-02-10
104 "EU Atlanta anti-niracv escorts:shins should register for nrotection". European Parliament: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress page/0.31-64524-320-11-47-903-20091116IPR64522-16-11-2009-2009-false/default de.htm,访问日期：2009-12-22
105 EU NAVFOR Report Feb 2010
106 http://en.wikinedia.org/wiki/Comhined Task Force 150.访问日期：2010-01-05
109同上
110 "Group Transit". NATO Shipping Centre.:http://www.shipping.nato.int/GroupTrans,访问日期2010-01-11
111“法国打击索马里海盗活动”,见http://www ambafrance-cn org/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9 %AC%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8.html?lang=zh
112 Lauren Ploch et al, "Piracy off the Horn of Africa"
113 Royal Navy Warship HMS Chatham Arrives in Gulf of Aden for NATO Counter-Piracy Operation, http://www.manw.nato.int/pdf/Press%20Releases%202010/Jan%20-%20Mav%202010/SNMG1%202010%2003% 20(2)%20HMS%20CHATHAM pdf.访问日期：2010-01-05
114 Statement of Vice Admiral William E.Gortney, U.S. Navy, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command Before the House Armed Services Committee on Counter-Piracy Operations in the U.S. Central Command Area of Operations. March 5 2009:http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/FC030509/Gortnev Testimonv030509.pdf,访问日期：2010-01-20; "Counter Piracy Command Meet in Gulf of Aden", NATO Anti-Piracy Centre, Nov.2009: http://www.manw.nato.int/pdf/Press%20Releases/SNMG2%202009%2011.pdf,访问日期：2010-01-22
115 "The Growing Threat of Piracy to Regional and Global Security", NATO Parliamentary Assembly: http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=1770.访问日期：2010-01-25
116参见新浪网“中国军舰护航索马里海域专题”http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/nz/izsml/index.shtml,访问日期2009-09-10
117 "The Growing Threat of Piracy to Regional and Global Security", NATO Parliamentary Assembly
118王志国少将谈护航”,新华网http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2009-12/03/content 12583027.htm,访问日期：2010-02-25
119亚丁湾上 海纳百川——中国海军第三批护航编队护航期间对外交流纪实”,见新华网：http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2009-12/03/content 12583027.htm,访问日期2010-01-25
120 http://mil.news.sohu.com/20090225/n262447064.shtml
121同上。
122“中国舰队单次护航31艘船舶编队长达近20公里”,中国军舰护航索马里海域专题,见http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2010-03-01/1305585453.html,访问日期：2010-03-01
123“欧盟海军指挥官访舟山舰与中方交流反海盗问题”,中国军舰护航索马里海域专题,见http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2009-11-10/1333573329.html,访问日期：2010-03-01
124 "EU NAVFOR hosts Chinese Delegation", EU NAVFOR, March 2010: http://www.eunavfor.eu/2010/03/eu-navfor-hosts-chinese-delegation/访问日期：2010-03-03
125“法国打击索马里海盗活动”,见http://www.ambafrance-cn.ore/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9 %AC%F9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8.html?lang=zh
126“亚丁湾上 海纳百川——中国海军第三批护航编队护航期间对外交流纪实”,见新华网http:/news xinhuanet com/mil/2009-12/03/content 12583027 htm.访问日期：2010-01-22
127“中国舰队单次护航31艘船舶 编队长达近20公里”,中国军舰护航索马里海域专题
128 Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation: http://ww.nti.org/e research/official docs/inventory/pdfs/maritime.pdf.访问日期：2010-01-05
129 "Piracy and Legal Issues:Reconciling Public and Private Interests", African Programme and International Law Conference Report. Chatham House:http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/15221 011009piracy law.pdf,访问日期：2010-01-26
130何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第48页
131 Jason R. Zaiasky,"Combating Piracy off Somalia—Swift Naval Response is Only Part of the Solution", Military Technology, March 2009
132张家栋：“海盗问题及对策思考”
133 "Piracy and Legal Issues:Reconciling Public and Private Interests", African Programme and International Law Conference Report, Chatham House
134 James Kraska and Brian Wilson. "Piracy Repression. Partnering and the Law", Journal of Ma(?) Commerce. Vol.40. No.1. Jan 2009
135 Brian Wilson, "Naval Diplomacy and Maritime Security in the Western Indian Ocean"
136 James J.Carafano and Richard Weitz, "Maritime Security—Fighting Piracy in the Gulf of Aden and Beyond"
137 EU NAVFOR Report Oct.2009
138 Ship riders':tackling Somali pirates at sea", United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/ship-riders-tackling-somali-pirates-at-sea.html,2010-03-01
139 "UN Office on Drugs and Crime's Role in Combating Piracy". Testimony by Mr. Antonio Maria Costa. Executive Director of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, under Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights and Oversight, House of Representatives Committee of Foreign Affairs. May 14, 2009:http://international.edgeboss.net/real/international/oi05142009 1.smi(视频资料),访问日期：2010-03-03
140 UN Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolution 1846
141 "Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia". http://www.state.gov/t/pm/ppa/piracv/contactgroup/index.htm访问日期：2010-02-02
142 Horn of Africa Section, U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration: http://www marad.dot.gov/news room landing page/horn of africa niracv/horn of africa piracv.htm#,访问日期2010-02-02
143 UNSC Res.1816
144参见张家栋：“世界海盗状况与国际反海盗机制建设”
145 Brian Wilson, "Naval Diplomacy and Maritime Security in the Western Indian Ocean"
146 Freedom C Onuoha. "Sea piracy and maritime security in the Horn of Africa:The Somali coast and Gulf of Aden in perspective"
147 Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) Working Group on Public Diplomacy, Communication Strategy: http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/WG4-PD Cairo Paner-Communication Stratesy.pdf,访问日期：2010-02-02
148 Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) Working Group on Public Diplomacy, May 2009 Chairman's Summary: http://www.marad dot gov/documents/WG4-2nd-meeting-Chairman Summary-May 2009 pdf.访问日期：2010-01-22
149关于索马里内部的社会结构,参见：Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, "The Crisis in Somalia", Transcript of speech at Chatham House.:http://www.chathamhouse.ora.uk/files/11931 190608ouldabdallah.pdf,2010-01-27
150同上
151 VOA Somali Service:http:/voanews com/somali.访问日期：2010-02-01
152尽管索马里的和平早在20年前已经破坏,但是媒体业却似乎是唯一一个未受影响的产业。具体请见：
Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) Working Group on Public Diplomacy, Communication Strategy
153如索马里兰通讯社Somaliland Press:http://somalilandpress.com,访问日期2010-02-12
154 Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) Working Group on Public Diplomacy, Communication Strategy
155 "Making waves:Piracy floods the Horn of Africa", CSS Analyses in Security Policy, June 2009.
156 Ibid.
157 Statement of The Honorable Elijah E. Cummings, Chairman Subcommittee on the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Hearing on "Piracy Against U.S. Flag Vessels:Lessons Learned", May 20,2009: httn://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/Statement of Chairman Eliiah Cummings.pdf.2010-02-05
158 "The Growing Threat of Piracy to Regional and Global Security", NATO Parliamentary Assembly
159 "Horn of Africa:Threat Factors for Commercial Shipping and Forecast of Pirate Activity Through 2009", U.S. Department of Homeland Security Homeport Special Report: http://homeport.uscg.mil/cgi-bin/st/portal/uscg docs/MvCG/Editorial/20090929/Factors Affectine Pirate Success HOA 3.pdf?id=55886a725a59042fba667c6d4fa6a9ff59ca4371.访问日期：2010-01-22
160同上。
161 Summary of the meeting of the Committee on the Civil Dimension of Security, NATO Parliamentary Assembly. Nov.2009:httn://www.nato-na.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2018,访问日期：2010-03-01
162 Report of the UN Secretary General. S/2009/146:http://www.un-somalia.ore/docs/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf,访问日期：2009-12-22
163亚特兰塔行动纲领：http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/081015 EU naval coordination cell.ppt
164联合国训练研究所(United Nations Institute for Training and Research, UNITAR)下设UNOSAT,是 UNITAR运用卫星图进行定位分析的项目。UNOSAT开辟“索马里海盗专栏”,运用卫星拍摄和数学统计的方法对索马里海盗的作案特点和动向进行统计。具体参见网站链接：http://unosat.web cern.ch/unosat/asp/prod free asp?id=28.访问日期2010-01-05
165 "Somalia Joint Strategy Paper for the period 2008-2013", Council of European Union: http://ec.europa eii/development/icenter/repositorv/scanned so csp10 en.pdf.访问日期：2010-03-01
166 Statement of Roy Keinitz Under Secretary of Policy, U.S. Department of Transportation, Before the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, May 5 2009: http://www.marad dot gnv/documents/RnvKienitzTestimonvPiracv.pdf.访问日期：2010-02-25
167 U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, "Announcement of counter-piracy Initiatives", April 2009: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SNAA-7R63NA?OpenDocument&query=somalia piracy,访问日期：2010-02-25
168 "A Cooperative Strategy for 21 st Century Seapower":http://www.navv.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategv.pdf.访 问日期：2010-02-05
169 James Kraska and Brian Wilson, "The Global Maritime Partnership and Somali Piracy", Defense and Security Analysis, Vol.25, No.3, Sept.2009
170 Ibid.
171何学明 逢金雷编著：《透视索马里海盗》,第108页
172“亚丁湾护航国际合作协调会议在北京召开”,中国政府网：httn://www.gov.cn/irzg/2009-11/19/content 1468073.htm,访问日期：2010-02-02
173刘江平、李大光：“什么是“分区护航”设想方案的军事解读”,《环球》,2009年11月12日
174 Zhang Haizhou, "Navies agree on 'set areas' for Somali patrols" Jan 2010: http://www.chinadailv.com.cn/cndv/2010-01/30/content 9401201.htm,访问日期：2010-03-01
175 "Making waves:Piracy floods the Horn of Africa", CSS Analyses in Security Policy, No.55, June 2009
176“海军此行任务为反海盗不会有上陆攻击”,新浪网“中国军舰护航索马里海域专题”：http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2008-12-18/1555535512.html
177 Zhang Haizhou, "Navies agree on'set areas' for Somali patrols"
178“海军此行任务为反海盗不会有上陆攻击”,新浪网“中国军舰护航索马里海域专题”
179 "Mauritius:Country declines to host detention camp for pirates", Norwegian Council for Africa, March 2010: http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/18804.html,访问日期：2010-03-03
180 "The Growing Threat of Piracy to Regional and Global Security", NATO Parliamentary Assembly
181 "Kenya concerns:growing over Trial": http://www.123 muslim.com/current-muslim-issues/4750-kenya-concerns-growing-over-trial-pirates-kenva.html,访问日期：2010-02-28
182 "Mauritius:Country declines to host detention camp for pirates", Norwegian Council f
183 Ibid.
184 "Piracy and Legal Issues:Reconciling Public and Private Interests", African Programme and International Law Conference Report. Chatham House
185 "Mauritius:Country declines to host detention camp for pirates", Norwegian Council for Afric
186 "NATO Meeting with Puntland Coastguard", Operation Ocean Shield Current News: http://www ihlb nato.int/NewsEvents/News.aspx?historico=True&pageCorr=0,访问日期：2010-02-05
187 James Kraska, "Fresh Thinking for an Old Problem:Report of the Naval War College Workshop on Countering Maritime Piracy", Naval War College Workshop, Aug.2009: http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/3713b4a5-4133-4be5-bb55-aa3bfa589413/Fresh-Thinking-for-an-Old-Proble m--Report-of-the-N,访问日期：2010-02-01
188 UN Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolution 1846
189 Mary Harper, "Chasing the Somali piracy money trail", May 2009, http:/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8061535.stm#map,访问日期：2010-02-28
190 Ms. Michele Flournoy Under Secretary of Defense Vice Admiral James A.Winnefeld Testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, May 5 2009: http://armed-services senate gov/statemnt/2009/Mav/Flournov-Winnefeld%2005-05-09.pdf访问日期：2010-02-25
191黄娜译：“IMO在吉布提召开高层会议通过关于打击海盗及海上武装抢劫行为守则”,《中国海事》,2009年第3期
192“沙特阿拉伯签署了打击海盗规则”,见上海国际海事信息与文献网http://www.simic.net.cn/news/detail.isp?id=52128,访问日期2010-03-01
193沙特阿拉伯是2010年3月才加入该组织的。
194 Lauren Ploch et al, "Piracy off the Horn of Africa",Congressional Research Service
195 Berouk Mesfin, "The Eritrea-Djibouti Border Dispute", Insitute for Security Studies Situation Report, http://www.iss.co.za/dvnamic/administration/file manager/file links/SITRFP150908.PDF?link id=3&slink id=65 72&link type=12&slink type=13&tmpl id=3,访问时间：2010-03-01；http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict
196 "The Final Blow to the BBC Somali Service".: http://somalilandpress.com/7539/the-final-blow-to-the-bbc-somali-service/访问时间：2010-03-01
197 BjΦrn MΦller. "The Somali Conflict:The Role of External Actors", Danish Institute for International Studies Working Report,: http://www diis dk/graphics/Publications/Reports2009/DIlS report 2009 03 Somali conflict pdf'.访问日期：2010-02-05
198 Cedric Barnes and Harun Hassan, "The Rise and fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts"; Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, "The Crisis in Somalia"
199 African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM): http://www africa-union.org/root/AU/AUC/Departments/PSC/AMISOM/doc/AMISOM STRUCTURE.pdf.访问日期：2010-03-01
200 BjΦrn MΦller,"The Somali Conflict:The Role of External Actors"
201 Jeffrey Yong,"Failed States:A Threat to World Stability,"http://voanews.com/english/archive/2005-10 /2005-10-31-voa25.cfm,访问日期：2010-01-03
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